新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料

1、新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料U5（总6页）-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页Unit 5Culture and Verbal Com mun icatio nSome Ideas Related to verbal com muni cati on and culture1. Differe nt orie ntati ons to com muni cati on patter nsEast Asia n orie ntati on1. process orie ntatio n com muni cati on is perceived as a process of infin

2、itein terpretati on2. differentiated linguistic codes different linguistics codes are used dependingupon pers ons invo Ived and situati ons3. i ndirect com muni cati on emphasis the use of in direct com muni catio n is prevale nt and accepted as no rmative4. receiver centered meaning is in the inter

3、pretation. Emphasis is on listening, sen sitivity, and removal of prec on ceptio n.North America n orie ntati on1. com muni cati on is perceived as the tran sfere nee of messages2. Less differe ntiated lin guistic codes lin guistic codes are not as exte nsively differe ntiated as East Asia3. Direct

4、com muni cati on emphasis direct com muni cati on is norm despite the exte nsive use of in direct com muni cati on4. sen der cen tered meaning is in the message created by the sen der. Emphasis is on how to formulate the best message, how to improve source credibility and delivery skills2. Direct an

5、d In direct Verbal In teracti on StylesThe tone of voice, the speaker' s intention, and the verbal content reflect ourway of speaking, our verbal style, which in turn reflects our cultural and personal values and sen time nts.Verbal style frames“ how” a message should be interpreted. Fhnddijcfct

6、verbal in teracti on dime nsion can be thought of as straddli ng a continuum.Individuals in all cultures use the gradations of all these verbal styles, depending on role ide ntities, in teract ion goals, and situati ons. However, i n in dividualistic cultures, people tend to encoun ter more situati

7、ons that emphasize the prefere ntial use of direct talk, pers on-orie nted verbal in teractio n, verbal self-e nhan ceme nt, and talkativeness. In contrast, in collectivistic cultures, people tend to encounter more situatio ns that emphasize the prefere ntial use of in direct talk, status-orie nted

8、verbal in teractio n, verbal self-effaceme nt, and sile nee.ss a(The direct and in direct styles differ in the exte nt to which com muni cators reveal their in ten ti ons through their tone of voice and the straightforward ness of their content message. In the direct verba style, statements clearly

9、reveal the speaker in ten tio ns and are enun ciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the in direct verbal style, on the other hand, verbal stateme nts tend to camouflage the speaker in ten ti ons and are carried out with more nuan ced tone of voice. For example, the overall . America n verbal styl

10、e ofte n calls for clear and direct com muni cati on.Phrases such as “ say what you mean, ” “ don' t beat around the bush,” and “ gethe point ” are some examples. The direct verbal stfytlheeolarger . culture is reflective of its low-context communication character.3. Person-Oriented and Status-O

11、riented Verbal StylesThe person-oriented verbal style is individual-centered verbal mode that emphasizes the importance of informality and role suspension. The status- oriented verbal style is a role-centered verbal mode that emphasizes formality and large power distance. The former emphasizes the i

12、mportance of symmetrical interaction, whereas the latter stresses asymmetrical interaction.The person-oriented verbal style emphasizes the importance of respecting unique, personal identities in the interaction. The status-oriented verbal style emphasizes the importance of honoring prescribed power-

13、based membership identities. Those who engage in status-oriented verbal interaction use specific vocabularies and paralinguistic features to accentuate the status distance of the role relationships ., in parent-child interaction, superior-subordinate relations, and male-female interaction in many La

14、tin American cultures). While low-context cultures tend to emphasize the use of the person-oriented verbal style, high- context cultures tend to value the status-oriented verbal mode.4. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of b

15、oasting about one ' s accomplishments and abilities. The-esfefalfcement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations, modest talk, and the use of self-deprecation concerning one' s effort orperformance.For example, in many

16、Asian cultures, self-effacement talk is expected to signal modesty or humility. In Japan, when one offers something to another person such as a gift or a meal that one has prepared, verbal self-deprecation is expected. There are set expressions for verbal humility such as“ It 's not very tasty ”

17、 and “special. ” The hostess who apologizes to her guests that“ There is nothing special tooffer you ” has probably sent thtetebrepart of two days planning and preparing the meal. Of course the guest should protest such a disclaimer and reemphasize her or his gratitude. Self-effacement is a necessar

18、y part of Japanese politeness rituals.In the . culture, individuals are encouraged to sell and boast about themselves, for example, in performance review or job interview sessions, or else no one would notice their accomplishments. However, the notion of merchandizing oneself does not set well with

19、the Japanese. In Japan, one does not like to stand out or be singled out, even by others; it is far worse to promote oneself.In many Asian cultures, individuals believe that if their performance is good, their behavior will be noticed, for example, by their supervisors during promotion review situat

20、ions. However, from the Western cultural standpoint, if my performance is good, I should document or boast about it so that my supervisor will be sure to take notice. This difference is probably due to the observer-sensitive value of theAsia n, high-c on text com muni cati on patter n, as opposed to

21、 the sen der-resp on siblevalue of the Western, low-co ntext in teracti on pattern.We should n ote that the patter n of verbal self-effaceme nt cannot begen eralized to many Arab or Africa n cultures. In Egypt, for example, a popularsaying is“ Make your harvest look big, lest your enemies rejoice” .

22、 Effusive verbself-enhancement is critical to the enhancement of one' s face or honor in somelarge power dista nee Arab cultures.Read ing IUn dersta nding the Culture of Conv ersati onComprehe nsion questi ons1. What made the author feel learning to converse in Mexico City was easier for him/her

23、 in one way, more difficult in another?It's easier because Mexica ns service the relatio nship and they care about every one in the con versati on. But their con versati on does n t move in a straight line, driftingaround both in the topic and in the way they use words.2. Why did the Mexican cus

24、tomer slide into the topic of the full eclipse of the sun?For the Mexican, the conversation starts with one topic, but if another interesting topic seeps in he or she will ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less importa nt tha n hav ing an in terest ing conv ersati on.3. What

25、 did the America n bus in essma n feel about the Mexica n?s way of con versati on?For the America n, a conv ersatio n should have a topic, and he wants to take a straight line through it from beg inning to end. So he felt very impatie nt about the Mexican s way of conversation.4. What“ conv ersatio

26、nal ideal ” was represe nted by the example of a champi on shipskier who was in terviewed on TV?The Swedish conv ersati onal ideal is to resp onse in a con cise manner without elaborat ing specific details, especially those for self-promoti on.5. What problems are likely to occur if an American talk

27、s with a Swede?The America n may feel totally lost in the conv ersati on since he or she would notget as much in formati on from the Swede as he or she has expected.6. What are the differe nces betwee n An glos and Athabaska ns in con versati on?There are a lot differe nces betwee n them. For in sta

28、 nee, at the beg inning of a con versati on, An glos almost always speak first. Athabaska ns thi nk it is importa nt to know what the social relati on ship is before they talk with some one. There isano ther differe nee in how long one should talk. Athabaska ns tend to have Ion ger tur ns whe n they

29、 talk with each other, but An glos expect shorter tur ns.7. Is it eno ugh just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners whe n one lear ns a foreig n Ian guage What else does he or she also n eed to knowIt is far from eno ugh just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners whe n one

30、 lear ns a foreig n Ian guage. One also has to know about the culture of using the Ian guage in social life, thi ngs like who talks first, who talks n ext, who ope ns and closes conv ersatio ns and how they do it, i n order to be able to use the Ian guage in culturally appropriate mann ers.8. I n wh

31、at ways are Chin ese similar to or differe nt from the America ns, Mexica ns and SwedesIt seems that we Chin ese are somewhat similar to Mexica ns in the way we are hav ing a conv ersati on. Uni ike America ns, we do not usually move in a straight line in a con versati on and mayalso care much about

32、 the other s feeli ng.Read ing IIThe Way People SpeakComprehe nsion questi ons1. Why didn?t the American openly disagree with the Italian?In general, the American did not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else.2. What are the differences between“ high invoIvement” style and “ highcon

33、siderate ness ” style?Many people from cultures that prefer high invo Iveme nt styles tend to: (1) talkmore; (2) interrupt more; (3) expect to be interrupted; (4) talk more loudly at times;and (5) talk more quickly tha n those from cultures favori ng high con siderate ness styles. On the other hand,

34、 people from cultures that favor high con siderate ness styles tend to: (1) speak one at a time; (2) use polite listening sounds; (3) refrain from in terrupt ing; and (4) give ple nty of positive and respectful resp on ses to their conv ersati on part ners.3. How do New Yorkers and California ns per

35、ceive each other because of their differe nces in conv ersati onal style?To some New Yorkers, California ns seem slower, less in tellige nt, and not as resp on sive. To some Califor nians, New Yorkers seem pushy and domin eeri ng.4. What does the author thi nk is the reas on able way to react to cul

36、tural differe nces?We should know that the way the other speaks may be different from our way of speak ing because he or she must have had a differe nt cultural upbri nging. We should n t judge the otheccord ing to our own sta ndards of what is an acceptable com muni cati on style.65. How to determ

37、ine whether a culture favors a direct or in direct style incom muni cati on?One way to determ ine whether a culture favors a direct or in direct style incom muni catio n is to find out how the people in that culture express disagreeme nt or how they say, No.6. On what occasi ons do America n wome n

38、tend to be more direct tha n men?Whe n talk ing about emotio nal issues and feeli ngs, America n wome n tend to be more direct tha n men.7. What are the goals of in direct com muni catio n?In direct com muni cati on aims not to be an geri ng, embarrass ing, or sham ing ano ther pers on. In stead, it

39、 aims to be sav ing face and maintaining harm ony in gen eral.8. How is“-Pong” conversational style different from“ Bowling ” style?In an American Ffinigpg II conversation, one person has the ball and then hits itto the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game contin

40、ues. Each part of the conversation follows this pattern: the greeting and the ope ning, the discussi on of a topic, and the clos ing and farewell. However, i n aJapa nese Bowli ngII conversation, eachqpaatiit waits politely for a turn andknows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they k

41、now their place in line. In Japa nese con versati on, long sile nces are tolerated. For America ns, eve n two or three sec onds of sile nee can become un comfortable.Case StudyCase 17When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very differe nt impressi ons.Mr Richards on is very pleas

42、ed to have made the acqua intance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotte n off to a very good start. They have established their relati on ship on a first-name basis and MrChu s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do bus in ess with. Mr Richards on is particularly pleased that

43、 he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western n ame, David, which seemed to him an unn ecessary impositi on of wester n culture.In con trast, Mr Chu feels quite un comfortable with Mr Richards on. He feels it will be difficult to

44、work with him, and that Mr Richards on might be rather insen sitive to cultural differe nces. He is particularly bothered that, in stead of calli ng him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richards on used his give n n ame, Hon-fai, the n ame rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassme nt which caused h

45、im to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richards on.Nevertheless, whe n he was away at school in North America he lear ned that America ns feel un comfortable calli ng people Mr for any exte nded period of time. His soluti on was to adopt a wester n n ame.

46、 He chose David for use in such situati ons.Even if the American knew Urdu, the language spoken in Pakistan, he would also have to understand the culture of communication in that country to respond appropriately. In this case, he had to say No at least three times.In some countries, for instance, th

47、e Ukraine, it may happen that a guest is pressed as many as seven or eight times to take more food, whereas in the UK it would be unusual to do so more than twice. For a Ukrainian, to do it the British way would suggest the person is not actually generous.Indeed, British recipients of such hospitali

48、ty sometimes feel that their host is behaving impolitely by forcing them into a bind, since they run out of polite refusal strategies long before the Ukrainian host has exhausted his/her repertoire of polite insistence strategies.Case 19Talking about what s wrong is not easy for people in any cultur

49、e, but people inhigh-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to t

50、he point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high- context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultu

51、res, however, the tendency is just to spit it out, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultu

52、res choose to communicate about a problem.Case 20It seems that the letters of request written in English as well as in Chinese by Chinese people are likely to preface the request with extended face-work. To Chinese people, the normal and polite way to form a request requires providing reasons that are usually placed before the requests. Of