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1、单选题的技巧一:如何做名词从句和定语从句献给2017届高考考生2017年的高考即将来临,经过对历年高考单选题的研究,本人总结了一些常考的基本题型,现介绍如下。第一节首先,考生们要清楚单选题一般都是考某些语法知识,只是题目的语境很贴近现实生活,有时代气息。暂不管题目的意思是什么,它主要还是考语法结构方面的知识,这是其一。其二就是先看单选题的ABCD四个选项(注意是选项不是题目),由选项判断考什么知识,这一点尤其重要。附常考知识:复合句(2-3题),非谓语动词(1-2题),情态动词虚拟语气(1题),时态语态(1-2题),特殊句式(1-3题),交际用语(1题),常用单词的意思:名词,动词,动词短语,

2、形容词副词,代词,介词,冠词(4-5题)其次,复合句和非谓语动词这两个题型,考生需要有最基本的保证,那就是要清楚简单句的五种基本句型,如下: 1.主系表结构(SVP) = 主语+连系动词+表语2.主谓结构(SV) = 主语+谓语动词3.主谓宾结构(SVO) =主语+谓语+宾语4.主谓双宾结构(SVOiOd)=主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物体、事物)5.主谓宾宾补结构(SVOC)=主语+谓语+宾语(人)+宾语的补足语(动作)上面这五个基本句型您都会判断吗?赶紧去了解了解,不然会吃亏。可以这样理解:既然是简单句,就是只有一个动词的句子,这个动词就是主要的谓语动词。(但考题中肯定不止一个动

3、词!)所以考生一定要先把动词找出来哦。只要你理解三类动词一:be动词:主要形式有is,am,are,was,were等。就把它们就叫做连系动词吧。I am a boy二:及物动词:可以直接加人或物体的动词。例如“做事情的做-do,did,does。”,“访问-visit,”“花费-spent、cost,take”。 I visit Xiamen , I spent money 三:不及物动词:不可以直接加人或物体的动词。例如“死亡-die”“工作work”“同意-agree” She works , The man died请看:动词前为 主语。连系动词后为 表语。及物动词和介词后为 宾语。(

4、特此说明:双宾是动词后有一个人和一个物。宾补是动词后先一个人/物,然后再加一个动作do,doing,to do,done,也可以是形容词等)I spent money (spent后是money,那money是宾语)He gives me a book (give后是me和book,一个人一个物,me是间接宾语,book直接宾语,合在一起双宾)He asked me to visit him (ask后是me,还有一个动作to visit him,me是宾语,to visit him是补充me的,做补语,可以构成-àI visit him)不及物动词后用 状语 修饰名词和代词前后用

5、定语 修饰。第二节在第一节的基础上理解了五个基本结构,接下来我们再了解一个概念:什么是复合句(从句)可以这样理解:复合句(从句)是由简单句构成的,简单句只有一个动词,复合句就是有两个或以上的动词构成的句子。就是说题目中有好多个动词。还有一个条件要满足:在某个动词的前面还必需有连接词/关系词。什么是连接词/关系词呢:请看:名词从句:(主语、宾语、表语从句) *同位语从句高考不考,状语从句的就不列了。连接词WhatWhichWhoWhomWhenWhereHowWhyIfWhether ThatIt形式定语从句:关系词WhichWhoWhomWhoseWhenWhereWhyThatAs上面框框里

6、的就是连接词/关系词了。我们再理解一遍:从句就是由“连接词/关系词”开始+动词 一起构成的那个句子。分类:1.如果 连接词/关系词 后只有一个动词了,一般连接词/关系词后面都是从句2.如果 连接词/关系词 后有两个动词,一般从句就是连接词/关系词开始到第二个动词前的句子看例句:1. He said that the text was important. 两个动词,一是said二是was ,在was 前有连接词或关系词that 因此从句是that the text was important2. What we need is more time在这句话中有动词“need”和be动词“is”,

7、need动词前有连接词或关系词“what”因此从句就是what开始到第二个动词is前的句子 即:what we need 是从句。不知道此时你会不会找从句了?单选题的设置就是要我们选出合适的 连接词或关系词 嘛。因此你看到ABCD是连接词或关系词的,那就是考从句的题咯。 从句在哪呢,就是横线后的那个句子嘛。到此我们就认清了从句的位置了,鼓掌一下。 第三节继续从句有好多啊,主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句,定语从句。怎么才能知道是考什么从句呢?这个时候我们先找到从句的位置第二节知识(横线后的那个句子),把那个句子当作一个整体,再看看这个整体是放在哪的。要用到第一节的知识了。还是一样:动词前为 主语从

8、句连系动词be后为 表语从句及物动词和介词后为 宾语从句不及物动词后用 状语从句 修饰,名词和代词后 定语从句 修饰例句1:That we should learn English is important 句子中That we should learn English放在动词is前是吧 因此就叫做主语从句。可以把它变成It做形式主语的句子,因为主语太长了:It is important that we should learn English 其实此处It就等于That we should learn English.例句2:He said that the text was importa

9、nt. 两个动词,一是said二是was ,在was 前有that 因此从句是that the text was important.,放在及物动词said后做宾语,that the text was important.是宾语从句。例句3:He gave me what he had 两个动词,一是gave二是had(有),在had前有what 因此从句是what he had,放在及物动词gave后做宾语,what he had.是宾语从句。例句4:The question is who can win the game 两个动词,一是is二是win,在win前有who,因此从句是who

10、can win the game,放在is后做表语,who can win the game是表语从句例句5:The animal that is lost is a panda.两个动词,一是is 而是is 在第一个is前有that,因此从句就是that is lost放在名词anima后,修饰animal。that is lost是定语从句。会判断是什么从句了吧。提醒一点不管什么从句都是 主语加谓语的陈述语序That we should learn English we 主语, learn动词that the text was important the text 主语, was 动词wh

11、o can win the game who主语,win动词第四节怎么解题呢?解题指导解题步骤:1.先判断从句是什么从句 2.再分析从句本身的那个动词缺少什么成分,缺什么补什么。如果你知道从句是考:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,那就用下面的方法做。主要找横线后的动词,如果动词:1.缺主语:选 what(指什么事物,) who (指谁)which(指哪个事物)2.缺宾语:选 what(指什么事物,) whom(指谁)which(指哪个事物)3.如果从句中不缺任何成分,而且句子意思也很完整。选 that (起连接作用,没有意思,不做成分)4.如果从句中主语和宾语都有,但句子意思还不通顺。选 whe

12、n(何时)where(何地)why(为什么)how(怎样)if ,whether(是否)。其中when(何时)where(何地)why(为什么)how(怎样)做状语,if ,whether(是否)是连接作用,也不做成分,翻译成是否。5.缺表语 除if,whether,和that、之外都可选,看题目的意思。例句:What we need is more time 从句中what就是做need 的宾语例句:He said that the text was important. 从句中that不做成分,只是连接前后句的作用例句:This is where our problem lies 从句中w

13、here做不及物动词lies的地点状语例句:please tell me where he is 从句中where做is的表语如果你知道从句是考:定语从句,那就用下面的方法做。定语从句:修饰名词和代词的从句,是放在名词和代词后面的。我们把名词/代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。在定语从句中,关系词=先行词(即用关系词代替名词/代词),而且还可以做从句中的成分。 名词/代词本身有指人,指物,指时间,指地点,指原因,同样关系词也相应的用不同的词来代替名词/代词。可分为限制定语从句和非限制定语从句,非限制定语从句是有逗号隔开的。解题步骤:先看先行词是指什么的,是限制的还是非限制的,再根据缺

14、什么补什么成分来做。先行词是指什么关系词及其所充当成分人Who主语 whom宾语物Which主语,宾语既可以指人又可以指物That主语,宾语Whose+名词=the+名词+of which(物) =the+名词+of whom(人)定语时间When =介词+which 状语That、which 主语,宾语地点Where=介词+which 状语That、which 主语,宾语原因Why=for+ which 状语指一件事情,前后句一般有逗号分开。非限定从句中Which主语,宾语 只放句中。(有因果关系)As主语,宾语 放句首句中都可例句:The animal that is lost is a

15、panda.两个动词,一是is 而是is 在第一个is前有that,因此从句就是that is lost放在名词anima后,修饰animal。that is lost是定语从句。Animal的范围是指物,可以用that,which代替animal, that,which做主语例句:The man whom you met just now is my friend两个动词,一是met 二是is 在第一个met前有whom,因此从句就是whom you met just now放在名词The man后,whom you met just now是定语从句。The man 的范围是指人,可以用t

16、hat,也可以用who,whom代替,met后少宾语所以用whom总的来说你判断出是主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句 一般不选 as, 介词+which的。This,there。实在不会建议你选择 what定语从句 一般不选 what ,if,whether,it,there,there实在不会建议选 when/ where 高考题现场解题:(08福建卷)27. _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. A. It B. What C. As D. Which解析:选项中出现连词的

17、题是考从句的题题目中的动词有:is known ,is ,will take place,其中will take place前面有that连接可以看出是一个从句,它放在is 的后面,叫表语从句。 is known的前面要我们选连词 ,那横线开始到第二个动词is前的句子就是从句 既:从句时 _ is known to us all ,它放在 is 前 ,动词前的句子是考主语从句。这题就是考主语从句。主语从句不选As。再分析从句本身的动词is known 少什么成分呢?动词前是主语,what 和which中选,但which(哪个)要有一个范围的,题目中没有。What是指什么东西。因此就选what了

18、。(09福建)4. Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.A. that B. when C. which D. where解析:选项中出现连词的题是考从句的题题目中的动词有:s ,put , see 。横线后的句子是从句。从句放在situation名词后,是考定语从句。Situation是先行词,指地点,可选ACD ,再分析从句后的动词成分 主语有they 动词有see 宾语有themselves就不会缺主语和宾语了,因此AC就排除了。选择D。也可以这样记忆先行词是situ

19、ation时用where以上是从句的一点心得,当然还有很多从句的一些细节东西没有列出来。请大家自觉复习。 2010-03-21补充:名词从句 要点总结从句中的语序是陈述句。It 做形式主语的情况that在主语,表语从句中不能省略,由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:That she was chosen made us very happy / The fact is that we have lost the game(that 都不省)He has told me that h

20、e will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that he will visit his friends(第一个that可省,第二个不能suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion,

21、recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式. His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did

22、 not kill the boy. It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形” 这些形容词有: important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, mo

23、ved等. It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. It is a pity that he should be so careless.当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning5. whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2

24、. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not" 另外if在宾语从句中=whether,if放在条件状语从句中意思“假如”,whether不能。there be +doubt/possibility/need/reason/point(名词)it be+doubtful/possible/important/necessary(形容词)6.wh-ever和no matter+wh-的区别。7.插入语及插入句的用法:入语多半用逗号与句子隔开,用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。要把插入语去掉。I a

25、m sure我可以肯定地说, I believe我相信, I wonder我不知道, you know你知道, you see你明白, that is也就是说, it seems看来是, as I see it照我看来, what is important (serious)重要(严重)的是, I'm afraid恐怕, it is said据说等。1. It will result in success, I suppose.我想,这件事终于会成功的。2. One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.据说,有一天

26、牛顿见到一个苹果从树上掉下来。3. What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.更重要的是,信息高速公路能把大量信息迅速、便宜地传遍全国。例题:Give this book to whoever you think can do the work well 把插入语you think 去掉。定语从句 要点分析一, 定语从句不选 what ,非限制定语从句中(逗号后)不选 that。介词

27、后不选 that。出现in that是“因为,在于”的意思二. 非限定从句中,which和As都可以指整个句子/一件事情,但是Which 只放句中,做主语,宾语,which还有因为所以的关系。As 放句首句中都可,做主语,宾语。另外the same、such后也用as,翻译为“像.一样的” 通常用下列句型as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect1.As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. A

28、s做宾语= smoking is harmful to one's health 2.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health As作主语= smoking is harmful to one's health3.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. Which作主语= The sun heats the earth4.I have got into the same trouble as he (has). the same as 像一样的5.

29、 As is known to all, China is a developing country As作主语= China is a developing country注意:上面的1.2.3.5.句都是有逗号分开的。如果不是逗号而是句号,分号,and,but时就要选It,there,them,he,this等代词。例如1.:He had thousands of students, many of _ gained great success in their own field.A. whom B. them C. which   D. who例如2. He tol

30、d me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _ knew anything about the other.A. them   B. whom C. which D. who区别:the same.as.(两个东西是一样的) the same that.(同一个东西)1.She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。2.She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.

31、 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。3.I want to use the same tool that you used just now.4.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 区别:such如此  that 以至 引导的结果状语从句。That后的句子不会少成分 Suc

32、h。as。像。一样,正如。一样 As在句子中作主语,宾语,等于前面的名词1.He is such lovely children that we love him much. that后主语we谓语动词love宾语them状语much2. Such books as you bought are useful as后主语you谓语动词bought少了宾语,as作宾语= books例题:David is such a good boy _ all the teache

33、rs like.A. that     B. who C. as   D. whom补充:当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.3.当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常

34、用whichTom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.三 先行词是时间,地点时。选项中when,where,that,which,介词+which都可以选择,区别在于它们的成分不同,解题时分析从句中缺的是什么成分即可。 When =介词+which 做状语 That、which 做主语,宾语Where=介词+which 做状语 That、which 做主语,宾语例如:She says that shell never forget the time _shes spent working as a secretar

35、y in our company.A. which B. when C. how     D. where spent是及物动词后少了宾语time,选which例如:She says that shell never forget the time _ she works as a secretary in our company.A. which B. when C. how     D. where work是不及物动词,不接宾语,要用状语when例如:Our company will move to a ta

36、ll building _ we bought last month.A. whichB. when C. how     D. where 选A,which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。例如:Our company will move to a tall building _ has just been complete.A. whichB. when C. how     D. where 选A,which 在定语从句中用作主语。例:Our company will move to a tall

37、 building _ we worked two years ago.A. whereB. when C. that      D. which 选A,where 在定语从句中用作状语四Whose(作定语)+名词=the+名词+of which(物) =the+名词+of whom(人)1.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.2.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired3.He h

38、as a friend whose father is a doctor.4. He has a friend the father of whom is a doctor.例题:I live in the house _ windows face south. A. whichB. whoseC. whereD. in that五关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The man是单数 livesThe students who are in Grad

39、e Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. The students是复数用are注意:one of +复数名词,谓语动词用复数 The only、the very+one of+复数名词,谓语动词用单数例题:One of the boys who_ my friends_very good at English. A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is&

40、#160;D. are; are 选BHe is one of the students who are late for class. He is the only one of the students who is late for class.六 Is this 开头的定语从句,Is this后面没有the,则选the one,有the则选关系词例1

41、. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 选D例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 选A七 介词+which/whom中介词的选择。一看固定短语的搭配,二看介词在句子中的意思注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等。只有在不及物动词后的介词才可以分开 (1) T

42、his is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)(3)The house where =in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down(4)The house which I lived in ten years ago has been pulled downOf which 含有所属关系,即of 后的人或物属于前面的范围,但要注意是逗号后。There are many books,and one of them is mine. (注意这里有and)=There are many books; one of them is mine.(注意这里是分号) =There are many books, one of which is mi

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