初中英语定语从句语法讲义

1、初中英语定语从句语法讲义第一章定语从句1. 基本知识精讲 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。用来引导定语从句的词叫关系词（分为关系代词和关系副词）。定语从句一般放在先行词之后。如：This is the engineer who will give us a talk on science. 先行词 关系词 定 语 从 句一、由关系代词引导的定语从句英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that 和as。它们的用法如下：1. who，whom的用法 who 和 whom 指人，在从句中分别作主语、宾语。作动词宾语时常被

2、省掉。在口语中可用who代替whom。 如：The young worker who invented this tool is her brother.This is the boy (whom) I helped.2. which的用法 which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语是在非正式语体中可以省略。如：The factory which produces these cars is very large.This is the book (which) you want.3. whose 的用法 whose指人或物，在从句中作定语，不可省略。Whose有时可用of which替换。

3、如：Do you live in the room whose window opens to the west?This is the student whose pronunciation is the best in our class.4. that的用法 that既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，在非正式语体中常省略。如：There were once six blind men that/ who lived in a village in India.Wheat is a plant that/ which is grown in the north of Ch

4、ina.The letter (that) I received was from my father.注意 只能用关系代词that的场合that既可以指人也可以指物，但在下列场合，要用that，而不用which或who。1. 先行词为all，anything，everything，nothing，much，little，few，any等不定代词时，只能用that。但先行词为something时，用that或which皆可。如：Thats all that I want to say.Everything that the parents do is for the good of their

5、 children.2. 先行词被all，any，no，the only，the very（恰好），little，few等词修饰时。如：Thank you for giving me the very book that Im looking for.He is the only person that was present at the meeting.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.3. 指物的先行词被形容词的最高级或被序数词修饰时。如：This is the best film that has been shown this

6、year.I like the second football match that was held last week.4. 先行词中既有人又有物时。如：The hero has saved the horse and its rider that fell into the river.He talked about the school and the teachers that he had visited.5. 当先行词为the way，the time，the period等时，但that通常被省略。如：I dont like the way (that) you speak t

7、o her.This is the last time (that) I shall help you.6. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语。7. 在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中，为避免重复用that引导取代which或who。5. as的用法as引导限制性定语从句通常构成suchas, the sameas或asas等固定搭配。as在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如：I want to have such a dictionary as you have.I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.二、关系副词引导的定语

8、从句英语中的关系副词有when，where，why等。1. when的用法 when指时间、修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于at/ in/ on which。如：How can I forget the day when (=on which) I joined the Youth League?I thought of the days when (=in which ) we studied together.He came at a time when the students needed him.2. where的用法 where指地点，修饰表示地点的先行词，在定

9、语从句中作地点状语，相当于in/ on/ at which。如：This is the farm where (=on which) my grandfather once worked.That is the place where (=in which) we lived two years ago.3. why的用法 why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。如：I dont know the reason why (=for which) you get so angry with me.Do you know the reason why

10、he was late for school?注意 表示时间、地点的名词后关系词的选用当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词时，有时用when/ where，有时用that/ which引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的而定。如果是及物动词就用that/ which（作从句的主语或宾语）；如果是不及物动词，就用when/ where（作从句的状语。）试比较：This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that/ which he visited last year.I thought of the h

11、appy days when I stayed in Beijing.I have never forgotten the days that/ which we spent together.三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体。能作这种用法的关系代词主要有which（指物）和whom（指人），它们既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。大致可以分为以下几种结构： 1. 介词+关系代词 whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般位于关系代词之前，形成紧密的介词短语。如：This is the classroom in

12、 which we studied last year.The student to whom you talked just now is a good football player.有时为了是关系代词紧跟在它所修饰的词之后，也可以把介词放在从句的谓语动词之后。这时which，whom在口语中和在非正式文体中常被省略。如：This is the hotel (which) they are staying at/ in.但从句中不论含有作宾语的which还是whom，只要含有带介词的短语动词，这时短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词之后。如：Is this the book which sh

13、e was looking forThe babies whom the nurse are looking after are very healthy.He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.注意 介词的选定1. 介词的选定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配。如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)2. 介词常受先行词的制约，即介词和先行词的搭配。如：He built a telescope through which he co

14、uld study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)2. 名词 /数词/ 代词+介词+关系代词这时介词短语作定语修饰该名词或代词等。如：She wrote a book, the name of which I have completely forgotten.There are four students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard at a problem in mathematics.The watches were stolen, one of which

15、 was mine.3. 形容词最高级+介词+关系代词China has thousand of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.I have three sisters, the tallest of whom is my youngest sister.四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。1. 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。如果去掉它，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时，它与先行词之间不用逗号隔开。如：Do you know t

16、he professor who gave us a talk yesterdayThe play that we watched last night was wonderful.2. 非限制性定语从句这种定语从句的主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的补充说明，是主句多一层意思，没有它主句也能独立存在，而且意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间通常用逗号隔开。这种定语从句中的关系代词不可省略。如：Mr. Smith, who is my English teacher, often helps me with my English.All the books there, which hav

17、e pictures in them, were written by Mr. Wang.Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work.注意 as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别1. 关系代词指代主句中某一个名词或名词词组，并对该名词或名词词组进行补充说明时，只能用which引导定语从句。如：The football match, which I watche

18、d yesterday, is very exciting.2. 关系代词指代主句谓语部分的整个概念时，只能用which引导定语从句。如：He can write a letter in English, which I cannot.3. 代表前面整句话的意思，可以用which或as。但as常常含有“正如；像”的含义，而which却常常含有“这一点”的意思。如：I said nothing, which made him angry.(我什么也没说，这使他很生气。)He finished the task in time, as we had expected. (他按时完成了任务，正如我们预料的那样。)4. 指代后面整句话的意思时，只能用as引导定语从句。如：As anyone can see, they are very happy.5. as引导的非限定性定语从句，可在句首、句中或句尾，which只能在句尾。五、分隔定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。但有时为了句子结构的协调匀称，或为了行文的需要，在先行词和定语从句之间插入了一些其他成分，使二者分隔开来，这样就形成了分隔定语从句。如： A new master will come tomorrow wh