英文摘要写作指南

1、英文摘要写作指南A Guide to English Abstract Writing 一、摘要的基本要素一、摘要的基本要素v定义：又称概要或内容提要。以提供文献实质性的内容梗概为主要目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。v目的：给读者关于文献内容的足够的信息，使读者决定是否要获得论文。 摘要的基本要素包括：研究目的、方法、结果目的、方法、结果和结论结论v1、 目的研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围。 v2、 方法所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。 v3、 结果实验的、研究的结果、数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的

2、效果、性能等。 v4、 结论结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题等。二、摘要的主要功能二、摘要的主要功能v1) 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足名的不足 v摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。 v2) 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。供方便。v论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引的频次。索率和被引的频次。v字数一般控制在全文5%-10%。 三、摘要的分类摘要的分类v1、报道性摘要v是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容

3、梗概的简明摘要，相当于简介。报道性摘要一般用来反映科技论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结论，在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息，充分反映该研究的创新之处。v篇幅视论文长度以200-300字左右为宜。v2、指示性摘要v是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要，其目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容(即作者做了什么工作)有一个轮廓性的了解。一般创新内容较少。v篇幅以100字左右为宜。3、报道-指示性摘要v报道-指示性摘要是以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中价值最高的那部分内容，其余部分则以指示性摘要形式表达。v篇幅以100200字为宜。四、摘要写作的注意事项四、摘要写作的注意事项 v1)

4、 摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论。 “振动控制分为主动控制、被动控制、半主动控制。”v2) 不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是混凝土斜拉桥的剪力滞效应研究，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了，对混凝土斜拉桥的剪力滞效应进行了研究”。 v3) 结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。无空泛、笼统、含混之词。v4) 摘要不分段。v5) 要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。6) 除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。7)

5、 不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。 “采用*的文献（Charles, 2000）的方法，进行了。”v8) 缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。 “In this paper, Pseudo Excitation Method (PEM) is employed to .” “ PEM”五、英文摘要写作规范五、英文摘要写作规范v英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。按国际学术届有关规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(英文)摘要。v英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。1、英文摘要的

6、一般原则v 英文摘要的句型力求简单，通常应有5-10个左右意义完整，语句顺畅的句子。为了使英文摘要达到最简洁、明了的效果，可采用以下方法：v1）摘要中第一句的开头部分, 不要与论文的标题 重复。v2）把背景信息删去，或减到最少。v3）只限于新的信息。过去的研究应删去或减到最小。v4）不应包含作者将来的计划。v5）不应包含不属于摘要的说法，如：v“本文所描述的工作，属于首创”。v“本文所描述的工作，目前尚未见报道”。v“本文所描述的工作，是对于先前最新研究的一个改进”。v6）相同的信息不要重复表达。vat a temperature of 250 to 300 应改为at 250300 vat

7、a high pressure of 1.2 MPa应改为at 1.2 MPav7）以量的国际单位符号表示物理量单位（例如，以“kg”代替 “kilogram”）。v8）以标准简化方法表示英文通用词（可用“WTO, WHO”代替全称等）。v9）删去不必要的短语，如：v“A method is described”，/ “In this work”，v“It is reported that”,v“Extensive investigations show that”2、英文题名v1) 题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名

8、词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。v题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。“裂缝对混凝土桥梁的耐久性 影响的评估”Evaluation of the durability for PC bridges considering.v2) 题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。v题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题内名词数越少越好。3) 中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其

9、英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。（On; An analysis of ; A comparative Study of )4) 题名中的冠词。在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。 5) 题名中的大小写。题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。a. 全部字母大写。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVEOF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVEb.每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、

10、连词、介词全部小写。该格式目前最常用。例如：The Formation and Strength of Concrete Dams c. 题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。该格式的使用有增多的趋势。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities 6) 题名中的缩略词语。必须是已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语(如:OPEC; UNESCO)，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。题名练习基于全寿命周期的桥梁结构抗震性能评价与基于全寿命周期的桥梁结构抗震性能评价与设计方法研究进展设计方法研究进展 Research Progress

11、on Life-cycle Based Bridge Structural Seismic Performance Evaluation and Design Method题名练习基于长期监测的特重车交通荷载特性及动态基于长期监测的特重车交通荷载特性及动态过桥分析过桥分析Extra-heavy Truck Load Features and Bridge Dynamic Response Based on Long-term Traffic Monitoring Record题名练习正交异性钢桥面板顶板疲劳性能研究正交异性钢桥面板顶板疲劳性能研究Fatigue Research on Brid

12、ge Deck-plate of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck题名练习既有混凝土桥梁疲劳寿命与使用安全评估既有混凝土桥梁疲劳寿命与使用安全评估Fatigue Life and Service Safety Assessment for Existing Concrete Bridges3、作者与作者单位的写法v1) 作者姓名。中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。Ma Lin ； Li Zhaohui 别写成：Zhaohui Li / Li Zhao Hui / Li Zhao-hui. MA Lin, CHEN Yang （

13、姓全大学，名首字母大写） 诸葛亮？(ZHUGE Liang? ZHU Geliang?)v 2) 单位。单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写，外人不知所云，结果造成混乱。 TJU; Tongji University or Tianjin University4、英文摘要正文1) 英文摘要的时态v英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，现在完成时、过去完成时少用，其他复合时态基本不用。v一般现在时。用于摘要开头说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。举例如下：This study(investig

14、ation) is (conducted, undertaken) to ；The result shows(reveals)，It is found thatThe conclusions areThe author suggests v涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时间段的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The technique of . was applied to study.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显

15、带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但并非不用。说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来。如： has been studied for years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。v2) 英文摘要的语态采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽

16、量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。 “A exceeds B”读起来要好于“B is exceeded by A”。使用主动语态还有助于避免过多地使用类似于“is”, “was”, “are”和“were”这样的弱动词。 主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。如：The author systematically introduces the history and development of cable stayed

17、 bridges. 比 The history and development of cable stayed bridges are introduced systematically语感要强。被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.v3) 英文摘要

18、的人称及词类v近些年来，摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态、不定式或分词短语开头。v例如：To describe，To study，To investigate， To assess，To determine ，are developed， Based on，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。v如：为了阐明颤振发生的过程及机理，论文采用了数值模拟方法进行了研究。To discover the process and mechanism of flutter, Numerical simulation method is applie

19、d冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：“（The) Pressure is a function of the temperature”The machine is operated with （the) solar energy.由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray.数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：Three hundred are collected中的 Three hundred不要

20、写成300.单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。 4) 谴词 使用短的、简单的、具体的、熟悉的词。不使用华丽的词藻。也就是说，用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。 但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do，run，get，take,make等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如用conduct, perform, achieve, undertake等，以便于读者理解。 5）造句要熟悉英

21、文摘要的常用句型，不使用俚语、非英语的句子以及电报体。慎用行话和口语。尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为：（1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to,this paper describes.The purpose of this study isThis paper intends/aims to（2）表示研究的对象与方法 The effect/sensitivity/function of certain was observed/detected/studied （3）表示研究的结果：The result show

22、s / It proved / The authors found that（4）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors suggest /conclude /consider that尽量采用-ing分词和-ed分词作定语，少用关系代词which ，who等引导的定语从句。使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的“时间差”。用-ing 分词和-ed分词作定语，简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定失误。The self excited aerodynamic forces, expressed by the fun

23、ction of flutter derivatives, were investigated.The final straw leading to the collapse was a violent storm on the evening of 28 December 1879.总之，虽然英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，有四部分，但英文有其自身特点，同样内容的一段文字，英文占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于 “四部分”的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于“四部分”的内容，也应取舍，做到简明

24、扼要，不能包罗万象。比如“目的”，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如“方法”，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。5、认识的、认识的两个误区两个误区v中英文摘要的一致性，目前存在两个误区：一两个误区：一是认为两个摘要的内容”差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题；v二二是认为两种摘要应硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要

25、的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。v从结构上看，英文摘要应包括主题句、发展句/支撑句和结论或建议句。v1）主题句。 开门见山，点明主题。主动句式:v如：The paper focuses on/ mainly discusses / deals with / describes/ reports on /analyzesvThis paper intends/aims to discuss /compares with ; The purpose of this paper/article i

26、s to explainvThe author/writer presents/looks at/exploresexamplesv被动句式 如：vA(n) study / investigation was made /designed to vA (n) method / approach of deriving program is described tov2) 发展句。v如：This paper explores the history of one company and its bid for survival in the rapidly changing world toda

27、y. It examines the plastic industry in America and the position of the company within it, detailing the growth off the company over 50 years and the expansion of the product range facilities to the present time）结论或建议句 如：It is suggested / recommended thatIt has been found thatThe results suggest / sh

28、ow thatThe author suggests / concludes that 摘要的常用句型：S+V+Ovaddress (the question / problems of )vargue thatvassess the effectsvcover/ describe (a method, the major features of the design of )vdiscuss / examine / investigate / present /review / survey/ trace / treatvAbstract 与Summary 区别v从位置上看（从位置上看（Po

29、sition）: Abstract 独立于正文之前； Summary正文结尾部分，每一章节也可有的。v从长度上看（从长度上看（Length）: Abstract数十字到字左右，可视论文长度更长些；Summary则更长字。v从作者情况上看（从作者情况上看（Author)： Abstract可自己或他人写，独立文字，客观概括，第三人称，一般现在时； Summary：自己写，有前后呼应作用，多第一人称，现在完成时和一般现在时并用。vExample 1Safety Assessment of a Masonry Arch Bridge: Field Testing and Simulations Th

30、e safety of an in-service brick arch railway bridge is assessed through field testing and finite-element analysis. Different loading test train configurations have been used in the field testing. The response of the bridge in terms of displacements, strains, and accelerations is measured under the a

31、mbient and design train traffic loading conditions. Nonlinear fracture mechanicsbased finite-element analyses are performed to assess the margin of safety. A parametric study is done to study the effects of tensile strength on the progress of cracking in the arch. Furthermore, a stability analysis t

32、o assess collapse of the arch caused by lateral movement at the springing of one of the abutments that is elastically supported is carried out. The margin of safety with respect to cracking and stability failure is computed. Conclusions are drawn with some remarks on the state of the bridge within t

33、he framework of the information available and inferred informationvExample 2Vibration-Based Method and Sensor for Monitoring of Bridge Scour Scour is the major cause for many bridge failures and damage to piers and abutments. Scour is not easily discernible because it is hidden under the channel flo

34、w. Over the years, a number of sensors have been developed for detection of scour depth. Development, testing, and field implementation of a new and simple type of scour sensor is described in this paper. The scour depth detection concept is based on measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration

35、of a rod embedded in the riverbed. The sensor uses a single fiber-optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for transduction of the vibration frequency. The inverse relationship between the fundamental frequency and the length of the sensor rod is used for detection of the scour depth. A computational approa

36、ch is developed based on the Winkler spring reaction soil model for automated calibration of the scour sensor during installation in the riverbed. The scope of the research included development of the theoretical basis for the sensor, establishment of the computational methodology for detection of t

37、he riverbed foundation properties, proof-of-concept laboratory tests, small-scale field verification tests, and installation and remote monitoring of scour in a multispan scour critical bridge in Illinois. The results include laboratory test data from the measurements in soil, simulated scour tests

38、in a hydraulic flume, and real-time data from remote monitoring of scour at the bridge site.vExample 3Behavior of Segmental Precast Posttensioned Bridge Piers under Lateral Loads A segmental precast posttensioned (SPPT) bridge pier is an economic recentering structural system. Understanding the seis

39、mic behavior of a SPPT system is an important step toward its application in high seismic zones. This paper presents a detailed three-dimensional finite-element (FE) model that was developed using the ABAQUS platform. A brief description and discussion of cyclic tests on eight large-scale SPPT piers

40、 is also presented. Four of the piers were constructed and tested to a predefined degree of damage. Then, these piers were retrofitted and retested. The FE models developed and presented in this paper predicted the backbone curves of the piers that were tested directly after construction with an ave

41、rage error of 7% for drift angles smaller than 2.5%. For drift angles greater than 2.5%, the average error reached 13%. For piers that were retrofitted and retested, the error in predicting the backbone curve depended on the state of damage before the retest. When preexistent microcracks were not se

42、vere, the FE models were able to predict the backbone curves with an error of approximately 12%. However, the error significantly increased and reached a value of approximately 31% when the preexistent microcracks were severe. In addition, the FE models confirmed the experimental observations and sh

43、owed that the SPPT pier system is able to withstand large lateral drift angles with minimal damage. Finally, sensitivity analyses using the FE model showed that the model is sensitive to the softening behavior of the concrete material constitutive law.vExample 4中国桥梁工程学术研究综述为了促进中国桥梁工程学科的发展，系统梳理了各国桥梁工

44、程领域（包括高性能材料、桥梁作用及分析、桥梁设计理论、钢桥及组合结构桥梁、桥梁防灾减灾、桥梁基础工程、桥梁监测、评估及加固等）的学术研究现状、热点前沿、存在问题、具体对策及发展前景。首先在总结了中国桥梁工程建设成就的同时对未来桥梁工程的发展趋势进行了展望；vAssignment中国桥梁工程学术研究综述为了促进中国桥梁工程学科的发展，系统梳理了各国桥梁工程领域（包括高性能材料、桥梁作用及分析、桥梁设计理论、钢桥及组合结构桥梁、桥梁防灾减灾、桥梁基础工程、桥梁监测、评估及加固等）的学术研究现状、热点前沿、存在问题、具体对策及发展前景。首先在总结了中国桥梁工程建设成就的同时对未来桥梁工程的发展趋势进

45、行了展望；Strengthening of a Steel Bridge Girder Using CFRP PlatesFor bridge owners faced with a rising number of structurally deficient steel bridges, the rehabilitation of steel girders using advanced composite materials offers an attractive solution for short-term retrofit or long-term rehabilitation.

46、 Several laboratory studies conducted at the University of Delaware have shown that carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates can be used to effectively strengthen steel bridge girders. Initial studies focused on several issues including the effect on global stiffness and strength, bond force tr

47、ansfer and development, and environmental and fatigue durability of the CFRP/steel bond. Once the feasibility of the strengthening procedure had been thoroughly examined, strengthening of an existing steel bridge girder was performed. This paper reviews the research conducted to date, and presents d

48、etails of a demonstration of this technology performed on a bridge located on Interstate 95 in Newark, Del.Bridge Reliability Assessment Based on MonitoringDuring the past decade, monitoring concepts for structural systems have been subjected to a rapid development process. They have become more and

49、 more important in the intervention planning (e.g., maintenance, repair, rehabilitation, replacement) on new and existing structures. Nevertheless, there is still a strong need for the efficient use of structural monitoring data in the reliability assessment and prediction models. Updating predictio

50、n models, based on monitoring data, affect the intervention strategies. Since these strategies involve costs, monitoring systems assist the efficient spending of available budgets. Therefore, the demand for the efficient use of monitoring data is not only related to structural reliability, but also

51、to cost aspects. 。Bridge Reliability Assessment Based on Monitoring。此处略去300字. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) To present an approach for the efficient inclusion of monitoring data in the structural reliability assessment process; and (b) to demonstrate the use of monitored data for the develop

52、ment of prediction models. The approach is illustrated on an existing highway bridge (the Lehigh River Bridge SR-33), a structure located in Pennsylvania and monitored by the Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems Center, a National Engineering Research Center at Lehigh University.Basic Pe

53、rformance of the Composite Deck System Composed of Orthotropic Steel Deck and Ultrathin RPC LayerFatigue damage in a conventional orthotropic steel bridge deck system poses a formidable challenge to bridge engineers all over the world because of ever-increasing heavy traffic volumes and higher wheel

54、 loads over the past decade. An effective solution may be to enhance the stiffness of the bridge deck to reduce the fatigue stress amplitude of its components. This paper proposes an innovative composite bridge deck system that consists of an orthotropic steel deck stiffened with a 45-mm reactive po

55、wder concrete (RPC) layer. Based on the analysis of HuMen Bridge in China (a suspension bridge with a conventional orthotropic steel bridge deck system with span length of 888 m) and two types of full-scale model tests, .Basic Performance of the Composite Deck System Composed of Orthotropic Steel De

56、ck and Ultrathin RPC LayerBased on the analysis of HuMen Bridge in China (a suspension bridge with a conventional orthotropic steel bridge deck system with span length of 888 m) and two types of full-scale model tests, a comparison investigation is conducted between a conventional orthotropic deck s

57、ystem where the asphalt wearing course has been ignored and the proposed orthotropic deck system that includes an integral concrete wearing course, and the proposed composite bridge deck system proves to be considerably effective in reducing the stress range caused by service vehicle loads when appl

58、ied to long-span steel suspension bridgesBasic Performance of the Composite Deck System Composed of Orthotropic Steel Deck and Ultrathin RPC Layer。. The thin RPC layer can be reliably integrated with the deck plate through stud shear connectors, and no shrinkage cracking occurs on the surface of the RPC layer that is cast on the deck plate. The fact that the tensile stress of the RPC layer is up to 42.7 MPa before cracking occurs demonstrates that cracking will not appear in the RPC layer under service vehicle loads. The analysis, which is investigated on t