BBC的德语初级学习资料

1、SimpleintroductionsTherearetwohandyphrasestoknowwhenmeetingpeople:SindSie？Areyou？Ichbin.Iam.Byaddinganameaftereachphrase,youcanformasimplequestionoranswerSayingmyInGerman,therearedifferentwaystosayWhenyouretalkingaboutaman,youuseWhenyouretalkingaboutawomanyouusemy,dependingonwhoyouretalkingabout.mei

2、n.meine.HerearesomeexamplesDasistmeineFrau.Thisismywife.DasistmeineTochter.Thisismydaughter.DasistmeinMann.Thisismyhusband.DasistmeinSohn.Thisismyson.DasistmeinFreund.Thisismy(male)friend.DasistmeinKollegeThisismy(male)colleague.SayingyourIhrisaverycommonwordinGerman,andcanhaveseveralmeanings.Itcanm

3、eanyourwhenaddressingsomeoneformally.InthiscaseitsalwayswrittenwithacapitalletterWhenaddressingsomeoneinformally,youusedein.WowohntIhrFreund,HerrPaul？Wheredoesyourfriendlive,MrPaul？WowohntdeinFreund,Heike？Wheredoesyourfriendlive,Heike？Itcanbeusedasaninformalyouwhenreferringtomorethanoneperson.Thever

4、bwillendwith-t.Kommstdu？Areyoucoming？(oneperson,informal)Kommtihr？Areyoucoming？(morethanoneperson,informal)Finally,ihrcanbeusedtomeanherortheir.Themeaningisobviousfromthecontext.DasistClaudia.PeteristihrFreund.ThisisClaudia.Peterisherfriend.HierwohnenPeterundClaudia.DasistihrHausThisiswherePeterandC

5、laudialive.Thisistheirhouse.Ihrmeansyour(formal)andihrcanmeanherortheir.ClickonStarttheactivityandusethesewordscorrectlytofinishthephrase.Youllneedtodragtherightoneintothegap.SayingyouEverytimeyoutalktosomeoneinGerman,youllneedtoknowwhichwordforyoutouse,duorSie.Youuseduforpeoplewithwhomyoureonfirst-

6、nameterms,suchasfamily,closefriendsandchildren.Duisalsousedininformalsituations,inparticularamongyoungpeople.Sieismoreformalandisusedwithpeoplewhoyouwouldaddresswiththeirsurname.WhenyouaddresssomeoneasduorSie,theverbchangesaswell.SindSieHerrSchmidt?AreyouMrSmith?BistduPeter?AreyouPeter?UsingSieSieis

7、averycommonwordinGerman,andcanhaveseveralmeanings.Itcanbeusedastheformalwordforyou.InthiscaseSiealwaysbeginswithacapitalletterandtheverbwillendwith-en.WowohnenSie?Wheredoyoulive?BrauchenSieBenzin?Doyouneedpetrol?Itcanalsomeanshe,oritwhenitreferstoafemininenoun.Inthiscasesiebeginswithasmallletter,exc

8、eptatthebeginningofasentence,andtheverbwillendwith-t.Wowohntsie?Wheredoesshelive?BrauchtsieBenzin?Doessheneedsomepetrol?HabenSieeineLufts?ule?Haveyougotanairpump?Ja,sieistgleichlinksvonderEinfahrt.Yes,itsjustleftoftheentrance.Finally,siecanbeusedtomeanthey.Again,itbeginswithasmallletter,buttheverbwi

9、llendwith-en.Wowohnensie?Wherearetheyliving?BrauchensieBenzin?Dotheyneedpetrol?SayingitAsinEnglishyoucanreferbacktosomethingthathasalreadybeenmentionedbysayingit.InGermanyouuseadifferentworddependingonwhetherthewordismasculine,feminineorneuter.Withderwords,ie.masculinewords,youuseer:HieristderKudamm

10、HereistheKudammEristhierItishereWithdiewords,ie.femininewords,youusesie:HieristdieKircheHereisthechurchSieisthierItishereWithdaswords,ie.neuterwords,youusethewordes:HieristdasBranderburgerTorHereistheBrandenburgGateEsisthierItishereMasculineandfeminineJobsinGermancanbemasculineorfeminine,likethepeop

11、ledoingthem.Whenajobisdonebyawoman,veryoftenan-inendingwillbeadded.IchbinLehrerIchbinLehrerinIchbinPolizistIchbinPolizistinIchbinMechanikerImateacher(male)Imateacher(female)Imapoliceofficer(male)Imapoliceofficer(female)Imamechanic(male)IchbinMechanikerinImamechanic(female)WhenyousaywhatyoudoinGerman

12、,youdontneedtousetheworda.RegularverbsWhenyoulookupaverbinaGermandictionary,itnormallyendsin-en.Thisformisknownastheinfinitive.wohnentolivekommentocomeToshowwhoisdoingsomethingyouneedtochangetheverbending.ichkommeichwohnedukommstduwohnstSiekommenSiewohnenIcomeIliveyoucome(informal)youlive(informal)y

13、oucome(formal)youlive(formal)LotsofGermanverbsfollowthisregularpattern.IrregularverbsManyverbsfollowthesamepatternwhenchangingtheirendings.Theyareregularverbs.Buttherearesomeveryfrequentlyneededonesthatworkdifferently.sein,habenandk?nnen.seinichbindubister/sie/esistwir/sie/SiesindtobeIamyouare(infor

14、mal)he/she/itiswe/they/you(formal)areHerearesomeofthemostusefulones:SindSieFrauM?BistduStudent?habenichhabeduhaster/sie/eshatwir/sie/Siehabenller?AreyouMrsM?ller?Areyouastudent?tohaveIhaveyouhave(informal)he/she/ithaswe/they/you(formal)haveHastduLust?HabenSieeinZimmerfrei?Wouldyouliketo?Doyouhavearo

15、omavailable?k?nnenichkanndukannster/sie/eskannwir/sie/Siek?nnenKannichhelfen?Waskannichnochtun?tobeabletoIcanyoucan(informal)he/she/itcanwe/they/you(formal)canCanIhelpyou?WhatelsecanIdo?AskingquestionsAsinEnglishyoucanstartaquestionwithaquestionword.Herearesomecommonquestionwords.Tryguessingthemeani

16、ngsbeforedisplayingthetranslationsWas.?Wann.?Wo.?Wer.?Wohin.?Wieviel.?What.?When.?Where.?Who.?Whereto.?Howmuch.?ChangingvowelsMostGermanverbsfollowaregularpattern.Onlytheendingschangetoshowwhoisdoingsomething.IchkommeausEnglandIcomefromEnglandDukommstausSchottlandYoucomefromScotlandButtherearesomeGe

17、rmanverbswherethespellingandpronunciationchangesdependingonwhoorwhatyouretalkingabout.Intheseexamplesthemiddlevowelchanges.fahrentoleave?Wieoftf?hrtderBus?Howoftendoesthebusleave?WelcherBusf?hrtzumFlughafenTegel?WhichbusgoestoTegelAirport?sprechentospeak?SiesprechenEnglisch.YouspeakEnglish(formal).?

18、DusprichstsehrgutDeutsch.YouspeakGermanverywell(informal).Thischangealsohappenstosomenounsintheplural.AsinEnglish,thequestionwordcomesatthestartofthesentence,followedbytheverb.WassindSievonBeruf?Whatsyourjob?Wasistdas?Whatsthat?WowohnenSie?Wheredoyoulive?Wohin,bitte?Whereto,please?Sometimeswhenaskin

19、gaquestion,thereisnoquestionword.Youcansimplychangethewordorderofthesentence,justasyoudoinEnglish.TryaskingthequestionsbeforedisplayingthemDasisteinTaxiThatisataxiDasistderKudammThatstheKudammWirsinddaWerethereIstdaseinTaxi?Isthatataxi?IstdasderKudamm?IsthattheKudamm?Sindwirda?Arewethere?Sayingthema

20、sculine,feminineorneuterGermannouns,whetherreferringtopeopleorobjects,areeitherWhenyoulookupwordsinthedictionaryyouwillseethismarkedasm,f,nrespectively.Eachtypeofnounhasadifferentwordforthe.derisusedwithmasculinenounsderKudammderBruderdieisusedwithdieStra?edieFreundindasisusedwiththeKudammthebrother

21、femininenouns.thestreetthe(female)friendneuternouns.theasyougoalong,asgenderisdasRathausthetowncouncildasKindthechildItsagoodideatolearnnounswiththeappropriatewordforimportantwhenbuildingupsentences.Attimesyoullhearthewordsdenanddemalsomeaningthe.Youllseeandheartheseformswhentheyappearatcertainposit

22、ionsinthesentence,eg.afterverbsandprepositions.UsingdenInGerman,somewordstakedifferentformsdependingonwheretheyappearinasentence.SeehowDerenglischeK?seistgut.TheEnglishcheeseisgood.DerwarmeApfelstrudelistunsereSpezialit?t.Thewarmapplestrudelisourspeciality.IchnehmedenenglischenK?se.IlltaketheEnglish

23、cheese.IchnehmedenwarmenApfelstrudel.Illtakethewarmapplestrudel.Afterverbssuchasnehmen,totake,m?chten,towantorhaben,tohave,youusedeninsteadofder.Similarly,youuseeineninsteadofein.accusativeinthatpositionwilltakean-enending.SeehowDasisteinneuerMantel.Thisisanewcoat.Ichm?chteeinenneuenMantel.Idlikeane

24、wcoat.Theformisknownastheaccusativecase,anditalsooccursaftercertainprepositions.Thisonlyhappenswithmasculinewordsinthesingular.Feminineandneuterwordsdontchange.SeehowDieroteTascheistsch?n.DaskleineAutoistsch?Hieristeingro?esBier.Theredbagisnice.n.Thesmallcarisnice.Heresalargebeer.IchnehmeIchnehmeIch

25、nehmedieroteTasche.daskleineAuto.eingro?esBier.Illtaketheredbag.Illtakethesmallcar.Illtakealargebeer.SayingaInGermantherearetwodifferentwordsfora:einwithderanddaswords,ie.masculineandneuterwords,andeinewithdiewords,ie.femininewords.einKaffeeacoffeeeineCurrywurstacurriedsausageeinBierabeerItseasytoco

26、nfusethewordforawiththewordeins.Einsisonlyusedforthenumberone,ie.whenyouarecounting.eins,zwei,drei,.EinBier,bitte.ZweiBier,bitte.DreiBier,bitte.one,two,three,.Onebeer,please.Twobeers,please.Threebeers,please.Attimesyoullhearthewordseinenandeinemalsomeaninga.Youllseeandheartheseformswhentheyappearatc

27、ertainpositionsinthesentence,eg.afterverbsandprepositions.inyousayIchwohneinIchm?chteeinenKaffeeIdlikeacoffeeIchwohneIchwohneIchwohneinBerlininDeutschlandinFrankfurtIliveinBerlinIliveinGermanyIliveinFrankfurtIchkommeaus.followedbythenameoftheplaceIchkommeausEnglandIcomefromEnglandIchkommeausBerlinIc

28、omefromBerlinIchkommeausSchottlandIcomefromScotlandSayingwhereyourefromYoucansaywhereyoucomefromlikethis:IfyouwanttosaytheplaceyouliveAskingandtalkingaboutdestinationToaskaboutadestinationorwhereyouregoing,youusewohin,whereto.WohingehenSie?Whereareyougoing?Tostatethedestination,youcanusenachorzu.You

29、usenachwithcityandcountrynames.IchfahrenachBerlinImdrivingtoBerlinInmostothercasesyouusezu.Zuchangesaccordingtothewordthatfollowsit.Withderordaswords,zuchangestozum,whichisshortforzu+dem,tothe:derKudamm?zumKudammdasRathaus?zumRathausWithdiewords,zuchangestozur,whichisshortforzu+der,tothe:dieOranienb

30、urgerStra?e?zurOranienburgerStra?edieGalerie?zurGalerieAskingandtalkingaboutlocationToaskwheresomethingislocatedyouusewo,where:Wowohnstdu?Wheredoyoulive?Whenyouindicatetheplacewheresomethingislocatedyouusein:IchwohneinBerlinIliveinBerlinTostatelocation,youcanalsousean.AnislikethewordatinEnglish,andy

31、ouuseitinasimilarway:IchstudiereanderUniversit?tinBerlinImstudyingatBerlinUniversityBothinandancanchangedependingonthewordthatfollowsthem.Withderanddaswords,inchangestoim,whichisshortforin+dem,inthe:dasKrankenhaus?IcharbeiteimKrankenhausAnfollowsasimilarpattern.Withderanddaswords,anchangestoam,which

32、isshortforan+dem,atthe:derPotsdamerPlatz?IstdasamPotsdamerPlatz?Withdiewords,inandancausethedietochangetoder:dieOranienburgerStra?e?IchwohneinderOranienburgerStra?edieUniversit?t?IchstudiereanderUniversit?tNumbers1-10HerearetheGermannumbers1to10.Sayingthemoutloudwillhelpyoulearnthemaswellasimproveyo

33、urpronunciation.eins1zwei2drei3vier4ftnf5sechs6sieben7acht8neun9zehn10Sometimesyoullhearzwoinsteadofzweiforthenumber2.Thisistohelpdistinguishitfromthenumber3,drei,whichsoundsquitesimilar,especiallywhenspeakingonthephone.Numbers11-99TheGermannumbers11-30followasimilarpatterntoEnglish:elf11zw?lf12drei

34、zehn13vierzehn14ftnfzehn15sechzehn16siebzehn17achtzehn18neunzehn19zwanzig20Numbers21-99aremadeupslightlydifferently.Thesmallernumberalwayscomesfirst,followedbyund,and,thenthelargernumber.Forexample:ein+und+zwanzig=einundzwanzig=21drei+und+fnfzig=dreiundfnfzig=53einundzwanzig21zweiundzwanzig22dreiund

35、zwanzig23drei?ig30vierunddrei?ig34vierzig40ftnfundvierzig45fnfzig50sechsundfunfzig56sechzig60siebenundsechzig67siebzig70achtundsiebzig78achtzig80neunundachtzig89neunzig90Numbers100andaboveTomakeupnumbershigherthan100yousimplyadd-hundertinfrontofthesmallernumbers:hundert+eins=hunderteins101hundert+zw

36、eiunddrei?ig=hundertzweiunddrei?ig132Youcanlinkwordswithund,butitscompletelyoptional.hundert+und+eins=hundertundeinshundert+und+zweiunddrei?ig=hundertundzweiunddrei?ig101132For200to900,youaddthenumberofhundredsinfrontofhundert(ein)hundert100zweihundert200dreihundert300vierhundert400ftnfhundert500sec

37、hshundert600siebenhundert700achthundert800neunhundert900Asyoucansee,becausethenumbersarewrittenasonewordtheycanbequitelong!vierhundertfnfundzwanzig425UsingbitteYoullhearandseethewordbittealotinGerman.Itcanhaveseveralmeanings,dependingonthesituation,butitsalwayspolite.BittecanmeanpleaseK?nnenSiemirhe

38、lfen,bitte?Canyouhelpme,please?EinBier,bitte.Abeer,please.Bittesehrisusedwhenhandingsomethingover.Bittesehr,IhrBier.Hereyouare,yourbeer.Bittesch?nisusedinreplytoDankeDankeThankyou.Bittesch?nYourewelcome.Wiebitte?orsimplyBitte?isalsoveryuseful.ItstheequivalentofPardon?andyoucanuseittoaskforrepetition

39、orwheneveryoudontunderstandsomethingQuantitiesandportionsInGermanwhenyouretalkingaboutaquantity,eg.apieceof.oracupof.,youdontusethewordof.einSttckKucheneineTasseTeeeinPaketZuckereinPfundK?seeineFlascheWasserapieceofcakeacupofteaapacketofsugarapoundofcheeseabottleofwaterIfyourerequestingseveralitems,

40、youcanjustusethewordsforonce,twice.followedbytheitemyouwant,whichisalwaysinthesingular,evenifyouwantmorethanone.einmalBratwurstzweimalBratwurstdreimalBratwurstonefriedsausagetwogalledsausagesthreegrilledsausagesCompoundnounsManyGermannounsareformedbyputtingtwoormoreshorternounstogether.Erdbeere+tort

41、estrawberry+cakeMilch+Kaffeemilk+coffeeErdbeertortestrawberrygateauMilchkaffeemilkycoffeeThesecompoundnounsareoftenlinkedinthemiddlewith-e,-en,-esor-n.Thewordfortheisusuallytheonecorrespondingtothelastnounaddedinthecompound.derKranke+dasHausdieKinder+derGartendieSchokolade+derKuchensickperson+housec

42、hildren+gardenchocolate+cakedasKrankenhaushospitalderKindergartennurseryderSchokoladenkuchenchocolatecakePluralsAllpluralsusethesamewordforthe-die.TomakeanounpluralinGerman,youusuallyaddoneortwoletterstotheendofthesingularformManymasculineandneuternouns,ie.deranddasnouns,addan-etoformtheplural:derSa

43、latderWeindasPacketsaladwinepacketdiediedieSalateWeinePacketsaladswinespacketsManyfemininenouns,ie.dienouns,addan-nor-entoformtheplural:dieScheibedieFrauslicewomandieScheibdieFrauenensliceswomenIfanounalreadyendsin-eninthesingular,theendingdoesntchangeintheplural:einBr?tchenzweiBr?tchenderKuchendieK

44、uchenabreadrolltwobreadrollscakecakesNotethatsomewordswithana,ooruinthefirstsyllabletakeanumlautintheplural.derApfelderSohnderBruderapplesonbrotherdie?pfeldiedieS?hneBruderapplessonsbrothersYoullnoticethereareexceptionstotheserules.Itsagoodideatolearntheseasyoucomeacrossthem,forexample:dasKindchildd

45、ieKinderchildrenSayingIdlike.TherearetwowaystoaskforsomethingpolitelyortosaywhatyouwantinGerman.Ichh?ttegern.Ichm?chte.BothmeanIdlike.,andarealwaysfollowedbyanoun.Whenyoureaskingforunspecifiedamountsthewordsomeisomitted.Ichh?ttegernKartoffelsalatIdlikesomepotatosaladIchm?chteBrotIdlikesomebreadIchh?

46、ttegernSuppeIdlikesomesoupSayingnoInGermantherearemanywaystomakeasentencenegative,forexamplewhenyousaywhatyoudonthaveordontwant.neinIfyourerespondingtoaquestioninthenegative,yousimplyuseneintosayno.Youcanuseneinonitsown.IstdieTagliatellemitFleisch?Nein.Isthetagliatellemadewithmeat?No.kein,keine,kein

47、enThesewordsareusedinnegativesentences,andchangethewordatonot.anyorno.Yousimplyaddtheletterkbeforeein,eine,oreinen,dependingonwhetherthenounismasculine,feminineorneuter.IchhabeeinBierIchhabekeinBierIchm?chteeineSuppeIchm?chtekeineSuppeAttimesyoullhearthewordsIvegotabeerIhaventgotabeerIdlikesomesoupI

48、wouldntlikeanysoupkeinenandkeinem.Youllseeandheartheseformswhentheyappearatcertainpositionsinthesentence,eg.afterverbsandprepositions.nichtNichtmakestheverbnegativeandisusedtosaywhatyoudontdo.Italwayscomesaftertheverb.DerKaffeeistgutThecoffeesgood.DerKaffeeistnichtgutThecoffeeisntgood.Esistweit.Itsf

49、ar.Esistnichtweit.Itisntfar.SayingwhatyoulikeThereareseveralwaystosaywhatyoulikeanddislikeinGerman.ichmagYoucanuseichmagfollowedbyanoun:IchmagSchokoladenkuchen.Ilikechocolatecake.Tosaywhatyoudontlike,addnichtattheendofthesentence.IchmagSchokoladenkuchennicht.Idontlikechocolatecake.IchmagFu?ballnicht

50、.Idontlikefootball.IchmagCurrywurstnicht.Idontlikecurrysausageesgef?lltmirThisliterallymeansitpleasesme.Inthiscase,thenouncomesfirst:Fu?ballgef?lltmir.Ilikefootball.DasT-shirtgef?lltmir.Ilikethist-shirt.Tomakethesentencenegative,addnichtattheendofthesentence:Fu?ballgef?lltmirnicht.Idontlikefootball.

51、DasT-shirtgef?lltmirnicht.Idontlikethist-shirt.gernTosaywhatyouliketodoyouusegern.Thisalwaysfollowstheverb.Ichschwimmegern.Ilikeswimming.Ichtanzegern.Ilikedancing.Ichsingegern.Ilikesinging.Tosaywhatyoudontlikedoing,youusenichtgern.Ichschwimmenichtgern.Idontlikeswimming.Ichtanzenichtgern.Idontlikedan

52、cing.Ichsingenichtgern.Idontlikesinging.Sayingthereandthereis/areThereTosaythereyouusedaordort-bothhaveasimilarmeaning,butdortisabitmoreformalandoftenhasthesenseoverthere.Dacanalsomeanhere.DieneueFoto-Ausstellungistda.Thenewphotoexhibitionisthere.SiefindendieBardort.Youllfindthebarthere.Thereisandth

53、ereareTosaythereis.orthereare.youusetheveryhandyphraseesgibt.UnlikeitsEnglishequivalents,esgibtdoesntchange.EsgibteineBargleichumdieEcke.Theresabarroundthecorner.EsgibtdaToiletten.Therearetoiletsthere.Isthere.?andArethere.?Ifyouwanttofindoutwhatthereis,yousimplyturntheexpressionaroundtoformaquestion

54、.EsgibteinTelefon.GibteseinTelefon?EsgibteinSchwimmbad.GibteseinSchwimmbad?EsgibtdaToiletten.GibtesdaToiletten?Thereisatelephone.Isthereatelephone?Theresaswimmingpool.Isthereaswimmingpool?Therearetoiletsthere.Aretheretoiletsthere?ThereTosaythereyouusedaordort-bothhaveasimilarmeaning,butdortisabitmor

55、eformalandoftenhasthesenseoverthere.Dacanalsomeanhere.DieneueFoto-Ausstellungistda.Thenewphotoexhibitionisthere.SiefindendieBardort.Youllfindthebarthere.ThereisandthereareTosaythereis.orthereare.youusetheveryhandyphraseesgibt.UnlikeitsEnglishequivalents,esgibtdoesntchange.EsgibteineBargleichumdieEcke.Theresabarroundthecorner.EsgibtdaToiletten.Therearetoiletsthere.Isthere.?andArethere.?Ifyouwanttofindoutwhatthereis,yousimplyturnt