《语用与交际》练习测试题库与答案

1、华中师大学网络教育学院本科语用与交际练习测试题库及答案I. Answer the following questions in your own words(每题 2 分)1. What is the fun cti on of con text in un dersta nding uttera nces?The fun cti on of con text in un dersta nding uttera nces is to help liste ners to n arrow dow n their choices in un dersta nding the meaning of

2、uttera nces.2. What is the relatio nship betwee n deixis and con text?A very close relati on ship exists betwee n deixis and con text.3. What is the gestural use of place deixis?If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use.4. How does conversational impli

3、cature explain Ianguage in terms of meaning?It expla ins Ian guage from function al, com muni cative and con textual aspects.5. How many maxims are there in co-operative principle? And what are they?Four. They are quality maxim, quantity maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim.6. Who inven ted the te

4、rm “ Pragmatics ”？Charles Morris, an America n philosopher7. What are the three sub-branches of semiotics?They are syn tactics, sema ntics and pragmatics8. What is Carnap ' s understanding of“Pragmatics ”？Basically Carnap un dersta nds Pragmatics as what Morris has poin ted out, but specifically

5、 speak ing, Carnap thinks that Pragmatics should study in dexicals in Ian guage.9. What is the advantage of studying Pragmatics?One adva ntage of study ing Ian guage through pragmatics is that we can talk about people inten ded meanin gs, their assumpti ons, their purposes or goals, and all kinds of

6、 actions (for example, requests) that they are perform ing whe n they speak.10.1s grammatical mistake equal to Pragmatic failure?Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.11. Why pragmatists study moti on verb un der place deixis?Because moti on verbs con ta in a ki nd of built-in direct i

7、ons face.huma nbeings12. Why don' t people say what they mean in com muni cati on?Because they want to be co-operative, polite and save their own and other'13. What does CP sta nd for in Pragmatics?In Pragmatics, CP stands for co-operative principle.14. What is positive face?Positive face is

8、 the n eed to be liked by others, or the n eed to be accepted and treated as social equals.15. What is on record?On record is a tech ni cal term, referri ng to uttera nces not directly addressed to others.16. What is the disadva ntage of study ing Pragmatics?One big disadvantage of pragmatic study i

9、s that all these concepts related to are extremely difficult to an alyze in a con siste nt and objective way.17.1s semantic mistake equal to Pragmatic failure?No. Semantic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.18.What are the possible interpretations of the phrase “Jane' s car ”？Possible in

10、terpretatio ns arethe car owned by Jane, the car kept by Jane, the car ren tedby Jane etc.19.1s time part of con text?Yes. Time is part of con text20.What is the gen eral role of pers onal deixis in com muni cati on?Its role is to in dicate who participates in com muni cati on21.1s grammatical mista

11、ke equal to Pragmatic failure?Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure22. What is the role of con text in un dersta nding uttera nces?The role of con text in un dersta nding uttera nces is to help liste ners to n arrow dow n their choices in un dersta nding.23. What ki nd of relati on shi

12、p exists betwee n deixis and con text?A very close relati on ship exists betwee n deixis and con text.24. How do you un dersta nd gestural use of place deixis?If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use25. How does con versati onal implicature expla in I

13、an guage in terms of meaning?It expla ins Ian guage from function al, com muni cative and con textual aspects.II. Explain the following terms briefly.（每题 4 分）1. inference2. lin guistic con text3. Pragmatics4. appropriacy5. in direct meaning6. politeness7. face wants8. non-li nguistic con text9. deix

14、is10. c onv ersati onal implicature11. c on text12. co-operative prin ciple13. presuppositi on14. calendric use of time deixis答案：1. Inference means that we ofte n infer or make guesses as to what the speaker intends to mean whe n he says somethi ng?2. It refers to the Ianguage that surrounds or acco

15、mpanies a piece of utteranee or discourse un der an alysis.3. Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of Ianguage in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.4. Appropriacy means that people should say the right thing to the right person with the right manner at the r

16、ight place and in the right situation.5. In direct meaning is the meaning that people intend to con vey. It is also termed as the com muni cative mea ning or con textual mea ning.6. Politeness is showing awareness of other ' s public self-image. Usually politeness canbe understood as various mea

17、ns that people use in either situations of social closeness or situati ons of social dista nee.7. Face wants refer to one ' s face expectations. Normally people expect that others will respect their face in com muni cati on.8. Non-I in guistic con text refers to the type of com muni cative eve n

18、t (for example, joke,story, lecture, greeti ng, con versati on); the topic; the purpose of the eve nt; the sett ing including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relati on ships betwee n them; the backgro und kno wledge etc.9. Deixis is a group of wo

19、rds in dicat ing pers on, time, place, etc. It is origi nated froma Greek verb, meaning “point ” ,“show" and “indicate ” in English.10 . Conversational implicature is the meaning implied in a conversation. Usually itin dicates the speaker' s com muni cative purpose.11. Con text can be subdi

20、vided into lin guistic con text and non-li nguistic con text. The former refers to the Ianguage that surrounds or accompanies a piece of utteranee or discourse under analysis, it refers to the linguistic elements that are around an utteranee. The latterin cludes: the type of com muni cative eve nt (

21、for example, joke, story, lecture, greet ing, conv ersati on); the topic; the purpose of the eve nt; the sett ing in clud ing locati on of day, time and physical aspects of the situati on; the participa nts and the relati on ships betwee n them; the backgro und kno wledge etc.12. Traditi on ally,peo

22、ple date the inven ti on of the co-operative prin ciple back to the workof the America n philosopher n amed H. Paul Grice. The prin ciple in cludes:The Maxim of Qualitytry to make your contribution one that is true, specifically:a) do not say what you believe to be falseb) do not say that for which

23、you lack adequate evide neeThe Maxim of Qua ntitya) make your con tributi on as in formative as is required for the curre nt purpose of theexchangeb) do not make your con tributi on more in formative tha n requiredThe Maxim of Releva neemake your eon tributi ons releva ntThe Maxim of Mannerbe perspi

24、cuous, and specificallya) avoid obscurityb) avoid ambiguityc) be briefd) be orderlyIn short, these maximsspecify what participa nts have to do in order to eon duct com muni cati on in a maximally efficie nt, rati on al, co-operative way. To do so, they should speak sin cerely, relevantly and clearly

25、, while providing sufficient information.13. By presuppositi on, we refer to a meaning take n as give n which does not therefore n eedto be asserted. It has been variously defined as “semantic presupposition ” (non-defeasible,eon tributesto the truth-c on diti onalmeaning of the senten ce),and“ prag

26、maticpresuppositi on ”(ca ncellablewhileincon siste ntwith speaker/hearerkno wledge about the world). Pragmatic Presuppositi on can be un derstood as ano ther type ofpragmatic inference 。14. Gen erally speak ing, most Ian guages have a basic system of reck oning and measuri ng timethrough n atural c

27、ycles of day and ni ght, lunar mon ths, seas ons and years. This is the cale ndric use of time units. Such time units can be used calendrically to locate events in absolute 'time relative to absolute ' time origin. For such calendric time units, there are fixedbegi nning and ending. For exam

28、ple, a cale ndar year is madeup by cale ndar mon ths from Janu ary, February, March, April, May to Decemberwhile a cale ndar mon th, March, for example,con sistsof cale ndar days like March 1, March 2, 3 un til the last day of that mon th. For a cale ndaryear, the beg inning is always fixed on Janua

29、ry and the ending on December. And for a cale ndarmon th, the begi nning is always the first day of that mon th while the ending is alwaysthelast day of that mon th.III.A. Identify the symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic uses ofthe second personal pronounyou' in the following three ca ses.（ 每题 2

30、 分）1. You never know whether to read every chapter or skip one or two.2. I know you will all enjoy reading this chapter.3. You have to read it and you have to read it and you have to read it.1、Non-deictic 2. Symbolic 3. GesturalB. Please ide ntify the symbolic, gestural, and non -deictic uses of the

31、 time deixis “noW in the following three cases.（每题 2 分）1. I know more about Pragmatics now than before.2. Now that wasn ' t very nice.3. Are you ready? Wait for it! Wait for it!NOWfHere the speaker is using arisin g-falli ng inton ati on to show stress.）C.1、symbolic 2. non-deictic 3. gesturalPle

32、ase ide ntify the symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic uses of the dem on strative pronoun “this ” in the following three cases.（每题 2 分）1. I bet you weren' t expecting this example.2. And the n this stra nge guy walks in and vomits.3. Which fin ger did he bite?/ This little finger on the right?1.

33、 symbolic 2. non-deictic 3. gesturalIV. Do the following exchanges violate any maxims under the co-operative principle? If yes' , po int out which maxim is being flouted.（每题2分）1. Johnny:Hey Sally let ' s play marbles.Mum:How is your homework gett ing along Joh nny?Yes. It violated the maxim

34、of relati on.2. A: I hope you bought bread and cheese.B:Ah, I bought the bread.Yes. It violated the maxim of qua ntity.3. A: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?B:Let' s go and get some tea.Yes. It violated the maxim of relati on.4. (In a family mealtime conversation, participants talk about field ho

35、ckey and how Murh has allegedly been active in this sport for a very long time, Dad seesfit to offer some ironic comments on Mum' s sportive achievements.)Mum:I used to spend a lot of time playing field hockey, good sport.Dad:Yeah, Mummy was probably play ing field hockey whe n Herbert Hoover to

36、ok office.Mum:YeahDad:Woodrow Wils on and Teddy Roosevelt.Mum:MhmDad:George Washi ngtonChild:Abraham Lin col nDad:Aristotle andChild:Thomas Jeffers onMum:Yeah,eve n whe n they bombed Pearl Harbour I was.Yes. It violated the maxim of quality5. Mum:Which H-O-S-P-l-T-A-L shall we take Jimmy to?Dad The

37、n earest one.Yes. It violated the maxim of manner.6. A:Where is Bill?B:There' s a yellow car outside Sue ' s house.Yes. It violated the maxim of relati on7. (Below is a con versatio n betwee n a couple after the husba nd comes back from the supermarket.)Wife:I hope you bought bread and chees

38、e.Husba nd:Ah, I bought the bread.Yes. It violated the maxim of qua ntity8. (Mary and Ti na are two good frie nds. One day Mary went to see Ti na in her office andno ticed the Tina was very busy with piles of work on her table.) Mary:Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?Tina:Let' s go and get some tea

39、.Yes. It violated the maxim of relati on9. (Here is a conversation between a British and a non-British in 1960s. The British seemsto worry about the curre nt situati on of the Gulf.) British:What if USSR blocks the Gulf and all the oil?Non-British:Oh, come now. Brita in rules the seas.Yes. It violat

40、ed the maxim of quality10. (Harry committed a social offence and had been brought to trial. His friend, Tom, asked Jack about the outcome of the trial.)Tom:How did Harry fare in court the other day?Jack:Oh, he got a fine.No. It didn ' t violate any maxim.11. John is a fish.Yes. It violated the m

41、axim of quality12. A: Where is my box of chocolates?B: The childre n were in your room this morni ng.Yes. It violated the maxim of releva nee13. A: We shall all miss Bill a nd Mary.B: We shall all miss Bill.Yes. It violated the maxim of qua ntity.14. The best of 4 x 4 x far (an automobile ads.)Yes.

42、It violated the maxim of manner.15. Was Hitler going to be moderate?Yes. It violated the maxim of quality16. War is war.Yes. It violated the maxim of qua ntity.17. Husband: Let ' s give kids something to eat.Wife: Yes, but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.Yes. It violated the maxim of mannerV. For the f

43、ollow ing sen ten ces, you are required to ide ntify presuppositi on triggers first and then give a semantic presupposition for each.(每题 2 分)1. The flying saucer came again.2. Jane' s husband went to Newcastle3. Before the child goes to school, he must finish his homework.4. If I had not had a c

44、old, I would have gone to the shopping mall.5. What Mary lost was her purse.6. I regret having drunk John ' s homebrew.7. John realized that he had made a mistake.8. Mary man aged to finish in time.9. John stopped beating his child.10. John accused Bill of stealing the book11. The Prime Min iste

45、r forgot to keep a record of her in structio ns at the time arms were exported to Italy.12. Carol is a better student than Bill.13. They retur ned to the place.14. Why are you late today?15.1 left before he ate his cake.16. It wasn ' t she who took away Larry ' s notebook.17. The flying sauc

46、er came before.18. Tom regrets drinking John ' s home brew.19.If music was the food of love, play on.20.1 stopped jogging after a visit to the doctor.21.Is there a professor of lin guistics at MIT?22. After he married, he became hen-pecked.23. We happe ned to run out of fuel.24. He saw a man wit

47、h two heads.25. Nobody realised that Lily was ill.答案：1、The flying saucer came before.(again) 2、Jane has a husband.(Jane ' s husband)3、The child goes to school. (Before )4、I had a cold. (If )5、Mary lost something. (What Mary lost was)6、I have drunk John ' s homebrew. (regret)7、John made a mis

48、take. (realized)8、Mary tried hard to finish in time. (managed)9、John beat his child. (stop)10、John thought that John stole a book (accuse)11、The Prime Minister should have kept a record of her instructions at the time arms were exported to Italy.12、Bother Carol a nd Bill are stude nts.13、They left t

49、he place.14、You are late today.15、He ate his cake.16、Some one took away Larry ' s no tebook.17、The flying saucer came at least once.18、Tom drank John ' s home brew.19、Music wasn ' t the food of love.20、I jogged before.21、There is either a professor of linguistics at MIT or there isn'

50、 t.22、He married.23、We didn ' t expect to run out of fuel.24、There existed a man with two heads.25、Lily was ill.VI. Multiple Choices (每题 2 分)Directions:For each problem in this part, you are presented with one situation with more thanone utteranee underneath. Read the description of each situati

51、on with the utterances and decide which is the most appropriate utterance in that situation.1. One day, whe n an America n lady accide ntally bumped into Wei Lin.Lady: I'm terribly sorry.Wei: A) It does n't matter. B) Never mi nd. C) That's all right. D) Don't worry.2. Jane is talkin

52、g to her friends Bill and Pat outside the cinema.Jane: Well, what did you thi nk of the film, the n?Bill: Oh, I thought it was great. Did n't you thi nk so, Pat?Pat: A) Well, maybe. B) No.C) Yes, in a way. But ve seen better. D) Yes. I dare say you are right. But ve seen better.3. At a bus stopM

53、an: Excuse me, do you know which bus to catch for London Road, please?Woma n: A) It does n't matter. B) Oh. C) Never mind. D) Thank you(He the n went to ano ther pers on.)4. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finished visiting one workshop,

54、 he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says:A) This way, please. B) Come here! C) Follow me! D) Move on!5. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said:A) You're not busy, I hope. B) Got a minute?C) Can I have a word

55、 with you Mr Smith? D) rm terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr Smith.6. If some one gives you directi ons in En glish so quickly that you don't un dersta nd, you might resp ond:A) " Excuse me, I'm still lear ning the Ian guage. Could you repeat that a little more slowly?"B) " Tha

56、nk you. I appreciate your help."C) " Could you repeat that?" D) Try to repeat the directi on to the pers on.7. Hsiao Ma is an interpreter. One day a foreign visitor, Mr Brown, talks to him.Brow n: Your En glish is quite flue nt.Ma: A) Thank you. It's kind of you to say so.B) No, n

57、o, my English is poor. C) No, not at all. D) Oh, no, far from that. I still havea long way to go.8. Betty is a foreign student in China. She has met Peng Fei.B: I was told that you won the 100-meter race in the all-city track meet this morning.Con gratulati ons!P: A) Just lucky. B) Tha nk you.C) I c

58、an't say I did well this morning. D) I could have done better if it had n't bee n so cold.9. " Youare to be here by eight." The relati on shipbetwee n the speaker and the hearer is probablyA) teacher and stude nt. B) husba nd and wife. C) sisters. D) frie nds.10. Your friend's mother, Mrs Keeler, asked if you wouldlike something to eat. What would yousay to refuse politely?You: A) Not for the moment, thank you, Mrs Keeler, I'm full. B) No, thanks. I've just had lun ch.C) Oh, no, Mrs Keeler, I have n't lon