universalgrammar.

1、Universal Grammar BY LOLAThe nature of UGThe nature of UGLanguage Principles Language Principles Principles and Parameter Theory Principles and Parameter Theory Uses of UG in language acquisitionUses of UG in language acquisitionRecommended books Recommended books PPT模板下载： 行业PPT模板： 节日PPT模板： PPT素材下载：

2、 PPT图表下载： 优秀PPT下载： PPT教程： Word教程： Excel教程： 资料下载： PPT课件下载： 范文下载： 试卷下载： 教案下载： PPT论坛： The nature of UGThe nature of UG1Universal GrammarUniversal Grammar was put forward by American linguist Noam Noam Chomsky in 1980sChomsky in 1980sUG is “the system of principles, conditions ,and rules that are elemen

3、ts of properties of all human languages .the essence of human langague”(Chomsky ,1976)“由人类所有语言所共有的原则 、条件和规则组成的系统，是人类语言的本质所在。”PPT模板下载： 行业PPT模板： 节日PPT模板： PPT素材下载： PPT图表下载： 优秀PPT下载： PPT教程： Word教程： Excel教程： 资料下载： PPT课件下载： 范文下载： 试卷下载： 教案下载： PPT论坛： The nature of UGThe nature of UG1UG theory holds that the

4、 speaker knows a set of principlesprinciples that apply to all languages ,and parametersparameters that vary within clearly defined limits from one language to another.(V.J.Cook,1988) Acquiring language means learning these principles apply to a particular language and which values appropriate for e

5、ach parameter.(V.J.Cook,1988)PPT模板下载： 行业PPT模板： 节日PPT模板： PPT素材下载： PPT图表下载： 优秀PPT下载： PPT教程： Word教程： Excel教程： 资料下载： PPT课件下载： 范文下载： 试卷下载： 教案下载： PPT论坛： The nature of UGThe nature of UG1The importance of UG is its attempt to integrate grammar, mind ,and acquisition at every moment.The goal of the theory a

6、re to describe language as a property of the human mind and to explain its source. In a word, UG is a theory of knowledgea theory of knowledge , not of behavior; its concern is with the internal structure of human mindinternal structure of human mind.1.Structure-dependencyLanguage PrinciplesLanguage

7、 Principles25.The language faculty3.The projection principles2.The head parameter 4.Types of Universals structure-dependency任何语法变换的规则只能使用在一个个短语结构上，而这种结构成分在不同的任何语法变换的规则只能使用在一个个短语结构上，而这种结构成分在不同的语言中时对应存在的。语言中时对应存在的。DefinitionDefinition: Operations on sentences such as movement require a knowledge of th

8、e structural relationships of the words rather than their linear sequence.Eg: The man who is tall is John. (1) *Is the man who is tall John? (2) Is the man who tall is john?Question formation in English involves moving the auxiliary from the main clause to the front. The head parameterDefinition: De

9、finition: a language has the heads on the same side in all its phrases. e.g.nouns in NPs, verbs in VPs,etc.Examples: English is head-first like the man (verb to the left of the VP)Japanese is head-lastWatashi wa nihonjin desu(I Japanese am, verb to the right of the VP)The projection principle(映射)Def

10、inition: Definition: the properties of lexical entries project onto the syntax of the sentence.Lexical structure must be represented categorically at every syntactic level.Eg: Sue likes whiskyThe properties of the lexical entry like(_NP) ensure that the Verb is followed by an NP in the sentence.Type

11、s of Universals（语言共项）* It is not necessary to show that a universal occurs in dozens of languages. “I have not hesitated to propose a general principle of linguistic structure on the basis of observations of a single language”(Chomsky, 1980) We must know that the theory of UG are disprovable: struct

12、ure-dependency is a hypothesis. The Accessibility Hierarchy:可介入矩阵The language faculty(语言官能) 1.Chomsky thinks language knowledge is independent of other aspects of the mind. And support for the independency of language from the rest of the mind comes from the unique nature of language knowledge.2.The

13、 language faculty is indeed held to be specific to the human species; no other creature apart from human beings possesses a language organ.The framework of Principle and Parameter TheoryThe framework of Principle and Parameter Theory3Competence & performanceCompetence & performanceCompetence

14、: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his Competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language (language (语言能力语言能力) )Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situationsPerformance: the actual use of language in concrete situations（语（语言运用）言运用）1957:Transformational gener

15、ative grammar1965:Standard TheoryIn the 1970s:Extended standard Theory1981:Government /Binding Theory(GB)1987:The principle and parameter theory1995:Minimalist Programme(最简方案)Level two: the descriptions of syntaxLevel two: the descriptions of syntaxThe different periods in Chomskys thinking about sy

16、ntax: The principle and parameter theoryThe principle and parameter theoryMain content:The principle and parameter theorymovementGovernmentThe Pro-drop parameterBinding TheoryUses of UG in language acquisitionsUses of UG in language acquisitions4LAD（Language Acquisition Device): “A procedure that op

17、erates on experience acquired in an ideal community and constructs from it, in a determinate way, a state of the language faculty(Chomsky, 1990). Input(primary linguistic data) Language Acquisition DeviceOutput(a generative grammar) Fingure:The LAD model of L1 acquisitionUses of UG in language acqui

18、sitionsUses of UG in language acquisitions4Input(primary linguistic data) Universal GrammarOutput(a generative grammar) Fingure:The Universal grammar model of L1 acquisitionUG and First Language AcquisitionUG and First Language AcquisitionThe poverty-of the stimulus argumentThe poverty-of- the-stimu

19、lus argument(The poverty-of- the-stimulus argument(经验中刺激匮乏经验中刺激匮乏), ), also known as Plato problemPlato problem, claims that the nature of language knowledge is such that it could not have been acquired from the actual samples of language available to the human child.The poverty-of the stimulus argu

20、mentStep A a native speaker of a particular language knows a particular aspect of syntaxStep B this aspect of syntax could not have been acquired from the language input typically available to children.Step C This aspect of syntax couldnot have been learned from outsideStepDThis aspect of syntax in

21、built-in to mindFirst Language AcquisitionThe evidence available to the L1 learnerThe evidence available to the L1 learnerPositive evidence requirement: Positive evidence requirement: children must learn language simply from examples of language spoken by others;Occurrence requirement: Occurrence re

22、quirement: any type of evidence needed by the children must be shown to occur in normal language situations; Uniformity requirements : Uniformity requirements : the type of evidence must be available uniformly to all children regardless of culture, class.Take-up requirement: Take-up requirement: chi

23、ldren must be shown to make use of this type of evidence.First Language AcquisitionThe physical basis for Universal GrammarThe physical basis for Universal Grammar UG is part of the genotype specifying one aspect of the initial state of the human mind and brain.”(Chomky,1980) Which means UG is commo

24、n to all human beings and it is species-specific.First Language AcquisitionAcquisition of principles and parameter setting in L1acquisitionAcquisition of principles and parameter setting in L1acquisitionA parameter might :-start in neutral position in which any setting is possible-start from a particular value and need particular evidence to adopt the other setting.First Language AcquisitionExample: the work of pro-drop parameterExample: the work of pro-drop parameterNeutral initial setting Pro-drop setting(PD):SpanishNon-pro-drop setting(NPD):Engli