chapter 8 business english

1、外贸英语综合教程外贸英语综合教程Chapter EightInternational Cargo Transportation123Features Operational modesFreight rates 4Important types of vessels Features Advantages+ The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water. + large discharge capacity+ The unit distribution cost reduced. + Good adaptab

2、ility to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc ocean transportDisadvantages- Vulnerable to weather-Less punctual-High risk-Low speed (1) Liner transportationnThe transport of cargoes from one seaport to another along regular maritime routes according to a schedule. nLiner rates usually inclu

3、de the stevedoring charges for loading and unloading.nFreight is charged according to the tariff a schedule of shipping rates charged, together with governing rules and regulations. Freight : basic charges & surcharges. 1) By weight ton For items marked with “W” in the tariff, per metric ton on

4、weight. 运费吨运费吨/重量吨重量吨 2) By measurement ton For items marked with “M” in the tariff, per cubic meter on measurement. 尺码吨尺码吨3) By weight or measurement: For items marked with “W/M” in the tariff, the freight is to be calculated on either weight or measurement, whichever is greater. 4) By total FOB pr

5、ice of the goods For items marked with “Ad Val”, the freight is to be calculated on the price or value of the cargo. For some valuable goods, usu. 1-5% of price（从价运费）（从价运费） 5) By either W/T or M/T or A.V. For items marked “W/M or Ad val.” in the tariff, the highest rate is adopted6) By Open Rate-As

6、arranged by the consignor and the carrier.7) By lowest freight For cargoes of extremely small quantities, a minimum freight is usually surchages： 超重附加费（over weight surcharge）超长附加费（over length surcharge）直航附加费（direct additional）绕航附加费(deviation surcharge)转船附加费（transshipment surcharge）港口附加费（port surchar

7、ge）港口拥挤附加费（port congestion surcharge）选择港附加费（optional fees）变更卸货港附加费（alteration surcharge）燃油附加费（bunker adjustment factor or bunker surcharge，BAF）货币附加费（currency adjustment factor，CAF）、等。(2) Charter transportation Charter transport is a tramp service. A cargo ship not operating on regular routes and sch

8、edules, and picking up cargo only when it is chartered (hired) from the ship owner. While liner transport is for general cargoes, charter shipping is usually for bulk cargoes like oil, coal, ore, and grain. Charter shipping has the lowest freight rate per unit of weight or measure. Types: voyage cha

9、rter, time charter, bareboat charter. 1. Rail transportnA major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to ocean transportation. nIt is capable of achieving relatively high speed and is very economical especially if it provides the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular basis. nIt

10、 is less prone to interruption by bad weather. But it is confined to railroads and therefore less flexible. Rail transport is popular in multimodal transport and transshipment. It is widely used in landbridge transport. Other Modes of Transportation 2. Air transport Ideal mode of carriage for valuab

11、le goods, delicate goods, physically perishable goods such as food and plants, urgent products such as medicine and very small shipments which are less costly by air than by water, etc. Benefits of air transport faster delivery, better security, less packing, lower insurance.Scheduled airlines - fix

12、ed schedule; fixed airlines; fixed airportsChartered carriers - a plane chartered by one or more shippersConsolidated consignments (集运货物) - a number of individual shipments into one consignment on one general airway bill - lower freightAir express service - quickest delivery service - desk-to-desk s

13、ervice - suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents3. Intermodal transport (multimodal transport) The transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation, without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. A Containe

14、rization (1) The virtue of containerizationSimplifies and speeds up the cargo-handling process. Offers protection from the elements, reduces the chances of damage, and virtually eliminates the pilferage. Approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide moves by containers .(2) Modes of container servic

15、eFCL: full container load, the whole container load (整箱货整箱货)LCL: less than container load, a partial container load (拼箱货拼箱货)CFS: container freight station, where cargoes are delivered for containerizationCY: container yard， where FCL is delivered.FCL/FCL 整箱交整箱交/整箱收整箱收/整装整拆整装整拆 Door/Door门到门门到门 CY/CY场

16、至场场至场 Door/CY门至场门至场 CY/Door场至门场至门LCL/LCL拼箱交拼箱交/拆箱收拆箱收/ 拼装拼拆拼装拼拆 CFS/CFS站到站站到站FCL/LCL整箱交整箱交/拆箱收拆箱收/ 整装拼拆整装拼拆 Door/CFS门到站门到站 CY/CFS场到站场到站LCL/FCL拼箱交拼箱交/整箱收整箱收/ 拼装整拆拼装整拆 CFS/Door站到门站到门 CFS/CY站到场站到场(3) Measurement of container Five common lengths, 20-ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft, and 53-ft. Container capacity

17、 is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20ft (length) 8ft (width) 86ft (height) container, approximately 38.5 m3. Many containers today are of the 40-ft (12.2m) variety and are known a

18、s 40-foot containers. TransportationDocuments 1 Major Shipping Documents Packing List 装箱单装箱单 Booking Note 订舱单订舱单 Shipping Order 装货单装货单 Mates Receipt 大副收据大副收据 A transportation document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of Goods,

19、 mainly refer to marine bills Bill of Lading 海运提单海运提单（1）Three functions Receipt for goods Evidence of the contract of carriage Document oftitle to the goods The B/L describes the goods put on board a vessel, states the quantity, and their condition. The carrier will check to see that the goods loade

20、d comply with the goods listed.货物收据货物收据The B/L becomes conclusive evidence of the terms of the contract of carriageonce it is negotiated to a good faith third party.合同证明合同证明The named consignee or the lawful holder of a B/L has a claim to title by surrendering the bill. The carrier is obliged to deli

21、ver the cargo only against an original B/L.物权凭证物权凭证Parties of bill of ladingShipper托运人（出口人）托运人（出口人）Carrier承运人（船方）承运人（船方）Consignee收货人（进口人）收货人（进口人）Notify party被通知人（一般为进口人被通知人（一般为进口人或期代理人）或期代理人）To ordr/to the order of shipperContents of a Bill of Lading The name of the shipping company (the carrier ) T

22、he name of the shipper ,who is usually the exporter or the exporters agent. The name of the consignee The notify party The name of the carrying vessel and the voyage NO. The two ports Marks and numbers Description of the goods Total packages Freight charges Number of the original B/L The signature o

23、f the carrier The B/L issuing date(2) Types of bill of lading Shipped (on board) B/L & received for shipment B/L Shipped B/L: issued by after the goods are actually shipped on board the designated vessel. Both the name of the vessel and the date of issue of the B/L are indicated on the shipped B

24、/L. It provides better guarantee for the consignee to receive the cargo at the destination. Most B/L forms are preprinted as “Shipped Bill”. 提单上以文字表明货物已装于提单上以文字表明货物已装于船上；船上； 载有装船日期；载有装船日期； 船长或代理人签字。船长或代理人签字。 Received for shipment B/L arises where the word “shipped” does not appear on the bill of lad

25、ing. It merely acknowledges that the goods have been received by the carrier for shipment. Therefore, the goods could be in the dock or warehouse. Clean B/L & unclean B/L (foul B/L or claused B/L) Clean B/L: A B/L that is free from any adverse remarks, made by the carrier about the condition, pa

26、cking, or quantity of the goods being shipped. apparent good order and condition, clean on board or the like are indicated on the B/L. It provides proof that up until the time goods were transferred to the carrier, no damage has occurred. Unclean B/L: A B/L with adverse remarks or notations (called

27、clauses) by the carrier that the goods received for shipping (or their packing) look wet, damaged, or otherwise in doubtful condition, or not of correct quantity. Importers and their banks normally do not accept foul B/L for payment under a L/C. Straight B/L, blank B/L and order B/L Straight B/L has

28、 designated consignee. Only the consignee is entitled to take delivery of the cargo. Not transferable, not commonly used and normally applies to high value shipments or goods for special purposes. Blank B/L: Open B/L or Bearer B/L, no definite consignee. In the field of consignee, “To bearer”. Anyon

29、e who holds the bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents. No endorsement is needed for the transfer of the blank bill. Due to the exceedingly high risk involved, this bill is rarely used. Order B/L: “To order”, “To order of the shipper”, or “To order of the consignee” is marked. Goods are c

30、onsigned to the order of a named person. It may be used to transfer title to goods being shipped to another party, at any time during the transit process simply by conveying the order bill to another party through endorsement. “To order means to order of shipper. Full set of clean on board ocean/mar

31、ine bill of lading made out to order(或或to order of xxx) and blank endorsed marked “freight prepaid/collect”, notify applicant。 Blank endorsement(carries only the signature of the endorser and does not specify the endorsee )Special endorsement(names the endorsee and requiresits endorsement for furthe

32、r negotiation) Endorsement Direct B/L, transshipment B/L and through B/L Direct B/L: indicates the goods are shipped from the port of loading direct to the port of destination without involving transshipment. Transshipment B/L: indicates the goods need to be transshipped at an intermediate port as t

33、here is no direct service between the shipment port and the destination port. Through B/L: issued for containerized door-to-door shipments that have to use different ships and/or different means of transportation from origin to destination. Unlike in case of a multimodal B/L, the principal carrier o

34、r the freight-forwarder (who issued the through B/L) is liable under a contract of carriage only for its own phase of the journey, and acts as an agent for the carriers executing the other phases. Liner B/L, charterparty B/L and container B/L Liner B/L: issued by a liner company. Charterparty B/L: i

35、ssued by the carrier (or its agent) based on the charterparty. This B/L is subject to the clauses of charterparty. Thats why when a charterparty B/L is accepted by the bank or the buyer, the copy charterparty is required. Container B/L: issued when the goods are conveyed by container. Long form B/L

36、and short form B/L Long form B/L: with the terms and conditions of carriage which are printed on the back of the page. Commonly used in international shipping. Short form B/L (or blank back B/L) : The terms and conditions of carriage on the back of the B/L are omitted. Unless otherwise stipulated in

37、 the letter of credit (L/C), a short form bill of lading is acceptable. The short form B/L saves the cost of printing and if the terms and conditions of carriage change, there is no need to reprint the B/L form. Miscellaneous B/L On deck B/L: B/L containing the notation that the goods have been load

38、ed on the deck of the vessel, for goods that can not fit into the ships hold.由于风险较大，故托运人一般都向保险公司由于风险较大，故托运人一般都向保险公司加保甲板险或舱面险（特别附加险）加保甲板险或舱面险（特别附加险）Stale B/L: B/L presented after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination. The late arrival of this

39、 important document may have undesirable consequences and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”. Ante-dated B/LB/L which is dated before the date on which it is issued. When the actual shipment

40、 date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Due to the risk of the goods being rejected by the buyer arising from the issuance of such a bil

41、l, it is advisable to avoid this malpractice even when it seems necessary in certain circumstances. Advanced B/LB/L issued in advance when the expiry date of the L/C is due but the shipment has not yet been effected.The issuance of this B/L is also a malpractice and should be avoided.Several types m

42、ay be combined into one like “Clean on board, to order, blank endorsed B/L”. Bs/L are made out in sets, consisting of a number of originals (usually three) and copies and marked “original” and “copy” respectively. Only the originals signed by the carrier enable the consignee to take delivery of the

43、goods. 预借提单比倒签提单风险更大预借提单比倒签提单风险更大2. Other shipping documentsSea waybill A non-negotiable document, evidence of the contract of carriage, receipt of the goods by the carrier. About 90% of all containerized cargoes shipped over the Atlantic Ocean are carried under sea waybills. Natural choice. for shi

44、ppers or consignees who do not plan to sell the goods en route;for trading between established consignors and consignees who have been trading for many years, andfor open account sales. Not suitable for transactions of goods that are negotiated repeatedly during transit. Cannot act as security for l

45、etter of credit transactions.(2) Air waybill (used for carriage of goods by air)A receipt of the goods for dispatch and evidence of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor, not a negotiable title to goods. Three originals:Normally original 1, in green, for the issuing carrier,

46、 is to be retained By the carrier for accounting purposes and to serve as documentary evidence. Original 2, in pink, for the consignee, is to accompany the consignment to its final destination and is to be presented to the consignee to enable him to collect the goods. Original 3, in blue, for the sh

47、ipper, is returned to him as a receipt and evidence of his affreightment contract (包租合同包租合同) with the airline. 铁路运单只是运输合约和货物收据，不是物权凭证，铁路运单只是运输合约和货物收据，不是物权凭证，一律记名，不得转让。货物到达目的地后由一律记名，不得转让。货物到达目的地后由记名收货人出示身份证明后交付记名收货人出示身份证明后交付。铁路运单一式几联，名称不一，各联的作用如下铁路运单一式几联，名称不一，各联的作用如下1.运单正本：是货物运输合同。运单正本：是货物运输合同。2.运单副本

48、：交托运人作为收据，向银行办理结算。运单副本：交托运人作为收据，向银行办理结算。3.货物到达通知单：随同货物到站，同运单正本和货物货物到达通知单：随同货物到站，同运单正本和货物 一起交给收货人。一起交给收货人。4.运行报单：随货物到站，有到达站留存。运行报单：随货物到站，有到达站留存。 是货物交接、是货物交接、 划分运送责任，结算运费、统计运量的依据。划分运送责任，结算运费、统计运量的依据。(3) Railway Bill(4) Multimodal transport document Evidences the contract of carriage of goods by at lea

49、st two modes of transport, issued by a multimodal transport operator (MTO) under a multimodal transport contract. Essential difference between MTD and through B/L: MTD: The MTO takes responsibility as principal for the entire carriage. Through B/L: The principal carrier concludes several separate co

50、ntracts of carriage for subsequent segments of the transport as agent for the shipper or as agent for the on-carriers. It does not normally accept responsibility for segments undertaken by the other carriers involved. At least two modes of transportOne contract, one transport document, one operator,

51、 one freight rate+ high efficiency+ good quality+ cost and time saving+ economy simplicity ofdocumentationCombined transport documents(CTD) /Multimodal transport document(MTD) 证明多式联运合同及证明多式联运经营人接管货物并负责按合同交付货物的单据，是多式联运经营人签发的。应依发货人的选择，为可转让单据，或不可转让单据。 一份多式联运合同一份全程多式联运单据至少两种不运输方式的连贯运输必须由一个多式联运经营人对全程负责必须

52、是全程单一的运费费率Time of shipmentPlace of shipment and destinationPartial shipment and transshipmentShipping advice3 Shipment Clause41Functions of PackingProtects the goods from damage makes it easy to identify goodsenables manufacturers, sellers and customers to move goods from place to place freelyhelps

53、the sellers to push the sales of goods. Packing4142Forms:Sales packing: also small, inner or immediate packing, mainly to protect products, make the products convenient to use, and to promote sales. It should be in conformity with the laws and regulations of the purchase countries. Transport packing

54、: also known as big or outer packing. It is to protect goods, and facilitate storage as well as shipment. 4243Shipping mark Facilitates the identification and count of the goods in the process of loading and unloading, shipping and storing. The Standard Shipping Mark includes four elements. Initials

55、 or Abbreviated Name ABC Reference Number 1234 Destination BOMBAY Package Number 1/25Marking4344(2) Indicative mark A caution mark reminding people of carefulness in handling or carrying goods. It is composed of graphs and words, such as KEEP DRY, USE NO HOOK, THIS WAY UP, HANDLE WITH CARE. Packing4

56、445 (3) Warning mark Also hazardous mark and to indicate explosive, poisonous, inflammable goods, also composed of graphs or pictures and words. EXPLOSIVE INFLAMMABLE POISONOUS 4546(4) Weight and volume mark(5) Country of origin markN.W.:11.3 KGG.W.:16.4 KGMEAS.:45.55255.5 cmPacking4647Neutral packi

57、ng A special type of packing, no country of origin on it. Neutral packing with designated brand: the neutral packing where the brand (or trademark) designated by the buyer is marked out on it. Neutral packing without designated brand: the neutral packing without designated brand or trademark. In rec

58、ent years it has been restricted by some countries. Exporters should be cautious in adopting it. 47 In FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP contract, time of shipment = time of delivery In D group terms, otherwise 规定明确具体的装运时间规定明确具体的装运时间 规定某月装运规定某月装运 SHIPMENT DURING MAY 2003SHIPMENT DURING MAY 2003 规定跨月装运规定跨

59、月装运 SHIPMENT DURING APR/MAY 2003SHIPMENT DURING APR/MAY 2003 规定在某月月底或某日前（最迟期限）装运规定在某月月底或某日前（最迟期限）装运 SHIPMENT AT OR BEFORE THE END OF MAY 2003SHIPMENT AT OR BEFORE THE END OF MAY 2003 规定收到信用证后若干天装运规定收到信用证后若干天装运 SHIPMENT WITHIN 45DAYS AFTER RECEIPT OF L/CSHIPMENT WITHIN 45DAYS AFTER RECEIPT OF L/C 规定近

60、期装运术语规定近期装运术语 YOU MUST ARRANGE THE SHIPPMENT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.YOU MUST ARRANGE THE SHIPPMENT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.Time of shipment 2. Place of shipment and destination Usually one port of shipment and one port of destination. Sometimes, two or more than two. If the port (s) cant be defined clearly when the