化学反应速率（二）

1、 Walt Whitman （18191892) Walt Whitman: His LifeBorn in 1819 on Long Island, New YorkPoor & Semiliterate parents, only 5-6 years formal education, self-educated;Worked as office boy, printing worker, school teacher, free-lance writer.Supported slavery abolishing, dismissed from his job;Worked at carp

2、entry & other odd jobs;Served as a correspondent for the New York Times and as a volunteer nurse during the Civil War.Died in 1892, unmarried all his life SimilaritiesAmerican poets in theme and techniquepioneers in American poetrythematicallypraisedtechnicallyadded tobreaking free of the convention

3、 of the iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格五步抑扬格)exhibiting a freedom in forman emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness.the literary independence differencesWhitmanDickinsonsociety at largeinner life of the individual“national”“regional”endless, all-inclusive catalogsthe concise,

4、 direct and simple diction and syntaxHe had been influenced by many American and European thoughts.He was more indebted to Emerson than any other nineteenth-century American author.He drew most heavily from Emerson. I was simmering, simmering, simmering,“ Emerson brought me to a boil.“Only Emerson s

5、upported his first edition of leaves of Grass. Echoing Emersons America is a poem in our eyes, Whitman declares The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem. Both Whitman and Emerson wrote on the organic principle. To them, art should be based organically on nature; the poets work

6、grows out of nature and derives its form within. The themes in Whitmans poetry-Catalogue of American and European thought3) praises the expansion of America1) extols the ideal of equality of things and beings, democracy, nature, labor and creation, openness, and freedom2) Celebrates mans dignity, th

7、e self-reliance spirit, the individual value and brightestfutureof mankind 6) attacks the slavery system and racial discrimination 4) emphasis on brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)5) Expresses his pursuit of love and happiness, his ideas about death, and beauty of deat

8、hWhitmans Major Works(1855, 1856, 1867, 1871, 1876 ）2 volumns: Leaves of Grass， Two Rivulets 两条小河两条小河, 1881, 1889, 1891-1892 (or the “Deathbed Edition” 临终版本临终版本)9 editions 12 poems over400 poemsLeaves of Grass 草叶集草叶集a collection of poemsIncluding“Song of Myself” 自我之歌自我之歌“There Was a Child Went Forth

9、” 有个小孩走过来有个小孩走过来“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” 过布过布鲁克林渡口鲁克林渡口“Democratic Vistas” 民主的前景民主的前景“Passage to India” 向印度行进向印度行进“Proud Music of the Storm” 骄傲的风骄傲的风暴之音乐暴之音乐“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮 “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd”当紫丁香上次在庭院开放的时候当紫丁香上次在庭院开放的时候written i

10、n memory of Lincolna reminiscence of a childhood experience Comments on Leaves of Grass 1.The title:-significantwhere there is earth, where there is water, there is grass. Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the rising American nation

11、, and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. Whitmans poetic style and language brand-new means 1.the use of a certain pronoun “I”2) phonetic recurrence2. two principles1) parallelism (对称对称)or a rhythm of thought(思想的韵律思想的韵律)the line is the rhythmical unitthe repetition of words and

12、 phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the endcoordinate with and reinforce each otherI celebrated myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.3. the adopt of “free verse” -poetry without a fixed beat or regular

13、 rhyme scheme. Language1.strong tendency to use oral English2. vocabulary powerful, colourful, rarely-used words, words of foreign origins, sometimes even wrong wordsWhat is Free VerseTraditional Poem-Rhyme, Rhythm, Meter etc.Free Verse no identifiable meter, although the lines may have a rhyme-sche

14、me.-Free of conventional theory;-The writers made their own rules.Whitmans writing techniques: free verse parallelism phonetic recurrencesystematic repetition of words and phrases or sounds long catalogs His influences 1. His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.2.He i

15、s recognized as a father figure who led the break from the past.3. He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.4. Contemporary American poetry bears witness to his great influence.SignificancesWhitmans poetry is marked by startling innovations in style and content that not only r

16、eflect the contemporary transition from (1) romanticism to realism, (2)but that signal the liberation of American literature from its European parentage (3) and from the domination of the New England intellectual establishment天净沙 秋思马致远枯藤 老树 昏鸦小桥 流水 人家 古道 西风 瘦马夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯What are the images in the po

17、em?What is the central image?What functions does the image perform?What mood does the poem create? Still Image: 枯藤 老树 昏鸦 小桥 流水 人家Moving image: 古道 西风 瘦马 夕阳西下，断肠人断肠人在天涯 Ones Self I Sing Ones self I sing, a simple separate person,Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse .Of physiology from top

18、to toe I sing,Not physiognomy alone nor brain alone is worthy for the Muse , I say the Form complete is worthier far,The Female equally with the Male I sing.Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and power,Cheerful, for freest action formd under the laws divine 我歌颂我歌颂自己自己 我歌颂自己、独立而质朴的人，我歌颂自己、独立而质朴的人，我还说

19、我还说民主民主、大众大众两个字眼。两个字眼。我从头到脚歌颂生命过程，我从头到脚歌颂生命过程，莫说外表，莫说头脑为缪斯所钟爱，整个莫说外表，莫说头脑为缪斯所钟爱，整个人体则尤其贵重，人体则尤其贵重，我歌颂与男性平等的女性。我歌颂与男性平等的女性。赋有深邃的感情、冲动和活力的生命，赋有深邃的感情、冲动和活力的生命，有神圣法则所造就的、至为自由的行动，有神圣法则所造就的、至为自由的行动，我歌颂这种愉快的当代人种。我歌颂这种愉快的当代人种。(李视歧译, 惠特曼诗歌精选，北岳文艺出版社, 1988。) 1. What is the significance of singing about ones s

20、elf? 1.It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy? Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from

21、contours of face itself or the appearance of a person. What does Whitman mean by the term of the Modern Man? He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias. Explain the term of free verse? Free verse refers to poetry

22、without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 1 1、歌颂自我、歌颂自我 Song of MyselfSong of Myself I celebrate myself, and sing myself,I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good For every atom belonging to me

23、 as good belongs to you.belongs to you. I loaf and invite my soul, I loaf and invite my soul, I lean and loaf at my ease observing a I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.spear of summer grass.My tongue, every atom of my blood, My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from thi

24、s soil, this air,formd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here Born here of parents born here from parents the same, from parents the same, and their parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, p

25、erfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.Hoping to cease not till death.我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己，我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己， 我承担的你也将承担，我承担的你也将承担， 因为属于我的每一个原子也同样属于你。因为属于我的每一个原子也同样属于你。 我闲步，还邀请了我的灵魂，我闲步，还邀请了我的灵魂， 我俯身悠然观察着一片夏日的草叶。我俯身悠然观察着一片夏日的草叶。 我的舌，我血液的每个原子，是在这片土壤、这我的舌，我血液的每个原子，是在这片土壤、这个空气里形成的，个空气里形成的， 是这里的父母生下的，父母的

26、父母也是在这里生是这里的父母生下的，父母的父母也是在这里生下的，他们的父母也一样，下的，他们的父母也一样， 我，现在三十七岁，一生下身体就十分健康，我，现在三十七岁，一生下身体就十分健康， 希望永远如此，直到死去。希望永远如此，直到死去。 信条和学派暂时不论，信条和学派暂时不论， 且后退一步，明了它们当前的情况已足，但也决且后退一步，明了它们当前的情况已足，但也决不是忘记，不是忘记， 不论我从善从恶，我允许随意发表意见，不论我从善从恶，我允许随意发表意见， 顺乎自然，保持原始的顺乎自然，保持原始的活力。 O Captain! My Captain! O Captain! My Captain!

27、 Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weatherd every rack , the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel , the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,F

28、allen cold and dead.哦船长，我的船长！哦船长，我的船长！ 哦船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终，哦船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终， 我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。得手中。 港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊 目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。 可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！ 哦殷红的血滴流泻，哦殷红的血滴流泻， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，

29、他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 O Captain! My Captain! Rise up and hear the bells,Rise up for you the flag is flung or you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribbond wreaths or you the shores a-crowding ,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! Dear Captain!This arm

30、 beneath your head!It is some dream that on the deck,Youve fallen cold and dead. 哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声，哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声， 起来，起来， 旌旗，为你招展旌旗，为你招展 号角，为你长号角，为你长鸣。鸣。 为你岸上挤满了人群为你岸上挤满了人群 为你，无数花束、为你，无数花束、彩带、花环。彩带、花环。 为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。 这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！ 你头颅下边是我的手臂！你头颅下边是我的

31、手臂！ 这是甲板上的一场梦啊，这是甲板上的一场梦啊， 你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,The ship is anchord safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;Exult O sho

32、res , and ring O bell!But I with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静，我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静， 我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、没有生命，没有生命， 我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已告终，告终， 胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已赢得手中。赢得手中。 欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟

33、！欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟！ 可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履，可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长，在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 （江枫译） 1. Why is the word “Captain” capitalized throughout the poem？ In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States. What overall metaphor does the

34、 poet employ in this poem? Life is a journey. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad? They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor. Presentation TopicsWhats Dickinsons vie

35、w of nature?Whats Dickinsons view of death and immortality?Whats Dickinsons view of arts?Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson(18301886)18301886)Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) born in Amherst, Mss. where her grandfather had founded Amherst CollegeHer father was an important lawyer, deeply religious and univers

36、ally respected as an active leader in all the towns civic, educational, political and church activities. 1. Life of Emily DickinsonEmily attended the Amherst Academy where she was not only a good student but a very sociable and popular one, known for light-hearted pranks. After her graduation at sev

37、enteen she enter the nearby Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, but left before the end of the year because of illness. Although she dearly loved her brother, who lived next door after his marriage, and maintained a warm correspondence with many neighboring friends and relatives, she gradually went out les

38、s and less, spending almost all her time at home and in her large garden. Yet she was not unsociable. She wrote frequent letters, often enclosing short poems prepared for the occasion. But increasingly during her last twenty years she spent the greater part of her time in her room, secretly working

39、on her poetry. After her death, her sister, emptying desk, was amazed to find almost 2000 poems neatly copied on small pieces of paper stitched together to form little booklets.Major Themes of Her PoemsReligion (Nos. 214, 1624)Life & Death (Nos. 280, 465, 712, 1732)Immortality (Nos. 712, 1732)Nature

40、 (Nos. 214, 328, 1624)Love (Nos. 249, 528)Beauty (Nos. 449)Thematic concerns of Dickinson: death and immortality 465, “I Heard a Fly buzzwhen I died” 712, “Because I could not stop for Death” 1732, “My life closed twice before its close”Thematic concerns of Dickinson: nature 328, “A Bird came down t

41、he Walk” 986, “A narrow Fellow in the Grass” 1624, “Apparently with no surprise” death and immortalityThematic concerns of Dickinson: nature death and immortality unity of goodness, truth and beauty 449, “I died for Beautybut was scarce”Thematic concerns of Dickinson: nature death and immortality un

42、ity of goodness, truth and beauty other subjects 632, “The Brainis wider than the Sky” 675, “Essential oilsare Wrung” 1129, “Tell all the Truth but tell it slant”Important men in Dickinsons life:Important men in Dickinsons life:vThomas Wentworth Higginson, a Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a poetry crit

43、ic forpoetry critic for The Atlantic The Atlantic MonthlyMonthly, who later helped gathering , who later helped gathering her poems for publication.her poems for publication.vthe Reverend Charles Wadsworth, the Reverend Charles Wadsworth, toward whom Dickinson might toward whom Dickinson might posse

44、ss a deep love passion.possess a deep love passion. Benjamin Newton, a law student in Benjamin Newton, a law student in her fathers office, her fathers office, who introduced her to Emersons who introduced her to Emersons works and other prominent literary works and other prominent literary texts. t

45、exts. Features of Dickinsons poetry:Features of Dickinsons poetry:-telling images, striking, suggestive -telling images, striking, suggestive a n d c o n n o t a t i v e s o m e t i m e s a n d c o n n o t a t i v e s o m e t i m e s incomprehensibleincomprehensible-a severe economy of expression-a

46、severe economy of expression-direct and plain words, simple syntax-direct and plain words, simple syntax -faulty grammar-faulty grammar-no regular rhyme-no regular rhyme-unusual capitalization-unusual capitalization-unusual use of punctuation -unusual use of punctuation marksmarks Written largely in

47、 meters common to Protestant hymn books, her poems employ irregular rhythms, off- or slant rhymes(不工整韵，指元音不同或辅音不同的韵脚，如不工整韵，指元音不同或辅音不同的韵脚，如lid和和lad, eyes和和light), paradox, and a careful balancing of abstract Latinate and concrete Anglo-Saxon words. Her lines are gnomic(格言式的格言式的) and her images kinest

48、hetic(动感的动感的), highly concentrated, and intensely charged with feeling. Her greatest lyrics were on the theme of death, which she typically personified as a monarch, a lord, or a kindly but irresistible lover, yet her moods varied widely, from melancholy to exuberance, grief to joy, leaden despair t

49、o spiritual intoxication. Dickinsons Writing Style1. Lyric2. Influence of Christian tradition. She used the meter of hymns in most of her poems that could be sung like a Christian hymn. 3. Introspective (the use of the Persona “I,” for instance)4. Rich in images “In the best of her poems every word

50、is a picture seen.” (Winters)5. Brevity and intensity6. Frequent use of dashes7. Sporadic capitalization of nouns 8. Innovation in rhyme She was not restricted by full rhyme but used imperfect rhyme (also known as partial rhyme, or near rhyme), assonance, eye-rhyme, etc. Sometimes she scarcely rhyme

51、d at all. To Make a Prairie To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,One clover and a bee,And revery .Revery alone will do,If bees are few.要描绘一片草原要描绘一片草原要描绘一片草原，只需一株苜蓿要描绘一片草原，只需一株苜蓿一只蜂，一只蜂，一株苜蓿，一只蜂，一株苜蓿，一只蜂，再加上白日梦。再加上白日梦。有白日梦也就够了，有白日梦也就够了，如果找不到蜂。如果找不到蜂。(江枫江枫 译译) What things are needed to make

52、 a prairie? In what sense can one really do it? Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination. How can revery alone create a prairie? The prairie stays in ones mind. Success Is Counted SweetestSuccess is counted sweetestBy those who neer succeed.To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. Not one of all the purple host Who took the flag todayCan tell the definition,So clearly, of victory.As he, defeated, dying,On whose forbidden earThe distant strains of triumphBreak, agonized and clear.成功成功从未成功的人们从未成功的人们以为成功最甜蜜以为成功最甜蜜要领略仙