适用语言学与应用语言学（课堂PPT）

1、Appliable Linguistics and Appliable Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsApplied Linguistics适用语言学与应用语言学 Huang Guowen (Huang Guowen (黄国文黄国文) )Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen University1Main Points1 Halliday vs Widdowson2 The definition of AL3 Widdowsons distinction between AL & LA4 Hallidays SFL

2、& appliable linguistics5 Widdowsons criticism6 Widdowsons motivation of distinguishing AL from LA7 Discussion21 Halliday vs WiddowsonHalliday: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appliable LinguisticsWiddowson: Applied linguistics, Linguistics applied3Halliday: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appl

3、iable Linguistics系统功能语言学Systemic Functional Linguistics适用语言学 Appliable LinguisticsHalliday, M.A.K., An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Arnold, 1985, 1994.Halliday, M.A.K., Working with meaning: Towards an appliable linguistics. In Webster (ed) Meaning in Context, Continuum,2008, 7-23. Halliday,

4、M.A.K., McIntosh, A. & Strevens, P., The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. London: Longman, 1964.4Widdowson: Applied linguistics, Linguistics applied“应用语言学”（Applied Linguistics, AL）“语言学的应用”（Linguistics Applied, LA）Widdowson, H.G. 1980. “Models and fictions.” Applied Linguistics. 1/2: 16

5、5-70. (also in Widdowson, 1984. Explorations in Applied linguistics 2. OUP,21-27) Widdowson, H.G. 2000. “On the limitation of linguistics applied.” Applied Linguistics. 21/1: 3-25. 52 Definition of ALCorder (1973: 10) The application of linguistic knowledge to some object or applied linguistics, as

6、its name implied is an activity. It is not a theoretical study. It makes use of the findings of theoretical studies. The applied linguist is a consumer, or user, not a producer, of theories. If we use the term “theory” as it is used in science, then there is no such thing as a “theory of language te

7、aching” or a “theory of speech therapy” or a “theory of literary criticism”. Language teaching is also an activity, but teaching languages is not the same activity as applied linguistics.6R. Kaplan & H.G. WiddowsonApplied LinguisticsApplied LinguisticsWhenever knowledge about language is used to

8、 solve a basic language-related problemlanguage-related problem, one may say that Applied Linguistics is being practised. Applied Linguistics is a technology which makes abstract ideas and research findings accessible and relevant to the real world; it mediates between theory and practice. (In W. Br

9、ight (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 1992)73 Widdowsons AL & LAWiddowson (1980/1984: 21): Thus applied linguistics can be understood as a kind of linguistics, like historical linguistics or folk linguistics. This presumably allows its practitioners to define an an i

10、ndependent perspectiveindependent perspective on the general phenomena of language and to establish principles of enquiry without necessary reference to those which inform linguistics tout court and tel quel. 8With linguistics applied we do not have this option. Whatever we do with linguistics, howe

11、ver we apply it, the informing principles which define this area of enquiry, already pre-established, must remain intact. Any other principles we invoke must be auxiliary operating principles and have to do not with theory as such but with the technology of application.9Widdowson (1980/1984: 21-22):

12、 It seems to me, then, that with linguistics applied the theory of language and the models of description deriving from it must be those of linguistics. As an activity, therefore, it is essentially conformist. Applied linguistics, on the other hand, can develop its own non-conformist theory, its own

13、 relevant models of description. 10Widdowson (1980/1984: 22): Both lines of approach have their dangers. The tendency of linguistics applied will be to dance attendance to whatever tune is currently in theoretical fashion. The tendency of applied linguistics will be to dance around in circles with n

14、o tune at all.桂诗春（2008：35）：在语言学的应用里，语言理论和语言模型都是来自语言学的；作为一种活动而言，它主要是遵奉主义的。相反，应用语言学可以有它自己的非遵奉主义的理论、发展它自己的有关的描述模型。 11Widdowson (1980/1984: 22): For linguistics applied, therefore, the question of central concerned is: how far can existing models of description in linguistics be used to resolve the prac

15、tical problems of language use we are concerned with? For applied linguistics, the central question is: how can relevant models of language description be devised, and what are the factors which will determine their effectiveness?12Widdowson (2000: 5): The differences between these modes of interven

16、tion is that in the case of linguistics applied the assumption is that the problem can be reformulated by the direct and inilateral application of concepts and terms deriving from concepts and terms deriving from linguistic enquiry itselflinguistic enquiry itself. That is to say, language problems a

17、re amenable to linguistics solutions. In the case of applied linguistics, intervention is crucially a matter of mediationa matter of mediation. 13Here there is the recognition that linguistic insights are not self-evident but a matter of interpretation; that ideas and ideas and findings from linguis

18、tics can only be findings from linguistics can only be mademade relevant in reference to other relevant in reference to other perceptions and perspectives that perceptions and perspectives that define the context of the problem.define the context of the problem. Applied linguistics is in this respec

19、t a multilateral process which, of its nature, has to relate and reconcile different representations of reality, including that of linguistics without excluding others. 14Davies and Elder (2004: 10): Widdowson argues that linguistics is itself part of applied linguistics.Davies and Elder (2004: 10):

20、 “We may surmise that the theory-then-research approach is that of linguisticslinguistics while the research-then-theory is that of applied linguisticsapplied linguistics.”154 Hallidays SFLSFL as a general linguisticsStrata of language: phonology/graphology, lexicogrammar, semanticsHalliday (2008: 1

21、4): Language teaching, translation, and natural language processing are familiar today as domains of applied linguistics; and are of the contexts in which our systemic functional linguistics has evolved. 16The stages of linguistic analysis and theorizing language：Theorizing language Typologizing lan

22、guages (based on existing descriptions) Describing a language (based on texts, using an existing theory) Analyzing texts (using an existing description)17Halliday (2008: 7):“appliable linguistics” a comprehensive and theoretically powerful model of language which, precisely because it was comprehens

23、ive and powerful, would be capable of being applied to the problems, both research problems and practical problems, that are being faced all the time by the many groups of people in our modern society who are in some way or other having to engage with language.18Halliday (2008: 13): Behind many pote

24、ntial applications of linguistics lie key areas of linguistic research, in particular descriptive, comparative, typological and translation studies; and these now increasingly depend on access to large quantities of data in computable form that is, a computerized corpus; and to computational linguis

25、tic methodology in general.195 Widdowsons criticismWiddowson (2000:3, 6): Corpus analysis and critical discourse analysis are examples of linguistics applied.20Widdowson (2000:4): Applied linguistics is a mediating activity, more ethnographic in character, which seeks to accommodate a linguistic acc

26、ount to other partial perspectives on language so as to arrive at a relevant reformulation of real world problems.21Widdowson (2000:4): Linguistics decontextualized language from reality, and applied linguistics re-contextualized it, and reconstructed reality in the process. Linguistics is the scien

27、ce (like physics) and applied linguistics is its technology (like engineering)22Widdowson (2000:4): Although the scope of linguistic enquiry has extended to take in the data of externalized language, the mode of its enquiry is such as to give only a restricted account of experienced language.23Widdo

28、wson (2000:5): No matter how extended the scope of linguistics into the real world its unmediated application can never become applied linguistics because it will always represent that reality linguistically, on its own terms and in its own terms.24Widdowson (2000:7): Corpus linguistics cannot produ

29、ce ethnographic descriptions of language use; it deals with the textually attested, but not with the encoded possible, nor the contextually appropriate.The linguistics of the attested is just the linguistics of the possible. 25Widdowson (2000:7): Whether you are dealing with the possible or the atte

30、sted, you still have to make them appropriate for learning. And it is just such conditions that applied linguistics has somehow to take cognizance of.26Widdowson (2000:23): Corpus linguisticsCorpus linguistics assumes the appropriate can be derived from the attested, and critical linguisticscritical

31、 linguistics assumes that the appropriate can be derived from the possible. Both claim that they reveal the reality of experienced language But neither of them does in fact engage with the reality of language as experienced by users and learners:27Indeed they distance themselves from it and produce

32、an analytic construct which then effectively project reality in its own image. In both cases we get linguistics applied.Their findings are partial and conditional on a particular perspective. Such a perspective has its own validity but this is relative and not absolute, and it is of value because it

33、 provokes us to consider how it relates to others. 28Widdowson (2000:23): If applied linguistics is to have any occupation it must avoid and indeed resist the deterministic practices of linguistics applied. Its only claim to existence as a field of enquiry must rest on its readiness to enquire criti

34、cally into the relevance of linguistic theory and description to the reformulation of language problems in the practical domain. Such an enquiry has to be linguistically informed without being linguistically determined29Widdowson (2000:23): The business of applied linguistics is to mediate between l

35、inguistics and other discourses and identify where they might relevantly interrelate.30R. de Beaugrande (2001), R. de Beaugrande (2001), Interpreting the discourse of H.G. Interpreting the discourse of H.G. Widdowson: A corpus-based critical Widdowson: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis. dis

36、course analysis. Applied Applied linguisticslinguistics 22/1: 104-121. 22/1: 104-121.P.104: I shall approach Widdowsons discourse as a mini-corpus.P.107: I must confess I have never seen any compelling motive for the distinction between applied linguistics and linguistics applied.31P.107: Widdowson

37、exhorts applied linguistics to defend its own occupation by avoiding and indeed resisting the deterministic practices of linguistics getting applied.With no evident sense of irony, Widdowson crosses the boundaries of his discipline to criticize other disciplines for crossing theirs just when the jou

38、rnals editors are welcoming a broad range of research paradigms.32P.107: for the past 20 years, Widdowson has been criticizing the SFL of Halliday, the corpus linguistics of J. McH. Sinclair, and the critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough.P.107: As if to single out a contact point among al

39、l three, Widdowson cites the work of Michael Stubbs, who, I would object, is not a central strong representative of any of them.33P.112: For Hallidays linguistics, a key objection was essentially that Hallidays linguistics is (or should be) confined to a theoretical mode of grammar that cannot be ap

40、plied to texts.P. 112: For Sinclairs linguistics, the application to texts is impossible to deny; so Widdowson argues that these texts are not real after all, contrary to the firm conviction among corpus linguists (myself included).34P.119: I see a third danger in attempting to judge in advance whether or not the research produced by such trends (e.g. SFL, corpus linguistics, critical discourse analysis) can or should be applied to classroom practices.P.119-20: As applied linguists, we should wait and see, respecting the competence of these teachers to tell us which applications work better o