专四语法--名词的数

1、名词和名词词组湖南科技学院外语系湖南科技学院外语系名词分类名词分类n按构词法按构词法 简单名词简单名词 (Simple Noun) 复合名词复合名词(Compound Noun) 派生名词派生名词(Derivative Noun)n按词汇意义按词汇意义 普通名词普通名词(Common Noun): 个体名词、个体名词、集体名词集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词物质名词、抽象名词 专有名词专有名词(Proper Noun)n按语法特征按语法特征 可数名词可数名词(Count/Countable Noun) 不可数名词不可数名词(Non-count/Uncountable Noun)名词词组的句法功能名

2、词词组的句法功能n名词词组的结构模式 （限定词）（限定词）+（前置修饰语）（前置修饰语）+名词名词 +（后置修饰语）（后置修饰语） a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctor some crisp, tasty, red apples I just bought for Christmas名词词组的用法（除谓语外的各种成分）1.Children at play seldom remember what time it is.2.My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal.

3、3.They selected him chairman of the board.4.Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident.5.Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.6.He returned last night.7.A photo is taken each time (= whene

4、ver) this button is pushed. 名词的数名词的数（Singular Number, Plural Number)n规则复数与不规则复数规则复数与不规则复数 规则复数：规则复数：在单数名词后加-s/-es 不规则复数：不规则复数：通过内部元音变换或其他方式（少数名词和外来词） n集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数数规则复数规则复数n大部分名词：大部分名词：加词尾-sn以以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z结尾的名词：结尾的名词：加词尾-esn以以-y 结尾的名词：结尾的名词： 加词尾-s/-esn以以o结尾的名词：结尾

5、的名词： 加词尾-s/-esn以以-f/-fe结尾的名词：结尾的名词： 加词尾-s/-es大部分名词：大部分名词：加词尾-sn在在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ 等轻辅音后读等轻辅音后读/s/: maps, books, boats, roofsn在在/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /l/, /m/ 等浊辅音和元音后读等浊辅音和元音后读/z/: verbs, birds, dogs, boys, seas, hillsn在在/s/, /z/, /, /d /, /t / 等辅音后读等辅音后读/iz/: roses, places, houses, bridges, college

6、s, facesn以以-th结尾的名词加词尾结尾的名词加词尾-s: 长元音之后读长元音之后读/z /: baths, mouths, paths, laths 短元音或辅音之后（包括短元音或辅音之后（包括-rth）读）读/s /: months, moths, berths 少数/z / 或/s /皆可：youths, oaths, sheaths, truths以以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z结尾的名词：结尾的名词：n加词尾加词尾-es, 读作读作/iz/: gases classesboxesbuzzeschurches benches以以-y 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：n以辅音

7、以辅音+ y 结尾的：变结尾的：变-y为为-i, 再加再加-es, 读读/iz/: parties, ladies, universities, spies, skies, factoriesn以以-quy 结尾的名词：变结尾的名词：变-y为为-i, 再加再加-es , 读读/z/: soliloquy-soliloquiesn以以- y 结尾的专有名词：加词尾结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s, 读读/z/: Marys, Germanysn以元音以元音+ y 结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s, 读读/z/: rays, boys, days, joys, plays, toys以以o结尾的

8、名词结尾的名词：n以元音以元音/元音字母元音字母+o（包括（包括oo)结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s, 读读/z/: radios, portfolios, studios, embryos, bamboos, kangaroos, zoos, cuckoosn某些以辅音某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-es , 读读/z/: negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, echoes, torpedoes, vetoes, embargoesn某些以辅音某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s , 读读/z/: piano

9、s, kilos, memos, autos, quartos（四开本）, solos（独奏）, cellos（大提琴）, sopranos（女高音）, altos（女低音）n少数以少数以o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s或或-es均可均可, 读读/z/: n某些以某些以- o 结尾的专有名词：结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s , 读/z/: Filipinos, Romeos以以-f/-fe结尾的名词：结尾的名词：n多数加词尾多数加词尾-s，读，读/s/: beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, griefs, roofs, safesn 少数变少数变-f/-fe为为-v，再加，

10、再加-es, 读读/vz/: knives, halves, lives, shelves, thieves, selves, leaves, wolves, calves, loaves (loaf)n 极少数两者都行极少数两者都行, 读读/s/或或/vz/: dwarfs, dwarves, handkerchiefs, hoofs, hooves handkerchieves, scarfs, scarves, 不规则复数n通过内部元音变换 footfeet; goosegeese; toothteeth mousemice; louselice manmen; womanwomen c

11、hildchildren ox-oxen外来词的复数（1） stratumstrata（阶层）; datumdata; agendumagenda (现代英语中作单数） alumnusalumni; alumnaalumnae basisbases; thesistheses; crisiscrises parenthesisparentheses; hypothesishypotheses 外来词的复数（2）memorandummemorandamemorandums(备忘录）curriculumcurriculacurriculums (课程)sanatoriumsanatoriasana

12、toriums (疗养院)mediummedia-mediums（媒体）formulaformulaeformulas (公式)antennaantennaeantennas (天线)indexindicesindexes(索引)appendixappendices-appendixes（附录）plateauplateauxplateaus(高原)cactuscacticactuses (仙人掌)focusfoci-focuses（焦点）nucleusnuclei-nucleuses（核心）radiusradii-radiuses（辐射线）terminustermini-terminuses（

13、终点）pennynpence: sixpence, tenpence (表钱数，几便士）npennies： 若干个一便士的硬币 （几个便士） If the price of a reel of cotton is fourpence, you hand over four pennies for it.单复同形的名词ndeer, sheep, fish, trout （鲑鱼）nSwiss, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese ncraft, aircraft, hovercraft(气垫船)，spacecraftnbarracks, headquarters, mean

14、s, works, series, species集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数n集体名词的数（三种情况集体名词的数（三种情况）poetrypoem machinerymachineclothinggarment, coat furnituretable, chaircutleryknife equipmenttoolweaponrygun, pistol foliageleafcorrespondenceletter luggagetrunk, bagpolicepoliceman clergy-clergyman物质名词的数nsand, sands(大面积的沙滩）nwater,

15、 waters （大面积的水域）nfood, foods (多种食品)ncoffee, two coffees (作个体名词，表两杯咖啡)nrubber (橡胶）-rubbers (胶鞋)nstone（石料）-stones（石头）negg（蛋渍/蛋白）-eggs（一个个的蛋）nlamb（羔羊肉）-lambs（羔羊）nonion（洋葱味）-onions（洋葱头）抽象名词的数n有些抽象名词可数：a victory/two victories; a conference/two conferencesn有些抽象名词有复数形式，但不能计数: difficulties; opinions; sympat

16、hies (同情、怜悯、慰问）n有些抽象名词有复数与非复数形式，其义不同：experience/experiences; relation/relations; youth/youths(男青年）; worry/worries(烦恼事); distraction/distractions; business/businesses(商店/商行)n有些抽象名词本身没有复数形式，可用语义对应的个体名词来计数：laughterlaugh; workjob; correspondenceletter/note photographphoto; permissionpermit; musicsong; f

17、unjoy; homework-exercise表示该名词相关的抽象意义n有些可数名词不可数化有些可数名词不可数化: to have too much family=too heavy family burden to have too much winter=a too long spell of cold weather to have too much mouth=to talk too much to have too little ear=to be not inclined to listen to others to have room for= to have a need f

18、or to feel the patriot rise= to feel the patriotic feelings rise 表示人的特质等抽象意义 to be fool enough=to be foolish enough more of a fool than= more foolish than less of a fool than = less foolish than as much of a fool as= as foolish as too much of a fool = too foolish He was enough of a man to tell the t

19、ruth. (他光明磊落，讲了实话。） man, coward, coquette, politician, sportsman, scholar, poet专有名词的数nHave you invited the Browns?nThere are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class.单位词n表个数 piece, bit, item（项目，条款）, article（一件商品/物品） a piece of advice/armour/ bacon/bread/cake/chalk/ cloth/ coal/ evidence/folly/ furniture/ice/information/land/meat/music/news/paper/research/sugar