动词时态语态

1、语法串讲语法串讲动词的时态与语态动词的时态与语态崔华娴崔华娴动词时态动词时态 表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。综述综述 一般一般 进行进行 完成完成 完成进行完成进行 现在现在am, is , are, do, does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing将来将来 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have done will/shall have been doing 过去过去was, were, did, v-ed was/were doing had doneha

2、d been doing 过去过去将来将来 would/should do would/should be doing would/should have done would/should have been doing 一般体 一般体表示单纯事件或一般动作、抽象事物的发生。一般时态有四种： a.一般现在时，用动词原形，但第三人称单数后要加-s或-es。 b. 一般过去时，动词用过去式。 c. 一般将来时，用shall或will加动词原形。 d. 一般过去将来时，用should 或would加动词 原形。1. 一般现在时一般现在时 一般现在时通常用于表示现在时间的动作或状态。 1) 一般现在

3、时可以用来表示客观事实；经常或习惯性的动作、能力，常和时间状语always, usually, sometimes, often等词连用。 China has the largest population in the world. I never drive in winter. He always goes to work by car. 2) 表示过去或将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 What wind blows you here? The delegation arrives in Hangzhou this morning. 将于今天上午到达杭州。1. 一般现在时一般现在时一般现在时

4、表将来1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。 When B

5、ill comes, ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.2. 一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去某时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，或过去经常性的动作。 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作。 Mary gave

6、birth to a girl last month. How did you like their performance? 2) 表示过去习惯性的动作。一般句中带有频度的时间状语或含有频度意义的词汇，还可借助助动词used to或would表示。 When he was at college, he wrote home once a week. We used to do much reading in the evenings, but now we dont. 3) 过去时在虚拟条件从句中表示与现在事实相反，或表示将来动作或状态的主观设想。 If I were deaf, I wou

7、ldnt hear them quarrel. It is time we began our class. 3. 一般将来时一般将来时泛指将来要发生或可能要发生的动作或情况。 1) will / shall + 动词原形，泛指将来 Will you be busy tonight? 2) be + 不定式结构，表示受人主观控制的将来时间的动作，包括计划、安排、命令、吩咐、禁止、不许等。 The Queen is to visit China next week. You are not to go out alone. 3) be about to不定式结构表示“就要”、“刚要发生”的动作。

8、 The press conference is about to start. 4) be going to 计划 安排 I am going to have dinner with Tom.5) be doing He is leaving this afternoon.3. 一般将来时be to和be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afterno

9、on. (主观安排)4. 一般过去将来时 一般过去将来时指说话人从过去某一时间开始，表示将要发生，或可能要发生的动作或存在的状态。1) 过去将来时用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 He said that he was going to try again. 2)表示过去习惯性的动作，不论什么人称都用 “would”。 Every evening he would go out for a walk with his grandfather. 每天晚上他都和爷爷出去散步。进行体 进行体表示动作的进行过程，它强调动作的未完成。1. 现在进行时 1）表示在现在时间范围内正在进行的动作。 A ma

10、n is standing by the window. 2) 表示现阶段中正在进行的动作，可与today, now, this year等连用。 He is a novelist. He is writing a historical novel now. 3) 用进行时表示一个在最近按计划安排要进行的动作，动词仅限于下列动词：come, arrive, wear, work, begin, see, go等。 Im seeing the doctor today. The train is arriving. 4) 状态感觉动词，如: love, like, expect, know, h

11、ate, want等不表示延续性动作，一般不用进行时态，若用该时态，表示动作接近完成或词义已发生转换。 He is expecting (= waiting for) his girlfriend. 他在等他的女朋友。2. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作，其特点与现在进行时相似。 1) 通过过去某一特定的时间，或通过上下文来表示过去某时正在进行的动作。 This time last year I was living in Shenyang. 2) 用于对故事情节背景的描述 It was a dark night and a strong wind was blowing.

12、 3) 过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示一个完成的动作。 They were becoming quite grown-up now. 他们正在长大成人。 They became quite grown-up. 他们已长大成人。3. 将来进行时 表示将来某个或某段时间内正在进行的动作，由will / shall be加现在分词构成。 1) 表示将来时间的动作 Ill be taking my holidays with my wife soon. The apple trees will be bearing fruit this autumn. 2) 表示离现在较

13、近的将来时间内，一定会发生的事情、或有计划、预计、势必发生的事情。 Come on. Well be having a class-meeting in a minute. 4. 过去将来进行时 表示从过去某时看将来某一时间正在发生或预计要发生的动作，与过去时间状语连用，有时状语也可以省略。 I didnt expect that you would all be waiting here. 我没有想到你们会都在这儿等着。完成体 表示动作或状态完成或未完成的情况。1. 现在完成时 形式为：“have (has) + 过去分词”。1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响（已完成）。表示说

14、话的时候这个动作已经结束，只是对现在造成的影响，可以不用时间状语，可以和一些表示不定时间的状语already, yet, ever, never, just, recently等词连用。 I have decided against seeing him again. He has just come back. 2）现在完成时的“已完成”用法与瞬间动作的动词连用时，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 他已回来三周了。不能说：He has come back for three weeks. 可以说：He came back three weeks ago. 或：He has been back

15、for three weeks.1. 现在完成时3）现在完成时的持续性用法（即未完成）指动作或状态从过去某时开始继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束，常和for, since连用。 I have worked here since I graduated. He has lived in the city for about twenty years. 4）在until now, till now, up to now, up to the present, so far, in (during) the past (last, recent) few (several, two) mon

16、ths (days)等结构中也常用现在完成时表示动作的持续。 Up to now, I have finished two-thirds of the work. We have seen each other three times in the past three weeks. 1. 现在完成时 5）“This is (it is) the first (second, ) time that ” 句型中，常用现在完成时。但是，在“It was the second ( ) time that ” 句型中，用过去完成时。 This is the second time that I ha

17、ve seen the film. That was the third time that I had visited the place. 2. 过去完成时表示过去某时或某动作之前已经完成的动作或情况。1）“已完成” 用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前刚刚完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束。 I had just got home when it rained. The plane had already taken off when we arrived at the airport. 2）“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且仍有继

18、续下去的可能性。 By the end of last year, he had taught for thirty years. He perhaps had made some friends by then. 3）表示一个动作先于另一个过去动作。 The child realized that he had lost his way. 3. 将来完成时 将来完成时表示将来某时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，常和by或by the time等结构连用，其形式为：“will/shall + have + 过去分词”。 Ill have arrived there by noon. I

19、shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 表示到将来某时刻为止动作的持续时，也可用将来完成时。 Ill have lived in the city for twenty years by next month. Ill have done the work for three months by Friday. 完成进行体 完成体与进行体的结合，用于现在/过去/将来时间。 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时1.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时指一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时还在继续或刚刚结束。

20、常与表示一段时间的状语for two years, these few weeks, since early morning等连用。其形式为：“have/has been + 现在分词”构成。 I have been teaching English for twenty years. Shes just been waving goodbye to me. 2.过去完成进行时表示动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去另一时间，那时这个动作可能刚完成，也可能正在进行。The teacher asked what he had been talking about. When I came back

21、, she told me she had beencooking supper. 3.将来完成进行时表示动作、行为一直持续到将来某一时间，并可能继续进行，其形式为：“will/shall have been + 现在分词”构成。By next summer, the couple will have been teaching in this school for 30 years. I shall have been reading for two hours by the time you come back. 小结小结一般体一般体 1. 一般现在时一般现在时 2. 一般过去时一般过去时

22、 3. 一般将来时一般将来时 4. 一般过去将来时一般过去将来时进行体进行体 1. 现在进行时现在进行时 2. 过去进行时过去进行时 3. 将来进行时将来进行时 4. 过去将来进行时过去将来进行时完成体完成体 1. 现在完成时现在完成时 2. 过去完成时过去完成时 3. 将来完成时将来完成时完成进行体完成进行体 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时将来完成进行时动词的语态动词的语态 语态是表示主、谓语之间关系的一种动词形式，分为主动语态（active voice）和被动语态(passive voice)两种。一、一、被动语态的种类1英语中只有及物动词才有被

23、动结构。其形式为：助动词be + 及物动词（或短语）的过去分词。I am not so easily deceived. （现在时）The window was broken by a naughty boy.（过去时）You will be allowed to borrow five books at a time.（现在将来时）He said that the bridge would be built next year.（过去将来时）The injured player was being carried off the field.（过去进行时）The question is be

24、ing discussed at the meeting.（现在进行时）The food has been cooked.（现在完成时）一、一、被动语态的种类2有些短语动词相当于及物动词，所以可用于被动结构。例如： bring up教育 be brought up give up放弃 be given up look into调查 be looked into make up编造 be made up look down on轻视 be looked down on put up with容忍 be put up withMany interesting experiments are car

25、ried out in our laboratory. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed the exam. 一、一、被动语态的种类3带双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，通常将间接宾语提前作主语。如果主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，这时在间接宾语前要加介词to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。 The teacher gave him a dictionary. He was given a dictionary. A dictionary was given to him. My mothe

26、r bought me a shirt. I was bought a shirt by my mother. A shirt was bought for me by my mother.一、一、被动语态的种类 4含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式为： 情态动词 + be + 过去分词. These books can be found in the library. 这些书可以在图书馆找到。二、被动语态的基本用法 通常情况下，我们多用主动语态，但有时由于不知道动作的执行者，或出于礼貌，或为了强调等原因，要用被动语态。1. 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。 The project will

27、be finished next year. 2当强调或侧重动作的承受者时。 His new car was stolen. 3由于出于婉转、礼貌等不愿说出动作的执行者时。 He was considered to be a computer genius. 4. 有些动词习惯上常用被动结构。 The professor was born in 1937. It is said that the man is a writer.（=The man is said to be a writer.）三、主动语态表示被动的情况 1. 某些系动词构成的系表结构，可用主动语态表示被动意义。 The fl

28、ower smells sweet. 2. 某些动词后加副词表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有wash, clean, cook, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive, lock, shut,等，常用的副词有easily, well, quickly, smoothly等。 This jacket washes easily. This type of television set sells well. 三、主动语态表示被动的情况 3. want, deserve, need, require及worth等动词后面动名词的主

29、动语态表示被动意义。在这些动词后，既可接动名词，也可接不定式，接动名词要求用主动语态表示被动意义，接不定式要用被动结构。 The novel is worth reading. Your hair wants cutting. The children require looking after. (=The children require to be looked after.) The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning.三、主动语态表示被动的情况 4. 当不定式与它

30、修饰的词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示的意思为被动，但却用主动形式。 We have many problems to solve. 5. 特殊结构： make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)， have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 Yesterday I had my car repaired. Without a microphone, he couldnt make him heard by everyone.四、被动形式表示主动意义 be graduated (from), be prepared

31、(for), get marriedHe is graduated from a famous university. 注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl.五、被动语态与系表结构的区别1被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的分词相当于形容词，表示状态。如果是形容词，后面不能用by短语。 She was not badly injured but she couldnt speak. （系表） She was injured

32、 by a wild horse. （被动）2. 如果过去分词被very，too所修饰，为系表结构；如果过去分词被much, so much所修饰，为被动结构。 I am very surprised at your words. He was much agitated by the news. 激动。3. 过去分词是表示心理、感情等词时通常为系表结构。 She is determined to become a ballet dancer. 决心 4. 过去分词与介词搭配，并且后面有介词宾语时，常为系表结构。 The boy was scared out of his wits. 那男孩吓

33、得不知所措。六、六、使用被动语态应注意的问题 使役动词make, have及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to等在主动语态中，后面跟不定式作宾补省去to，但变成被动语态时，要加上to。 I saw the girl cross the street. The girl was seen to cross the street. 七、不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：比较： (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The acciden

34、t was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.七、不用被动语态的情况 2) 系动词无被动语态：feel, smell, sound, taste, It sounds good. 3) 带同源宾语的及物动词等，不能用于被动语态。如：dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night

35、. She lives a simple life. 4) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 10 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. If you go to the western suburb

36、s of the city, you _ a lot of new buildings. A. will see B. have seen C. see D. are going to see 2. She showed him the photo she _ the day before. A. has taken B. took C. was taking D. had taken 3. They will go to work in the countryside when they _ school next year. A. will leave B. will have leave

37、 C. are leaving D. leave ADD4. She told us she had met you in London last year. _ you _her since then ? A. Hadmet B. Didsee C. Wouldmeet D. Haveseen 5. I _along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. A. walked B. had walked C. was walking D. would walk 6. It is said th

38、at he _ sent to Australia to improve his English A.would be B.was to be C.has been D. had been7. By this time next year, we _all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. will have turned C. have turned D. have been turning DCCB8. Thousands of people took part in the work when the Three Gorges pro

39、ject (三峡工程) _. A. would be built B. was building C. was being built D. had been built 9. This sick man _to a hospital right away. A. must be sent B. will send C. ought be sent D. must send10. Do you know when the Chinese Communist Party _? A. is found B. found C. has been founded D. was founded CAD2

40、. Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one underlined part which is incorrectly used. Please put it right in a proper form. 1. We usually spent_ ten minutes doing fast-reading exercises in class. 2. We hoped you will provide_ us with some information needed in our research. 3. The

41、 medical team has left for_ the mountainous area next month. spend would provideis leaving for/will leave for 4. You will be able to write good papers when you mastered some writing skills.5. He saw at a glance that something unusual is happening _in the class. 6. It was reported that the boy has se

42、en a UFO flying over the area.had seenhave masteredhad happenedwas happening/7. She was not at all surprising at the news. 8. I dont know when the football match will be taken place. 9.The teacher explained to the students that the movement of the earth around the sun has caused seasons.surprised will take place causes 时态、语态 历年真题2003年年4. She _ English since she was a child.learning B. had learned C. is learning D. has bee