国际贸易实务-绪论

1、2021/4/11 国际贸易实务国际贸易实务International Trade Practices 马敏 大连大学英语学院 2011.3.12021/4/12 Unit One An lntroduction to lnternational Trade2021/4/13Why do countries trade ?nResource reasonsnEconomic reasonsnPreference reasonsnOther reasons2021/4/141. Resource reasonsNo nation has all of the commodities it nee

2、ds：Some are rich in:Copper-Peru, ZaireDiamonds-South AfricaPetroleum-Middle East Some lack :Japan-minerals Russia-light industrial products the United States-coffee2021/4/152. Economic reasons1. A country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs; e.g. the United States-sugar

3、2. One country can sell or produce some items at a lower cost than other countries: e.g. Japan-radios and television sets nthe Theory of Comparative Advantage (相对优势论） 2021/4/163. Preference reasons Foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style:e.g. the United States also imports cars from

4、 Japan,Germany ,Sweden and other countries.2021/4/17. invisible trade visible trade4. Other reasons2021/4/18Invisible Trade1) Transportation and communication e.g. Greece, Norway- large maritime fleets2021/4/19Invisible Trade 2) Insurance e.g. Greet Britain-leading exporter of this service 3) Touris

5、m e.g. Thailand, Bahamas, Singapore, Malaysia2021/4/110Invisible Trade 4) Commissions and Salaries (money paid to engineers, supervisors and skilled workers from other countries)2021/4/111Invisible Trade ne.g. Kuwait, Afghan, Iraq - the re-construction of their countries after the warnChina-the cons

6、truction of the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Station2021/4/112Invisible Trade 5) Immigrant Remittances nE.g. .in the United Stats-immigrants send money to families in the old countries nformerly millions of workers from southern Europe have gone to work in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Benel

7、ux nations, and Scandinavia. nToday the Asians particularly the Chinese work in the west 2021/4/113The present situation2010年：美国进出口总额约为3.2万亿美元中国进出口总额为29727.6亿美元日本进出口总额为14625.8亿美元中国排名第二；2011年：中国国际贸易额预计3.5万亿美元 ，超过美国；2010年中国在全球的主要贸易伙伴排名： 欧盟、美、日本、东盟、香港、韩国、台湾、澳大利亚、印 度、俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大。2021/4/114中国历年进出口额中国历年进出口

8、额n1950年：11亿美元n1980年：381亿美元n1990年：1154亿美元n2000年：4743亿美元n2010年：29727.6亿美元2021/4/115How is international Trade Measured?Balance of Trade （贸易差额）nFavorable balance of trade (trade surplus)nUnfavorable balance of trade (trade deficit)2021/4/116Balance of PaymentPayment: beside imports and exports, tourism

9、,foreign aid, military expenditures, foreign investment.nFavorable balance of paymentnUnfavorable balance of paymentnThe balance of payments is one reflection of a nations financial stability in the world market.How is international Trade Measured?2021/4/117Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)nForeign Di

10、rect Investment (FDI) is the buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.Indirect investment (portfolio )n直接投资(direct investment），是指以取得或拥有公司、企业法人或非法人团体，或者以直接参与其经营管理为直接目的国际投资；间接投资(indirect investment），是指仅以取得利息或股息等形式的资本增殖为直接目的的国际投资。 How is International Trade Measured?2021/4/118Intern

11、ational Trade PolicyTrade policies come in many varieties:Tariff, subsidies, quantitative restrictions, encouragementnImport Tariff(进口关税） A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods and/or service being imported into the country.nTwo types: protective tariffs Revenue tariff(财政关税)nThree ways: specific

12、duty(从量）, ad valorem duty（从价）, compound duty（混合）2021/4/119Non-Tariff Barriers to Imports非关税壁垒非关税壁垒nA non-tariff barrier (NTB) to imports is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports.nLimiting the quantity of the importsnIncreasing the cost of getting

13、imports into the marketnCreating uncertainty about the conditions under which imports will be permitted2021/4/120Import Quotas 进口配额进口配额nImport quotas, a limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into the country during a period of time, is the best non-tariff barrier.It is implemen

14、ted with license.nTwo types: absolute quotas (绝对配额） 绝对配额是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高的进口数量或金额。一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。 tariff-rate quotas（关税配额） 对于凡在某一限额内进口的货物可以适用较低的税率或免税 2021/4/121Voluntary Export Restraint (VER)自动出口限制nA voluntary export restraint is an odd-looking trade barrier in which the importing country gover

15、nment coerces(胁迫)the foreign country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country.n1960s-United States-textiles and clothingn1980s-United States-Japanese cars2021/4/122Other Non-tariff BarriersnProduct Standard（产品标准）nDomestic Content Requirements（国产含量）nGovernment Procurement Polici

16、es（政府采购政策）nRed-Tape Barriers (进口环节壁垒）n通关环节壁垒通常表现在，进口国有关当局在进口商办理通关手续时，要求其提供非常复杂或难以获得的资料，甚至商业秘密资料，从而增加进口产品的成本，影响其顺利进入进口国市场；通关程序耗时冗长，使得应季的进口产品(如应季服装、农产品等)失去贸易机会；对进口产品征收不合理的海关税费。 2021/4/123Export TaxesnAn export tax is a tax collected on exported goods.n增加财政收入n保证国内供应n提高国外加工成本n反对低价收购初级产品2021/4/124Export

17、Subsidies 出口补贴出口补贴nExport subsidies are payments made by the government to encourage the export of specified products.n出口补贴又称出口津贴 ，是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。2021/4/125Trade Bloc 集团贸易集团贸易Trade BlocnA trade bloc is an intergovernmental association of a large free trade

18、area formed by one or more tax, tariff and trade agreements, which manages and promotes trade activities for specific regions of the world.2021/4/126Four Major Trade blocsn1. European Union (EU 欧盟）n2. North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA 北美自由贸易协议）n3. Southern Common Market (SCCM 南锥共同市场）n4. As

19、sociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟） 2021/4/127Types of trade bloc:nFree trade area(自由贸易区）nA customs union（关税同盟）nA common market（共同市场）nEconomic union（经济联盟）nDetails see P242021/4/128Roles and Functions of BlocsnTo establish tariffs that protect inter-regional trade from outside forces

20、nTo establish some form of regional control regarding trade that fulfills the interests of nations within that regionnTo promote regional security and political concerns or to develop trade in such a way as to enhance the security in the regionnTo promote South-to-South tradenTo promote economic and

21、 technical cooperation among developing countriesnTo restrain global competitionnImport quotas (limiting the amount of imports into the country)nCustoms delays (slow down the ability for the imported product from abroad to enter the domestic market)2021/4/129Trade BlocksnTrade block, also called tra

22、de embargoes, is a form of economic sanctions. It is a prohibition upon exports or imports, either with respects to specific products or specific countries.2021/4/130Trade BlocksnWays to Perform Trade Block Trade block is performed by the embargoing countries in such a manner that they discriminate

23、completely against certain other countries usaually because of a policy dispute. They deny the outflow of goods, services, or assets to a particular country while allowing export to other countries, or discriminate against imports from the targeted country, or block both exports to and imports from

24、the target.2021/4/131nEffects of Trade Block Hurts both economically The basic determinant of the success or failure of economic sanctions is the trade elasticity. 一国或数国政府通过法令对另一国采取强硬措施，以断绝相互之间的经济和贸易关系的行为。经济封锁的简称。常用的封锁措施有：中断贸易关系，禁止对被封锁国输入和输出货物，禁止对该国输出技术，截断交通运输，冻结该国政府和私人存在他国的资金和财产，停止与该国的一切财政、资金往来等。经济

25、封锁是发达资本主义国家推行侵略扩张政策和强权政治的产物，一般在发生革命和战争的情况下实行。Eg. China, Iraq, Cuba etc. Trade Blocks 贸易封锁贸易封锁2021/4/132WTO: A Navigation GuidenWhat is WTO?nHow does it work?nObjectives, functions and basic Principles2021/4/133What is WTO?nFull form: World Trade OrganizationnHistory: 1947: General Agreement on Tarif

26、fs and Trade (关贸总协定） 1995：WTO. Uruguay Round held during 1986-1994 led to WTO.2021/4/134What is WTO?nDefinition: The World Trade Organization, located in Geneva, is the umbrella organization responsible for overseeing the implementation of all the multilateral agreements that have been negotiated in

27、 the Uruguay Round and those that will be negotiated in the future.2021/4/135How does WTO work?nThe WTO is “member-driven”, with decisions taken by consensus among all member governments. All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers or by their ambassadors or delega

28、tes.2021/4/136Objectives, Functions and Basic PrinciplesObjectives: n Raising the standards of living and incomes;n Ensuring full employment;n Expanding production and trade;n Expanding optimal use of the worlds resources2021/4/137FunctionsnTo facilitate implementation, administration and operation

29、of the covered agreements;nTo provide the forum for negotiations on multilateral trade;nTo settle disputes;nTo review national trade policies;nTo achieve greater coherence in global economic policy-making2021/4/138Basic PrinciplesnTrade without discriminationnMost-Favored-Nation Treatment (favor one

30、, favor all)nNational Treatment (love thy neighbor as thyself)nTransparencynPredictable and Growing Access to MarketsnPromoting fair competition2021/4/139教学日历2021/4/140Assignmentn查找一个因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例n查找一个外国针对我国的非关税壁垒的案例n作业要求：n页面：A4；n字体、字号：宋体小4；n字数：每题不超过500字，两道题一页纸完成。n紧扣主题，案例具体，给出出处（网址）2021/4/141参考答案因

31、政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 1n由于政治原因而进行的国际贸易在抗法时期（19501954 ） 中国是第一个也是唯一一个与越南有贸易关系的国家”中越贸易的一大特点是“寓援助于贸易中”，即中国以贸易的形式展开对越南的援助，其主要特点是：“越南需要出口的货物，中国都尽量购买，越南需要进口的商品，中国都尽可能的满足”。总之，通过这样一种非常特殊的贸易形式，越南输出了部分当时没有市场需求的土产品，从而逐步恢复了已经荒芜的茶山、漆树园、木材采伐和矿山开采等生产；同时进口各种生活必需品，满足了抗法战争和人民的生活需要。 2021/4/142因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例因政治

32、因素而进行的国际贸易案例 2n在新中国建立的初期，作为同一社会主义阵营的苏联帮助中国建立了飞机、坦克、火炮和无线电工厂，提供了当时最现代化的仪器和设备、先进的军械样品，如飞机、坦克等。还帮助中国建立了生产潜艇的工厂和相应的基地。对苏联提供的设备，中国则是以易货的贸易形式来支付，中国为苏联提供了某些战略物资，如锡、锡精矿和钨精矿等。中国还向苏联提供了大量的日用消费品。2021/4/143因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 3n中国支持非洲国家为了争取和维护民族独立而中国支持非洲国家为了争取和维护民族独立而进行斗争。如中国政府提供进行斗争。如中国政府提供9.88亿元人民币

33、的亿元人民币的无息贷款，共发运各种设备材料近无息贷款，共发运各种设备材料近100万吨，万吨，先后派遣工程技术人员近先后派遣工程技术人员近5万人次，修筑了全万人次，修筑了全长长1860公里的铁路。这条由中国专家和工程公里的铁路。这条由中国专家和工程技术人员进行勘测、考察、设计并帮助坦、赞技术人员进行勘测、考察、设计并帮助坦、赞两国政府组织施工的铁路，对于坦桑尼亚在经两国政府组织施工的铁路，对于坦桑尼亚在经济上摆脱对外依赖，维护民族独立发挥了至关济上摆脱对外依赖，维护民族独立发挥了至关重要的作用，至今仍然是中非友谊的见证。重要的作用，至今仍然是中非友谊的见证。2021/4/144因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 4n军火贸易是一种有着丰富政治，经济和军事意义的外交杠杆，与台湾的军火贸易也成为了大国介入台湾问题的有效政策工具，美国源源不断地向台湾输出军火，以巧妙攫取立足台湾，牵制中国的战略利益。据不完全统计，自1979年到1998年底，美国售台武器33批，总价值高达347亿美元，平均每年达17亿美元。自1995年开始，台湾已经成为世界最为重要的军冒市场之一。台湾问题因而成为大国利益的交汇点，特别是中美矛盾的交汇点。2021/4/145因政治因素而进行