动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态 时态考点超级梳理：一、动词时态易混点1. 一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别（1）一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指 出的以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。（2）比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.（这是过去的一件事）He has served in the army for 5 years.（现在他仍在军中服役，

2、他仍是军人）He wrote many plays whe n he was at college.（写剧本是他过去做的事情）He has writte n many plays.（这意味着他是剧作家）I saw Hero last year.（看英雄的时间是去年，与现在无关）I have see n Hero before.（强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前看过， 但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时 间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间）即时演练'd never have been able to1. （ 2007 山东，32）Theytwo free tickets to

3、 Can ada, otherwise theyafford to go.A .had got B. got C. have got D. Get2. （ 2007海南宁夏，全国I ,32 ）I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and Ithere several years ago.A. are going B.had bee n C.we nt D.have bee nbirthdays, awards, graduati onswith3. （2007 湖南，25）As the years passed,ma ny occasi ons

4、Dad s flowers.A. are markedB.were markedB. C.have markedD.had marked4. （2007 重庆，33）When I called you this morning, n obody an swered the pho ne. Where?A.did you go B.have you goneC. were you D.had you bee n2. 一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别(1) 一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态 建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，

5、它是过去完成概念 赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如：by that time, by theend of, before 2000, by the time+句子等。1. （ 2007海南宁夏，全国I ,35 ）The flowers were so lovely that theyin no time.A.soldB.had bee n soldC.were sold D.would sell2. （2006 广东，32）The young girlsitt ingnext to meon the plane wa

6、s very nervous.Shebefore.A.has n't flow nC.had n't flownB. did n't flyD. was n't flying3. （2007 重庆，23）Did Ala n enjoy see ing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He his old friends for a long time.A.did nt seeB.would nt seeC. hasn t seen D.hadnt see n3. 过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别（1）两种时态都常与表

7、示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。（2）比较下面的说法She had bee n ill for a week before she came back.（回来发生在过去某一时间，生病发生在过去的过去）She has bee n ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）4. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别现在完成进行时可以与时间状语连用，也可以不用时间状语。这一点与现在完成时不同。现在完成时通常与时间状语，女口：si

8、n ce,ever sin ce,for three mon ths,just,already,yet等连用。现在完成进行时通常与all the（this）morning/afternoon/day/month或 the wholeday等连用。试对比以下各例：I have been working on the experiment report this morning,but I havent completedit yet.我今天一上午都在写实验报告，可是到现在也没写完。They have bee n repairi ng the broke n road.They have alre

9、ady repaired the broke n road.他们把路修完了。（动作已经结束）如果表示一个重复动作，或者表示动作做过t heard from him up till now.现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为。 的次数时，不能用现在完成进行时。如：Ive bee n writ ing letters since breakfast.I ve writte n to him three times,but I have n固定句式易混点1.This/lt is the first/second.time+that从句。that 从句一般用现在完成时，如果把前边的is改为was

10、，则that从句用过去完成时。如：This is the first time I have come here.It was the third time（ that） he had made the same mistake.2.It is/has been+段时间+since 从句。since 从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的is改为was，则since从句中用过去完成时。如：It was ten years since we had had such a won derful time.3. be about to do.when.意为"即将（这时）突然”。如：I was a

11、bout to go out whe n the teleph one rang.4. be （was/were ） + doing.when.意为"正在干（这时）突然”。如：They were readi ng whe n Tom shouted in pain.5. Hardly had.done.when.; No sooner had.done.than.when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示"刚刚就”。如：Hardly （ No sooner ） had I got home when （than ） the rain poured down.我刚至U家大雨就

12、倾盆而下了。6.It+be+ 一段时间 +before 从句这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：It won t be long before he succeeds.（= He will succeed soon. ）主动语态和被动语态重点回放1. （2007 辽宁，22）Have you han ded in your schoolwork yet?Yes,l have .1 guess itnow.A.has graded B.is gradedC.is being

13、 gradedD.is grad ing2. （ 2007 浙江，17）ProfessorJames willgive us alecture on the western culture,butwhere.yet.A.has nt bee n decidedB.havent decidedC.is nt being decidedD.are nt decidedwhen and3. （ 2007 天津，13）If Newton livedby whattoday,he would be surprisedin scie nee and tech no logy.A.had discovere

14、dB.had bee n discoveredC.has discoveredD.has bee n discovered4. ( 2007 四川，23)When you get the paper back,pay special atte nti on to whatB.have bee n markedA. have markedC.had markedD.had bee n marked整合提升主动形式表被动意义,grow, keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构。如:1.系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prov

15、e, turn, stay become, fall, get The steel feels cold.His pla n proved It has gone bad.2. 表示开始、结束、run, move 等。如：Work bega n at 7 o(to be ) practical.运动的动词， 如:begi n,fini sh,start,clock this morni ng.ope n,close, stop, end, shut,iron,cut, draw, drive, sell,。这类动词一般不单独The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.

16、3. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如:read, write, act,wash, clea n, wear, ope n, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink使用，常有一个修饰语。如：尼龙容易洗干净。fridge.The book sells well. This knife cuts easily. This coat dries easily. Nylon clea ns easily. Food can keep fresh in a 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。 Your speech reads well. This material has worn t

17、h in. The match won t catch.这本书销路好。这刀子很好用。这种外衣容易干。你的演说讲得很好。这个材料已经磨薄了。火柴擦不着。The pla n worked out won derfully.这计划制定得很好。The engine won t start.引擎发动不起来。4）blame, let （出租），remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：I was to blame for the accide nt.事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remai ns.还有许多活要干。5）在need, require, want, worth（形

18、容词），deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door n eeds repairi ng.= The door n eeds to be repaired.门该修了。This book is worth readi ng.这本书值得一读。6） 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood（使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：Expla in it clearly and make yourself un derstood.解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。被动形式表示主动意义be determ in ed, be pleased, be graduated （

19、 from） , be prepared （ for） , be occupied （in ） , get married 等。例如：He is graduated from a famous uni versity.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl.他与一个富妞结婚了。He got married to a rich girl.不能用被动语态的情况1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，女口 appear, disappear, end（vi. 结束），fail, hap

20、pen,last, lie, rema in, sit, spread,sta nd, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep sile nee, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：After the fire, very little rema in ed of my house.大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。比较：rise, fall, happe n是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。（错） The price has bee n rise n.（对） The price has rise n.（错） T

21、he accide nt was happe ned last week.（对） The accide nt happe ned last week.（错） The price has raised.（对） The price has bee n raised.（错）Please seat.（对） Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如 fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cos

22、t, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happe n to, take part in, walk in to, bel ong to等。例如：This key just fits the lock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already bee n heard.你说的与我们听说的一致。3） 系动词无被动语态，女口appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, k

23、eep, look,remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good.听上去不错。4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如 die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词， 相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了个恶梦。5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：（对） She likes to swim.n eed/wa nt/require/worth 当 n eed, want, require, be wo

24、rthYour hair wants cutt ing.The floor requires wash ing. 典型例题（错） To swim is liked by her.后面只能接doing，但表示的是被动意义。例如: 你的头发该理了。地板需要冲洗。The library needs, but it'll have to wait un til Sun day.A. clea ningB. be clea nedC. clea nD. being clea ned答案A. need （实意）+n /to do ，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need+ doi

25、ng.本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned则也为正确答案。巧记妙忆巧记 be going to 的用法 be going to,表打算，准备计划将来干。表可能、有必然， 通过现象来判断。be going to 结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事, 也用来表示自然现象。妙记被动语态的用法 谁做的动作不知道， 说出谁做的没必要； 突出承受者或礼貌， 用被动语态错不了。说明：1 当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。Mr White is greatly respected by all of us.怀特先生很受我们大家的尊敬。2

26、 当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时常用被动态。Prin ti ng was in troduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。3.当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态。The window glass was broke n by a stone.窗户玻璃是被石头打碎的。巧记主动形式表被动的词商品畅销（sell ）;机器运转（run,work ）;上课开始（begin）;衣服耐穿（wear）；保持长久（keep）；感觉新鲜（feel）;起来（look,feel,smell,taste,sound,appear,

27、prove,read,write）状态特征；事件发生（happen,take place,break out）;由组成（consist of ）;主动形式，表示被动。例解例 1 : （2007 重庆，28）Leon ardo da Vin ci（14521519） birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasureof setti ng them free.A. is said to be buying B.is said to have boughtC.had said to buy D.has said to have bought例 2:

28、（2007 湖南，31）Cathy is tak ing no tes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School,where sheE nglish for a year.A. studiesB.studiedB. C.is study ingD.has bee n study ing例 3: （2007 江西，31）I have got a headache.No won der.Y ouin front of that computer too long.A.workB.are work ingC. have bee n wo

29、rki ng D.worked例 4 （2007 安徽，26）They became friends aga in that day. Un til the n,they to each other for n early twoyears.t spokent bee n speak ingA.did nt speak B.had nC.haven t spokenD.haven例 5: （2007 安徽，35）Did Peter fix the computer himself?He , because he does nt know much about computers.A.has i

30、t fixedB.had fixed itC.had it fixedD.fixed it例 6: （2007 福建，21）I saw Jane and her boyfrie nd in the park at eight yesterday evening. Impossible. She TV with me in my home the n.A.watchedB.had watchedC.would watchD.was watch ing例 7: （2007 北京，32）I got caught in the rain and my suit.A.has ruinedB.had ru

31、inedC.has bee n ruinedD.had bee n ruined押宝时、语态【依据】动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。在语法填空题中，考查动词时态的题不少于两道，动词的语态常和时态放在一起考查。高考命题者常从三个角度进行命题： 一是直接给定时间状语。考生能直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出正确判断。鉴于广东才考一次，且此类语法题参照系数有限，我们仍以单选形式进

32、行预测。押1Mr Smiththis week?No. He is on holiday.A. Has; worked B. Does; workC. Did; work D. Is; worki ng押2Got your drivi ng lice nse?t take the drivi ng testNo. Itoo busy to have eno ugh practice, so I did nlast week.A. was B. am C. have beenD. had been押3You' d better not call the man ager betwee n

33、 7 and 8 this eve ning, for heanimporta nt meet ing the n.A. will haveB. would haveC. will be hav ingD. will have had押4How can you borrow my computer without my permissi on?Oh, Ito tell you. I hope you don' t mind.A. forgetB. forgotC. had forgotte nD. am forgett ing押5Will you please repeat your idea?Certai nly. But I thi nk it certa in youyour atte nti on.A. don ' t pay B. didn' t payC. we