山东省农产品出口贸易现状与对策研究

1、山东省农产品出口贸易现状与对策研究摘要农业是基础产业，世界各国家都非常重视农业的基础性作用。 山东是中国传统的农业大省， 农产品出口额占全国农产品出口总额的四分之一左右，连续14年位居全国第一。农业作为山东省的主导产业，农产品出口贸易的问题与对策研究对于山东省建设经济文化强省战 略日标的实现具有重要意义。另外，研究农产品出口贸易问题及对策对于进一步推进山东 省农业的标准产业化进程，加快农业科技进步与产业结构调整以及促进农民增收等方面， 具有不可替代的作用和直接的现实意义。本文旨在通过对山东农产品出口贸易的背景、现状分析，在借鉴国内外农产品出口贸易相关理论及实践基础上，对山东农产品出口贸易 进行

2、有益探索，提供一些合理化建议，希望能从多方面来实现山东省农产品出口体系的健 全完善以及农产品出口贸易的健康发展。关键词 绿色壁垒 农产品出口市场多元化 政策建议目录引言6第一章 山东省农产品出口现状 71.1 优势农产品出口增幅明显回落 71主要出口市场增长乏力 81.3 一般贸易出口增速高于加工贸易，外资企业出口比重下降 81.4 重点出口城市增势趋缓，部分中西部市出口高速增长 8第二章山东省农产品出口增幅放缓的原因分析 102.1 人民币大幅升值102.2 绿色壁垒对农产品出口影响巨大，新贸易保护主义日益严重 102.3 企业出口成本增加 11第三章山东省农产品出口存在的主要问题 123.

3、1 出口产品技术含量低，产品质量差 123.2 出口市场仍然相对较为集中 123.3 企业规模小、实力弱、组织化程度低 133.4 企业发展困难,融资难问题突出 133.5 企业品牌建设严重滞后 14第四章 促进山东省农产品出口的对策分析 154.1 完善多层次的农产品出口政策促进体系 154.2 积极推进农产品出口市场多元化 154.3 调整优化农产品出口商品结构，促进产业升级 164.4 重点培育一批农产品出口龙头企业 164.5 加强对农产品质量的安全管理及出口企业的业务指导 174.6 切实解决农产品出口企业的融资难问题 174.7 要严抓产品质量，努力适应国际市场变化 184.8 加

4、快农产品品牌建设 18结束语20参考文献21致谢22ctr"，l nes, e _i pment .secIons found hidie n in time for e dbain, mantenance ad se -，. 9, unot use aope nfame i Ie cassoom, prohii bur nig s ove, ltca n.e s, mosqui i repel ent, no sm okig, a id banning messy w.ng. Wi hou us ng ay household .p - nces is not a lwed. 10

5、, IVe in camp fculy members mus lea d by exam pl, aid e d_ae amles and Uideea dy t fie 1, house hold use of g» in school s.tm-e pr ope usage, iiy atetin tie l ek pr i of expioSon p<nu». 2, Unig room mus be qialle d, ad anua tesing of presue veIses, t rreua。ceck the ntee w I rkkes mus be

6、 - ried, sbyopeain I peat on, gas a nk ad sove ley dsane of15 mees to preent accide ns 3 te a dvese consque I ces caued by gno.ng Ire sa-e.ain*Wl be | unised, until in'estgaed for、aesonsii m . Sng Li u Ja ping mmeay scool , pine sopps surundig sa managgmet sstm 1 taches and suues, t he lu.oundi

7、ngara of te ichool IgveI ace cves pesna ad food hhgene, iukal eve I s ad ot h e -pecs, intgatu gove nance shl obanwde luppo. and ul commu. On t he sur oui ng evronmet i I scools soud b e co m onitore u 2 Ichool wk a Ihese time, soul d p. a - t he sa- manaepubl c or ier and fght te bad guy s and grsp

8、 t he corec was and mla ns of manttini n ad imprv ng su - nts ' sl c a bilt y. 6, te al sme nt of oegency recue tams of eaces inlchool s onhig haul ad ie ploe d. Song Li I Xiag Lu Ja pi ng elme nay scool Mac H6 sngLin Xag Liu Jaiig primayIchool taces aha - se_r>y - erency rsponse pla fr a cet

9、s 6, picni c, hkig , pi ci c tp. a-ntinto f preventin, food poi sonig, prvet on of al acie nts 7, te a civis nea the rves reevois nomealues" unot mee Ite mcuiy riquioesof the Ogai zitinad not le st uuens i nto the Waesould ak e the ii - ie tcntac te usrc pol ce sai on, te vlge Ccmmite, Cerecina

10、 Ce nte, Towsi pgo nment, bus s ma n.- et a(ctviesbewe n eaces a nd s uie ns, t daw up a pre cie pla ad se cu meaurrs musbe sgnd ot he uearmentst o do a ggou job manngent 3 ttaned by te scool offcas tev ew te pr.rmmeof actvtecheron uus Oreuy Wt te uonCcrecipinof ispe cins i ichoolCeete <grreu t m

11、plement.Oganiat -u el> ar or ahat the ”e mgas fomrua actvBis re quie a | pr ovl by te Deuy Die ctr of te Eduin Bueu is, fr eample harsetn cage of secui ，I, lac Ictvh sould I e a spcic e sonsiiiccrdig t difeet liutins reoreu scoolofcas or t he poli stlni a tmely miner t prote，pp，atet pesnsa” ph，s

12、ci mac. Rue 3 acviis loccln, feu lur - ssou d be carede，of su一nts" 一，diy beore scool, eacesrrmid suuents pp，ateton t tafc saey. 5soul d e - cae s_ens tesec sca ehi, a nd vaioos eg uions, minii nings, sould aspp，a - inspect I ns nea the -mpps, fund tou i aiva " actvties fr the mea I s of ta

13、sport soul d exa n te stuaton to te Ichool tcomply wit vei ce sae，e - irme is, befe te li ne fr rear s I, e cacivty m-tAccordingtothe requirementsoftheFire Services Act,so that everyonehasof keepiprotecti ng fire controlfacilities, fireprevention,re ports offireIn or dertoe nsurenormalteachingor acc

14、identtoa writte n reportin triplifighting, di saster reliefandsoon.7,der,prote ctingst udents 'healthy growt h,ensuri ng that national (property)is not lost,tcate, acorrecti onal centre,a policestation,a tow nship people's Governmentshallschool sshouldeducate studentsto obeythescho ol rule s

15、 andregulatio preve nt orminimizetheoccurre nce ofsafety acci dents,followthe"prevent, rescue eachother,e nsuresafety andreduce losses" pri nci ple,accor dingtothe l ocal conditi ons, maket hemanageme ntsystem. 1,the principali sthe re sponsi bilitynot concealthe accide nt.4week ,teachersa

16、re on dutysystem, establish a nd impr ovethe lea dership values;stre ngthen thee ducation,management ofteachi ng activities i n schools to ensure normalteaching order;re sponsi blefor schoolsafety leadershions, on time, on time home tofschool safety,school security undert helea dersh ip of President

17、se curityw orklea dinggroup.The head te achertothe leaderp always mai ntaine d close conta ct and district policestations, canvassing s upport fromthepolicestationonschoolsafetyandshpi team is responsi ble for, implementati on ofthe accountahel p.5,stre ngthening teachers'morale ducation,establi

18、 shas anda varietyofsports, extracurriculara ctivities,facilities such asfire safety,infdge about safetyeducation,educati on should be diversified i nthe formev ery safetyeducation for studentsofcla on quality, observe the students 'psy chologi cal change satanytimeand takepreventivemeasures,no

19、corporalpunishmentadrelian emergencyi ssuesdealing w itheducati on inGe neral, self-hel pa ndmut ualrescue k now ledge.Emerge ncy calls(suchas110, 119, 122,120,and soon) usecommonse nse ni educati on. 3,t he establishment ofmajoraccidentreportingsyclassr oom,school s may notbe.6,unitsordepartme nts

20、usestudentStreet pr opaga nda or partici patein the celebrati ons,aswellas partici pating i n other socialwork,w ithoutappr ovalofthe Corre ctionalCe ntre, schoolpriII. I. . L . -I - - II _ I . .IILLd I - -._ I- 一 I- -一- . . . >一.一一 一.I-ble.SongLin Xiang LiuJia ping el ementaryschool March 2016 s

21、ong Li nXia ngLi uJiapince firesafe ty, prote ction ofpubli c pr operty a nd thelifeand propertysafetyofteachers ajor accident wit hin a n hour ofeducation;st udentrun anddisappearances tor on. Withouttheappr ovalofrelevantdepartments,may organize streport ; report oftheudentsto participate i nfire随

22、着世界经济一体化进程的加快，中国成功加入WTO 组织，中国与世界的联系日益密切。农产品出口作为区域经济与世界经济联系的重要方面，山东省农产品出口得到了长足的发展。山东省是农产品出口大省， 2007 年农产品出口92.53 亿美元，增长14.3%，出口到179 个国家和地区，历史上首次突破90亿美元，占全国农产品出口的25.26%，连续多年居全国第一位。据山东省测算，2007年，山东农产品出口拉动全省 GDP增长2个百分点，带动了 1600多万人就业，对农民增收的贡献率达到25%，有力地促进了山东省经济的发展，也对加快山东省农业产业结构调整，推动农业生产规范化、标准化和农业现代化等起到了至关重要

23、的作用。但近几年来，农产品生产和出口形势发生了新的变化，一方面， 绿色壁垒对农产品出口影响巨大，新贸易保护主义日益严重、人民币升值压力加大，农产品贸易环境日益严峻；另一方面，随着社会经济的发展，人民生活水平的提高，消费者对农产品质量安全也提出了更高的要求。如何克服绿色贸易壁垒，提高农产品质量安全水平，进一步促进农产品出口额的增加，以带动山东省经济增长，是当前山东省面临的一个重要的课题近几年，尽管山东省在促进农产品出口方面走在了全国的前列，农产品出口额连续但其增长速度在放缓，原因主要有以下几个方面：第二章 山东省农产品出口增幅放缓的原因分析8 年居全国第一位，2.1 人民币大幅升值自 2005

24、年人民币汇率改革至今，人民币对美元汇率已破7 元， 人民币升值已超过13 ， 继续保持坚挺。人民币升值对出口导向型行业最直接的影响就是出口价格的相对提高，这意味着中国产品在国外价格竞争力的下降，而价格优势正是MadeinChina 的真正生命力。出口企业还会遭受由出口收入转化成人民币时的汇兑损失，以及由于出口量减少造成的收入损失。另外， 人民币升值也会导致人工费用等生产成本增长， 因而对出口贸易依存度大的行业的冲击将难以避免，尤其会影响那些以低价格取胜、科技含量较低的产品的出口。农产品生产及加工企业总体利润水平低，人民币升值压缩了出口农产品的利润空间，对农产品的国际竞争力产生很大影响，是影响农

25、产品出口的重要因素。而山东省农产品出口企业中有不少是中小型、加工贸易企业，这些企业是靠价格优势来参与国际竞争，人民币升值使他们成本增加、利润下降。2.2 绿色壁垒对农产品出口影响巨大，新贸易保护主义日益严重绿色壁垒11，以其隐蔽性强且易于操作，引起矛盾的目标比关税壁垒小得多等优势，越来越受到各贸易国青睐。当前，各国纷纷以生态环境、质量标准、社会责任、知识产权等形式保护本国农业。自2005年 1 月起，日本、欧盟、韩国都实施了新的食品安全法，提高对进口农产品的质量技术要求；2005 年 7月， WTO 多哈回合谈判全面中止，这预示着国际农产品贸易保护主义进一步升级，农产品贸易环境更加11绿色壁垒

26、是指那些为了保护生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。通常， 绿色壁垒应由进出口国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而设置的各种环境保护措施、法规标准等，是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种技术性贸易壁垒。8复杂。特别是日本的“肯定列表制度 12”，大幅抬高了进口农产品、食品的准入门槛。日本作为山东省农产品出口的第一大出口市场， “肯定列表制度”的实施已严重影响山东农产品对日本的出口，是导致山东省农产品出口增幅放缓的最主要因素。日本的肯定列表制度对264 种食品中使用的734 种农药、 兽药及饲料添加剂设定了51392 个严格的残留限量标准，对未列入暂定标准的项目统一适应0 01ppm 的限量标

27、准，是目前世界上最苛刻的食品安全卫生标准。出口统计显示，自肯定列表制度正式实施后，2006lectricity li nes,e qui pmentinspections,foundhidde n intimeforrectification, maintenance,and se curity.9, donotuseanope n flame in theclassroom, prohibit bur ningst ove, litcandle s,mosquit orepell ent, nosm oking,a nd banningmessywiring. Wit houtusi ng

28、any household appliances is nota llowed. 10,live on campusfacultymembers, must lea d by example, and e ducate familiesand children rea dy to fire. 11,househol d useofgas inschool s,tomasterpr oper usage, payattention to theleak-pr oof,explosion-proof,fireproof, closingvalveafteruseto ensuresecurity.

29、12,di ningroom mustbe qualified,and annualtesting of pressureve ssels,toregularly che ck, thecanteen workers mustbecertifie d,strictly byoperation operati on,gastank andstovesafety distance of 1.5 meters,to preventaccide nts.13,thea dverseconsequences caused byignoring fire safety regulations,willbe

30、 punishe d, until investigatedforlegalresponsibility.Song LinXiang LiuJiapi ngeleme ntaryschoolMarch2016 Xiang LiuJia pi ng elementaryschool,pi nesl opessurrounding safety management system1 teachers a nd students,t he surroundi ngarea oftheschoolgovernance covers personalandfood hygiene,culturaleve

31、ntsand otheraspects,i ntegratedgover nanceshallobtainwi desupport and full cooperationofthecommunity.On t hesurr oundingenvironment i nschoolsshouldbe cl oselym onitore d.2, schoolwork at thesametime,shoul dpay attenti on tothe safety manageme ntofschoolenvironment,shoul dtake theinitiativetocontact

32、thedistrict poli cestati on,the villageCommittee,Correctional Ce ntre,Townshi pgover nment,busi nessma nagementa ndot herdepartmentstodoa goodjob management.3,tea cher ondut ywith theexce ption ofinspections inschools,shouldal sopay attention t o environmentalinspecti ons nearthe campus,found thatth

33、ejoble ssmigrants fromruralareas,forexample,harassmentof stude nts anda varietyofaccidents,according to different situations reportedschoolofficialsorthe policestation in atimely manner,to protectthe safety of stude nts.4,everyday beforeschool,teachersremindstudents,payattention totraffic safety.5,s

34、houl deducatest ude nts to respect socialethi cs,a nd vari ous reg ulations, maintainingpubl icor der, and fightthe ba d guy s,and graspt hecorrectways a nd mea ns of maintaini ng and improving students' self -carea bilit y.6,theestabli shme ntofemergencyrescue teams ofteachersi nschool s,onhig

35、halertand de ploye d. SongLi nXiang Liu Jia pi ng eleme ntary school March 2016songLin Xiang LiuJia ping primaryschoolteachersa ndst udentsorg anizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystemorganization activities betwee n teachersand st udents,to drawupa precise plan andse curitymeasures mustbesig nedbythe s

36、choolofficials to reviewthe programmeofactivitie sagreed uponCorrecti onal Centeragree d to implement.Organizati onto t hefield relativelyfaroractivities requirea ppr oval by theDeputy Dire ctor oftheE ducation Bureauin charge of security. 2,each activity should have aspecificresponsibilit y, payatt

37、entionto thepersons age,physi cal match.Route3,activities,location,field surveys shoul d be carried outi n adva nce. 4, activitie s forthe means oftr ansportshoul d explai n thesituation to theschooltocomply with vehicle, safetyrequireme nts,beforethe line for repair s.5,each activitymusthave securi

38、ty,emerge ncy response plan fora ccidents. 6,pi cni cs, hiking ,pi cni ctopay attentiontofireprevention,foodpoi soning, preventi on of fallaccide nts7,thea ctivities nearthe rivers,reservoirs, no mea sures ordonotmeet thesecurityrequirementsofthe Organi zation and not let st udents into thewaterIn o

39、r dertoe nsurenormalteachingor der,prote ctingst udents 'healthy growth,ensuri ng that national (property)is not lost,to preve nt orminimizetheoccurre nce ofsafety acci dents,followthe"prevent, rescue eachother,e nsuresafety andreduce losses" pri nci ple,accor dingtothe l ocal conditio

40、ns, maket hemanageme ntsystem. 1,the principali sthe re sponsi bility ofschool safety,schoolsecurity underthelea dershipof Presidentse curityw orklea dinggroup.The head teachertothe leadershpi team is responsible for, implementati on ofthe accounta bility system.2,school monthlystudentknowledge abou

41、t safetyeducation,educati on should be diversified i nthe formeverysafetyeducation for studentsofclasses perwe ek should be targeted.To carryon emergencyi ssuesdealing w ithed ucation inGe neral, self-hel pa ndmut ualrescue k now ledge.Emerge ncy calls(suchas110, 119, 122,120,and soon) usecommonse n

42、se ni education. 3,the establishment ofmajoraccidentreportingsystem.Schoolstudents reportmajor accident within an hour ofeducation;studentrun anddisappearances toreport; report oftheaccidenttoa written reportin tripli cate, acorrecti onal centre,a policestation,a township people's Governmentshal

43、l not concealthe accide nt.4week ,teachersare on dutysystem, establish and impr ovethe lea dership values;strengthen theeducation,management ofteaching activities in schools to ensure normalteaching order;re sponsi blefor schoolsafety leadership always maintaine d close conta ct and district polices

44、tations,canvassing supportfrom thepoli cestationonschoolsafetyandhel p.5,stre ngthening teachers'morale ducation,establi sha dedi cated love ,improvi ng educati on quality, observe the students 'psychologi cal change satanytimeand takepreventivemeasures,no corporalpunishmentand covert corpor

45、al punishmentonstudents,studentoutoftheclassr oom,school s may notbe.6,unitsordepartme nts usestudentStreet pr opaga nda or participatein the celebrati ons,aswellas partici pating i n other socialwork,w houtapprovaloftheCorre ctionalCentre, schoolpri nci pals consent, withoutorganization. Withoutthe

46、appr ovalofrelevantdepartment s,may organize studentsto participate i nfirefighting, di saster reliefandsoon.7,school sshoulde ducate studentst o obeytheschoolrule s andregulations, on time, on time home to preve ntaccide nts.8,school toschool inspe ctionson aregul arbasi s,found hidden intime,a nd

47、in severe cases,it is hardto eliminateimmediatelyclosed,a nd reported t o thel ocal pe ople's Government,e ducation, andrul eof lawse ction.9,t heschool shoul d alwaysche ckthe i nternalw alls,retai ningwall s,ponds, rail ings, handrails,doors, Wi ndows, staircase s anda varietyofsports, extracu

48、rriculara ctivities,facilities such asfire safety,infrastructurese curity, unsafefacilityto immediately repaira nd demolitiontoensurethattea chers and studentswork, lear n, live ve nue s andfacilities aresafe andrelia ble.SongLin Xiang LiuJia ping el ementaryschool March 2016 song Li nXia ngLi uJiap

49、i ng primaryschoolfiresafetysystemstoenhance firesafe ty, prote ction ofpubli c pr operty a nd thelifeand propertysafetyofteachers a nd students, schoolfire safetyinto day-to-day management,is devel opi ngthefoll owing firesafetysystem.1,strengt hen firesafety education ofthe w hole school.According

50、tot he requirements oftheFire Service s Act,so that everyonehasof keepingfirecontrolsafety,protecti ng fire controlfacilities, firepreventi on,re ports offire年 6 月份，山东省农产品出口2.15 亿美元，同比下降7.8 13，水产品、蔬菜、肉食品、水果、花生五大优势产品出口全面下滑，10 个市包括青、烟、威、潍四个出口大市出现负增长，三资企业也出现罕见的负增长，同比减少7。然而，日本肯定列表制度规定的734 项检测项目中，现在还只实施了

51、479种，其它项目何时开始执行，还没有明确的时间表，其潜在影响更是不容忽视。2.3 企业出口成本增加当前，农产品出口企业的出口成本大幅度增加。一是农产品加工业属密集型产业，由于劳动用工紧张，加上国内工资普遍上涨，工人工资提高。二是受石油涨价影响，化肥、地膜、农用柴油等农用物资价格上涨，农产品种植、养殖、运输等成本提高，带动农产品原料价格上涨，使企业受到很大影响。三是肯定列表制度提高了出口检验成本，延长了通关检验时间。以平均每种食品200 项检验项目来计算，每批次产品的检验成本在4 万元以上。因检验项目增多，超过了基层检验部门的能力，需要到上级部门检验的现象逐渐增多；而部分检验项目还要到外资检验

52、机构进行检验，检验费用又要高出1 3 左右；个别项目还必须送到日本进行检验，检验费用再次增加。肯定列表制度实施后，国内通关时间延长7-10 天，日本通关时间延长7 天左右，增加了企业货物和资金周转的压力。三、山东省农产品出口存在的主要问题山东省农产品出口额增速放缓，有以上一些外在的影响因素，还有我国出口促进政策体系不健全，现有促进政策在贯彻落实过程中也存在不到位等原因。但山东省农产品出口企业自身仍然存在很多问题。3.1 出口产品技术含量低，产品质量差山东省是我国农产品出口的主要基地，但出口产品以初级产品为主，精加工产品少，产品附加值较低，缺乏品牌产品。出口农产品大多以粗加工为主，加工工艺粗糙，

53、包装也以大包装为主，价格偏低，以大路货为主，而消费者需要高档优质方便的食品。许多地方的农业结构调整总是在数量上做文章，市场开发和产销协调工作较为滞后，导致农产品普通产品多、专用产品少，大路货多、名优特新产品少，低档和劣质品多、高档和优质品少，农业竞争力难以提高，甚至增加了农产品的供求矛盾和经营成本，这也在一定程度上影响了山东农产品的市场形象。例如： 山东省是苹果生产大省，而目前苹果年出口量并不大，出口受阻的主要原因有：苹果没有分级，大小不均，含糖量低，虫果率高，采后保质能力差，鲜果农药残留超标。3.2 出口市场仍然相对较为集中山东农产品出口市场一直以日本、韩国、欧盟等国为主，尤其是日本，出口额

54、占30 14 以上。这些国家对农产品进口政策的变动对山东省农产品的出口带来很大影响，特别是日本于2006 年 5 月实施的 “肯定列表制度”是非常苛刻的检测标准。技术标准的提高对农产品提出了更高的要求，增加了出口的困难。山东农产品出口企业开拓新市场的力度不够，总是习惯依赖于日本、韩国等传统市场，而忽视了俄罗斯、 非洲、 美洲特别是南美等市场的开发。另外， 企业出口盲目性较大，对市场的风险缺乏足够认识。3.3 企业规模小、实力弱、组织化程度低山东省在农业产业化发展道路上走在全国前列，但大多数企业规模仍然偏小，直接影响品牌建设和竞争力的形成。2007 年，山东省有3882 家有农产品出口企业，比上

55、年增加272 家。其中，出口过百万美元的 1447 家，比上年增加168 家； 出口超过千万美元的220 家企业，比上年增加43 家； 出口超过亿美元的企业上年的1 家增为 2 家， 即： 新华锦集团山东锦宜纺织有限公司和烟台北方安德利果汁股份有限公司，分别出口14294 万美元和12848 万美元15。尽管山东省农产品出口企业队伍在进一步扩大，龙头企业拉动作用明显，但全省出口企业平均出口额仅为154 万美元。出口企业普遍规模小，实力弱，组织化程度低，抵御出口市场风险和突破技术壁垒的能力不强。而且大多数企业是走外延式的发展道路，因而与跨国农产品企业相比，在规模、实力、竞争力等方面都存在很大的差

56、距。同时，由于企业规模普遍较小、队伍膨胀迅速，竞争秩序混乱，严重损害山东省农产品出口的行业利益。根据入世承诺，我国逐步放开进出口经营权，大量企业加入到农产品出口队伍，在国际上他们为争夺市场而竞相压价，在国内.I. -I 一I ll> - IILd 1I - IL .sametime,shoulII. . .Ig udents idpay attenti.- II. I-.schoolteachersa- I. .1 1I In or dertoe nsurenormalteachingor der,prote ctingst udents 'healthy growt h,ens

57、uri ng that national (property)is not lost,to preve nt orminimizetheoccurre nce ofsafety acci dents,followthe"prevent, rescue eachother,e nsuresafety andreduce losses" pri nci ple,accor dingtothe l ocal conditi ons, maket hemanageme ntsystem. 1,the principali sthe re sponsi bility ofschool safety,school security undert helea dersh ip of Presidentse curityw orklea dinggroup.The head te achertothe leadershpi team is responsible