英文写作教程第4章如何组织篇章

1、 篇章写作就是在连句成段连句成段的基础上，再按文章的宏观结构宏观结构与整体组织整体组织技巧，缀段成篇缀段成篇，来反映一个完整的事件完整的事件或证证明一个论点明一个论点的过程。篇章由段落构成，大致分为引言段引言段、扩展段扩展段还有结尾段结尾段三大部分【见书见书pp109-125,pp109-125,自学自学】。4. 1 篇章的衔接和连贯篇章的衔接和连贯(p125) 不论英语还是汉语, 篇章写作都讲究语篇的衔接衔接(cohesion)与连贯连贯(coherence)【又叫“形式衔接形式衔接” 】，即篇章的构成构成要符合其形式规范形式规范，上下文上下文过渡要手段手段齐备齐备， “起起”、“承承”、“

2、转转”、“合合”逻辑分明，句、段、篇有机相连有机相连，结构结构完整完整。衔接衔接是篇章的有形网络有形网络，也是构成篇章的重要前提重要前提，舍此文章无以成篇；而后者(“连贯连贯”) 则是指篇章中语义的关联语义的关联，是“意义意义”的连贯连贯(故有“语义连贯语义连贯”之说)，就是说，细节细节安排有条理有条理，叙述层叙述层次清楚次清楚，段落联系自然段落联系自然，句子连贯句子连贯，说话要有条理条理和层次层次，要有序化有序化，不该说的话不说，该说的一定要讲清楚，不能语无伦次、顾此失彼语无伦次、顾此失彼。“连贯连贯”是篇章的无形网络无形网络，是构成语篇的最重要条件最重要条件。哪怕文章在结构上如何完美“衔接

3、衔接”，只要上下文句子意义分离意义分离，逻辑紊乱逻辑紊乱，甚至东扯西拉东扯西拉，就不可能连句成篇，写出好的文章来。因此，“连贯连贯”是篇章的底底层结构层结构，通过逻辑推理逻辑推理来达到语义的上语义的上下连接下连接。在连句成段连句成段、组段成篇组段成篇的过程中, 尤其要注意意义的连贯意义的连贯，近似于汉语所说的文章要有“文脉文脉”、“意脉意脉”。 道理都懂道理都懂。 何况我们还有汉语写作的功底。 但问题是，一到具体的英语写作，我们常常忘了这些。其原因原因在于，一是一是不熟英语的篇章衔接手段和技巧不熟英语的篇章衔接手段和技巧，常常导致结构逻辑缺失、语义残缺不全结构逻辑缺失、语义残缺不全；二二是是在

4、表达思想时往往是思维的巨人思维的巨人、言言语的矮子语的矮子，心里有话道不出心里有话道不出，陷入有口有口难言难言的尴尬境地。 由于本章重点谈篇章的“衔接衔接”与“连贯连贯”，这里主要谈谈第一个问题第一个问题，第二个问题以后再论及。 不妨先看个例子：1. 衔接手段缺失衔接手段缺失(p127例)： 例1. Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. It can improve our environment(?) they can provide us with clean air. (?)With trees around the

5、city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. (?)Making cities greener also means making cities beautiful. (?)Singapore is known as a beautiful garden(?)Making cities greener can benefit us economically 英语英语重“形合形合”(hypotaxis)，汉语汉语重“意合意合”(parataxis)，上段文字中上下文缺失的逻辑语义逻辑语义，必须用英语相应的小小零件零件补全补全。其实，只要填上

6、几个小小的连接词连接词，上下文便自然衔接衔接： Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, It can improve our environmentAs a result, they can provide us with clean air. Furthermore, with trees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, Making cities greener also means making ci

7、ties beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful gardenFinally, Making cities greener can benefit us economically 英语是一种语法关系配合制约严谨语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标记鲜明形态标记鲜明、逻辑关系外显逻辑关系外显的语言，说话讲究层次分明层次分明、条分缕析条分缕析，丝丝入丝丝入扣扣，表现为一种严谨缜密严谨缜密的逻辑理性思逻辑理性思维维。因而，它有一套远比汉语完备得多完备得多的语法手段和规则的语法手段和规则。写作时若忘了这一点，一味按汉语习惯行事，必然导

8、致篇篇章衔接逻辑缺失章衔接逻辑缺失、语义不全语义不全的结果。2.说话语无伦次说话语无伦次： 例2.【书书p136材料三例材料三例】My parents have just bought a new house. There are three bedrooms and a sitting room in the house(?). I can see a park from my bedroom window. Many people(?) take a walk there. 【跳跃式思维，杂乱无序跳跃式思维，杂乱无序】 修改如下修改如下：(1) My parents have just b

9、ought a new house. In the house, there are three bedrooms and a sitting room. From my bedroom window, I can see a park. In the park, there are many people taking a walk there.(2) My parents have just bought a new house in which there are three bedrooms and a sitting room. When entering my bedroom, I

10、 can see through the window a park where many people take a walk there.(3) My parents have just bought a new house. The house consists of three bedrooms and a sitting room, with one aspect of which facing a park(逻辑层次逻辑层次更清楚更清楚). When I enter my bedroom, I can see through the window a park where many

11、 people take a walk there. 例3. I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas. I saw a family. There were four of them.(?)A man, a woman, (?)two little girls. They waited for their bus and stood still.(?) I had to wait at bus station for my brother because my dad had to work.(?) When the lou

12、dspeaker announced the next bus, (?) the family left.(?) 【语言零碎，衔接手段不全，东扯西拉语言零碎，衔接手段不全，东扯西拉】【改写改写】While I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas, I saw a family. There were four of them-a man, a woman, and two little girls. They stood still (while) waiting for their bus. When the loudsp

13、eaker announced the next bus to arrive, the family headed for the bus and left. 【衔接手段补全衔接手段补全，逻辑连贯统一逻辑连贯统一】4. 2 篇章的发展篇章的发展(p129) 分三步三步走。首先写好“引言段引言段”(确定主题) ，然后在后续段落后续段落中进一步分析和阐述，发展发展和深化主题思想深化主题思想，至少可写一到两段一到两段，层层深入摆事实、讲道理层层深入摆事实、讲道理，做到以理服人，最后得出结论，写好结结尾段尾段。 那么，一篇文章各段落究竟该如何展开呢？不妨先看一个例子【书中例子书中例子自学自学】： 例1

14、. Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone. Others like to be with friends most of the time. Which way do you prefer? Write a composition of at most 300 words to state your view.标题标题：Alone Or With Friend？Tips for writing: 根据这一题目，明显有两种写法两种写法，一是按常规顺写按常规顺写：“spending time with friends”比“spen

15、ding time alone”好；一是逆行逆行，写“独处”的好处，可令人耳目一新，往哪个方向要根据自己的能力来决定，没把握时最好随大流没把握时最好随大流顺写顺写。 1) 写好引言段写好引言段：可：可复述复述或或改写改写原文原文题目题目中句子：中句子： “Some people prefer to while others”，然后说，然后说“说说with friends比比alone要要好是因为好是因为，说说alone不好是因不好是因为为”，再提出，再提出你的观点你的观点【顺向【顺向】：】：“我认我认为为with friends比比alone好好”，或，或反之反之，如，如“人们人们都说都说wi

16、th friends比比alone好好，但我但我认为认为未必尽然未必尽然”，然后提出，然后提出你的观点你的观点：“alone比比with friends要好要好”。2) 扩展段扩展段(展开主题展开主题)： (1) 最好写2到到3点理由点理由来支持你的观点(一段陈述一个一段陈述一个)，相互间要逻辑紧逻辑紧密密，例如，选用2到到3个个说明“spending time with friends”好的具体例子具体例子，分段分段论述论述，如“spending time with friends can make us no more feel lonely”，或者或者：“spending time wi

17、th friend can give good opportunities for us to learn from each other”，甚至还可用可用Confucius的“When three men are walking together, there is one who can be my teacher.”作为佐证佐证。 若逆向论述逆向论述，也要选用2到到3个个说明“spending time alone”好好的具体例子具体例子，分段论述分段论述，如可讲“Spending time alone is good for contemplation)，段中就要紧扣“利于思考利于思考

18、”来阐述阐述并列举事实列举事实，而不要再说“人要耐得住寂寞人要耐得住寂寞”(A person with an ambition is able to resist loneliness)之类的话(当然也可放在后面进一步引后面进一步引申申)。 同样，第二段第二段则要讲深一点的理由深一点的理由，例如“Spending time alone is good for self-cultivation”或“relax oneself”等等。 第三段第三段则可则可转换角度转换角度，使，使立论立论“hold water”：承认有：承认有不好的地方不好的地方(“Staying alone is often a

19、ccompanied with loneliness”)，然，然后用后用反驳法反驳法(后有论述后有论述)谈你对谈你对“孤独孤独”的的不不同理解同理解(如如“凡成大事者须耐得住寂寞凡成大事者须耐得住寂寞(Anyone who wants to succeed in life tends to resist loneness)”，甚至还可，甚至还可引用名人事例引用名人事例来佐证，这就来佐证，这就强化强化了你的观点，使论述了你的观点，使论述层层层层深入深入，合情合理合情合理，具有说服力具有说服力。(2) 所选事例要所选事例要切题切题，要有，要有说服力说服力(注意恰当注意恰当引用名人名言引用名人名言、

20、名人事例名人事例)。语言表达要有。语言表达要有层次层次，注意句与句之间的，注意句与句之间的逻辑关系逻辑关系，不要，不要前前言不达后语言不达后语，语气要集中语气要集中，详略要得当详略要得当。(3) 方法上可用方法上可用列举法列举法(见前见前3.2)，正面说明正面说明，也可用也可用反驳法反驳法，逆向阐述逆向阐述，还可用，还可用对比法对比法(“独处独处”有那些弊病，有那些弊病，“与朋友在一起与朋友在一起”有有哪些好处哪些好处)，逐一对比逐一对比, 等等。等等。3) 结尾段结尾段: 结束语要结束语要简明扼要简明扼要，总结正文总结正文或或重述命重述命题题，迅速导向结论语迅速导向结论语，例如：，例如：“不

21、管人们持不管人们持何观点何观点，既然既然与友相处与友相处/独处独处有如此多好处，有如此多好处，为何不为何不？”，要提出，要提出概括性结论概括性结论、建议建议、预言预言等等等等(如如“spending time with friends的的好处大于好处大于alone”、“随着今天生活节奏的加随着今天生活节奏的加快快(with the quickened tempo of life)，更应更应多多与朋友相处多多与朋友相处”【顺向顺向】或】或“人要善于独人要善于独处、耐得住寂寞才能有所作为处、耐得住寂寞才能有所作为”【逆向逆向】，】，等等等等)。 这样，一篇文章得以有序展开，大这样，一篇文章得以有序

22、展开，大功告成！功告成！【注注：举例仅为启发思路，抛砖引玉，：举例仅为启发思路，抛砖引玉，不是规范模式，不可盲目照搬！不是规范模式，不可盲目照搬！】 不妨做个练习，看篇章该如何具体不妨做个练习，看篇章该如何具体展开：展开： Nowadays many people prefer lucky numbers. They say lucky numbers will bring them good lucks. Therefore, whenever dealing with numbers, theyll choose numbers like “8” or “6”, leaving aside

23、 the numbers of “4”or “13”. What do you think of this phenomenon? Write a composition of at most 300 words on this issue.标题标题： On “Lucky Numbers”Tips for writing: 1)引言段引言段首先确定主题句确定主题句，再简述简述一下这种社会现象社会现象(可复述题目内容复述题目内容)，随即引入正题引入正题。例如：【引言段引言段】【】【主题句主题句】 Some people take it for granted that some numbers

24、can bring them good luck. 【例例1】For instance, the so called lucky numbers such as “6”, “8” or “9” are widely preferred by many people. When they choose a telephone number, or car license plate number, or even the room number in the hotel theyll stay in, etc., theyll try their best to get such lucky n

25、umbers, leaving aside the numbers like “4” or “13” because the former soundslike Chinese meaning “death” while the latter indicates a bad luck for long in the western countries. 【例例2】Especially when such numbers are put in a row like “518”, “5148”, “6666”, etc., each indicating respectively “Ill get

26、 rich”, “Absolutely get rich ”, and “Sail smooth to success”, they are even more scrambled for by many people who are crazy for luck numbers.【扩展段扩展段1: 承上启下承上启下】Such a phenomenon exists nearly everywhere in our life.【例举例举】A good case in point is the number “201314” when putting together in a row, rea

27、ding: Jan. 14th, 2013, which sounds like a Chinese sentence “爱您一身一世”(Ai nin yi shen yi shi), meaning “Ill love you all my life”. It is said that many young people were piling into wedding that day because they considered it a unique chance of their lifetime. 【扩展段扩展段2】【主题句主题句】Yet some other people do

28、nt think in this way. 【例举例举】They argue that such numbers are nothing but a kind of symbol just for counting. Numbers have nothing to do with luck. It is superstitious or even ridiculous to connect ones luck with such numbers. So, they laugh at those who think numbers can bring them good luck and thi

29、nk such a behavior really very foolish. 4) 结尾部分结尾部分要语气集中语气集中，注意简明简明扼要总结扼要总结正文或重述命题重述命题，并迅速导向迅速导向结论语结论语。自己的结论不可偏激不可偏激，不能绝绝对贬低对贬低或一味肯定一味肯定，要根据自己前面的前面的阐述阐述做到合情合理合情合理：【结尾段结尾段】Even though the phenomenon of peoples preference to lucky numbers is probably superstitious or foolish, it will not affect the wh

30、ole situation in the society.【结论结论1】Therefore, it is not wise to say absolutely yes or no to such a phenomenon, nor necessary to follow or laugh at it.【结论结论2】What is more, in themodern society, people have rights to choose their own life styles and concepts. Whether or not people believe in lucky nu

31、mbers, it is just a life style, about which we should not be fussy. With a normal attitude towards such a phenomenon, well find our life more colorful and interesting. 4. 3 篇章的模式篇章的模式(p130) 前面的例证分析实际已展示了篇章展开的某些模式。总体上讲，大致有如下5种模式：1)叙事模式叙事模式2)提问提问回答模式回答模式3)主张主张反主张模式反主张模式4)概括概括具体模式具体模式5)问题问题解决模式解决模式 叙事模式叙事模式(p130)： 说起来其实很简单，并非像课文里所说的那样，6大成分大成分面面俱到且千篇一律。其关键在于，文章的展开须按事件事件顺序顺序(sequence of events)或