本杰明富兰克林自传(Benjamintheautobiographyofbenjamin

1、本杰明。富兰克林自传(Benjamin.theautobiographyofbenjaminfranklin)Hisautobiographyismystruggle,andthatseemstobehisbrother'sprintednewspaperarticle,inshort,thingsseemtobealittlebitdifferentfromwhatyousay.Thefollowingpastetheoriginal,Ihopetohelpyou.BenjaminFranklin(BenjaminFranklin)Thereisafullrangeofgreatfi

2、guresintheUnitedStates,manyscholarscalledhim"thesage","the"fatheroftheAmericanRevolution,heisFranklin.Moststudentsjustknow:heisflyingthekiteconductinginthestoryofscientists,butyoumaynotknowthathewasapioneerintheUnitedStatesineighteenthCentury,enlightenmentindustrialists,scientist

3、s,writers,politicians,diplomats,oneoftheleadersoftheAmericanRevolution,assistingindrafting,modifyingthe"American"Declarationofindependence",hisachievementinone'slife,atthesametimealmostnoonecanmatch.Youmustthinkheisageniusinfactheonlytook2yearsofprimaryschool,thendroppedoutofschoo

4、ltotheprintingshopasanapprenticeprinter.Father'slittlehelperFranklinwasborninBoston,USAin1706,whentheUnitedStateswasnotindependent,anditwasaBritishcolonyThehomeofalotofbrothersandsisters,fatherofmanychildrencannotaffordschoolfees,sotheFranklinbrothers,veryearlyintoavarietyofdifferentindustries,B

5、aishixueyi.Atthattime,nothingmattersthantolearnmoreimportantproficiencyinaparticularline,supportingthefamily.Therefore,althoughFranklinhadschool,butattheageof10,beganwhenthefather'sbusinesslittlehelper,operatingoilandcandles,soapmaking.Franklin'sfatherisaversatile,strongman,inpainting,music,

6、machineryhavetalent,indealingwithsomethings,canoftenexhibitprofoundinsightsandcorrectthejudge,healsoofteninvitedthelocalpeoplewithwisdomtomanysocialandlifeproblemsathome,Franklininthisenvironmentinfluence,fromanearlyagetodevelopgood,honest,prudent,constantlyseekknowledgeandvirtue.Becausegrewupincoas

7、talareas,Franklingrewtolovethesea,verygoodatswimming,boating,sothebodyisverygood,whichmakesthelittlesickinhislife.Hischildhoodbiggestdreamistogotosea,thefathertoworryhelefthometogosailing,willbringhimaround,oftentakehimtowatchsomeoutstandingcraftsmenIhopetowork,hisinterestisfixedinaland-basedindustr

8、y.Becauseofthis,Franklinsavvy,plustheinquisitive,hequicklylearnedtousemanyskillsandtools,sohecaneasilymakesomeexperimentsorself-madesmallmachinery.Printers'articlesAttheageof12,hisbrotherJamesbacktoaprintingmachineandthetypefromtheUK,athisfather'sbehest,Franklinbeganwhenhisbrother'sAppre

9、ntice(right:asanapprenticeofFranklin),learningtheprinting.Thisperiodofapprenticeshipperiod,heoftenfoundbecausehehasnevergonetoschool,sowriteorwritethelackofvocabulary,grammar,confusion,withhisfatheracommunicationcontentheandhisfriends,alsoaccusedhimof:organizedasothersclearlywordedastheotherelegant.

10、ThismakesFranklinfeelverysad,buthewasdeterminedtowritethearticle.Thenhebegantoreadalotofbooksthatmagazine,andtheimitationofpublicationsonthestyle.Hiswayistoputthethoughtoutlineinmind,thentheirvocabularyandgrammarreexpression,andthencomparedwiththeoriginalarticle,findtheirowninadequacies.Byconstantly

11、reading,continuetowrite,byhiswriting,healsoanonymously,foranumberofarticlestobrotherJames's"newEngland"report,atthattime,James'snewspaperhasconsiderablepopularityandsales,brotherthoughthewasalearnedfamousscholarFranklinofthattimeisonly15,6yearsold.AmericanpeoplewhodrinkwaterInfact,

12、Franklinandhisbrotheroftenquarrel,partlybecauseFranklinyoung,oftencontradictbrotherhand;Jamesalsoquiteirritabletemper,motionlessontheapprenticebrotherfinallygottwocuffandkick,finallypart.LeavethebrotherofFranklin,thisyearonly17yearsold,hedecidedtomakeacareerforhimself.',PennilessFranklin,firstfi

13、ndaprintingjobinPhiladelphia,withexcellenttechnologyandseriousattitude,graduallyhewasboss,healsodoesnotnecessarilymakesomemoney,buttobehonest,studiousperson,todiscusswitheachotherarticles,poetry,philosophyoflife.Later,afterFranklinalsowenttoBritain,originallythoughtcanbefundedintheUK,herealizedhisow

14、nbusinessideas,butprogressisnotsmooth,hehadtostayintheUK.TheBritishprintingworkersaremostlyalcoholic,becausetheythinkthatdrinkingcanincreasestrength,butFranklinisdifferent,hethoughtcontroldietcanmakethemindclear,quickthinking,improvetheefficiency,sohedidnotdrink,isavegetarian,sothefactoryBritsaremoc

15、kinghimas"waterAmerican".Althoughthedrinkdonotdrink,Franklinisveryhard,typesettingisalsothefastest,soalwaysbedesignatedforsomeurgent,sohissalaryisparticularlyhigh.AbusinessmanwithhighmoralstandardsIn1726,FranklinreturnedtoAmericainPhiladelphia,withtheirhardworkandtalent,henotonlyhasagoodpr

16、intingtechnology,butalsoproducecopper,type,andhisculturallevelhasbeenoutoftheordinaryprintingworkers,hecanread,write,dohavetheirownviewsandthinking,moreimportantisheformeditsownsetofmoralethics.GodhasbroughtopportunitiesforthosewhoarereadyforFranklin,andothersfromthejointventureprintingshop,statione

17、ryshop,totheirwhollyownedbusinessfromthegeneralpublicdocuments,printing,votes,hasbeenextendedtoprintingmoney,ownanewspaper.Everyday,oftenbusyuntil11atnight.Thehard-working,industriousandfrugal,Franklinquicklysettledbusinessloans,butheneversetfootinuselessentertainment,neverfishing,hunting,alwaysread

18、inginhissparetime,heloveshiswork,oftenpersonallydelivery,andadherencetocredit,promiseothers,neverowed;slowly,moreandmorepeopleknowFranklin,knowthatheisanhonest,trustworthy,withhighmoralstandards.Theculturalbusinessman,allpeoplearewillingtomakefriendswithsuchapersonorbusiness.Devoteoneselftopublicaff

19、airsManypeoplesupport,Franklinhasbeenback.Heinitiallyestablishedthe"secretagency",membersofthemoral,political,naturalphilosophyandotherissuestodiscusswitheachother,nottodiscussthewayofwriting,arguetowinattitude,buttoexplorethespiritoftruth.Theproperfunctioning,andlaterderivedothersecretsoc

20、ietiessubassociations,secretsocietieslasted40years,becamethePennsylvania,manypoliticalandsocialissuesofthewindball.Thesecretsocietymemberstodiscussissues,oftenneedtoreferencebooksevidence,Franklinsuggestedthattheindividualbookstogether,andlaterfoundedthelibrary,derivedforthepublicnatureoftheproject,

21、theestablishmentofapubliclibrary,thelibraryisasubscriptionlibrarylaterAmericaoriginator.Franklinwaselectedin1736theStateCouncilSecretary,formallyenteredthepoliticalarena,theFranklinshiftthefocusoftheworktothepublicaffairsorganization:thefirebrigade,theestablishmentoffireinsurancecompany,donatedtheor

22、phanage,theestablishmentofPennsylvaniaUniteddefense,foundedtheUniversityofPennsylvania,helpingtorunthehospital,andservedasPostmasterGeneralofAmericain1753,PrimeMinisterAmericapostalwork,theseachievementsoftheAmericaneducation,culture,military,socialinfluence.In1754,representativesofthecoloniesinNort

23、hAmericaadoptedthecoalitionplandraftedbyFranklinduringthemeeting.Inthemeeting,heputforwardtheslogan"disunityleadstoextinction",callingfortheunityofthecolonialpeopleandthestruggleforfreedomIn1775,FranklinwaselectedastherepresentativeoftheSecondContinentalCongress,andparticipatedindraftingan

24、dmodifyingthedeclarationofindependenceIn1776,plenipotentiaryappointedtheUnitedStatestoParis,completedaseriesofdiplomaticmissions,andsuccessfullypromotedthealliancebetweentheUnitedStatesandFranceIn1785,FranklinservedasgovernorofPennsylvania,andwasreelectedforthreetimesduetothetrustandloveofthepeoplet

25、hroughoutthestateIn1787,theUnitedStatestookpartintheConstitutionalConventionandworkedhardtoabolishslaveryAchievementinsciencePhiladelphiaexperimentFranklinbeganhiselectricalstudyafterreadingtheLeidenbatteryin1746,accordingtohisopinion,Hebelievesthatthenatureofelectricityandlightningfrictionisthesame

26、,itisforlong-termobservation,comparisonandanalysisoflightning,andfoundthattheyhavemanythingsincommon:includinglight,lightcolorzigzagshapecanbemadeofmetal,conductive,apoppingsound.TheboldFranklin,plannedtoanamazingexperimentInJuly1752,FranklinandhissonWilliam,inanopeningofthewoodshed,connectedwithlig

27、htningexperiment.Firsthemadeofsilkkite,thetopofthemetalwiretiedathin,withalongropewithakite.Theotherendoftheropetiedforperipheralinsulatedribbon,becausepeoplehideinthewoodshed,ribbonkeepdry,theotherendoftheribbonandribbonkiteinhand.Atthejunction,hangabunchofkeysasacircuitbreakertopreventelectricshoc

28、k.Whenlightninghitsthekite,toseetheirsonfiberropeup,Franklincouldnothelpbutreachoutandtouchkeysbetweenfingerandsuddensparkleftside,linen,Franklinexcitedlytoldhisson:"thisiselectricity!"Later,Franklininapaper"onthesameelectricalandlightning",senttotheRoyalSociety,whenscientistsatf

29、irstbythecold,soontheFrenchscientist,thisexperimentwassuccessfullyrepeatedinParisaftertheattention,evenbythekingLouisJugopleasegoonthespotshows,EuropeansciencebegantorecognizetheworkofFranklinheaccepted,andbecameafellowoftheRoyalSociety,andawardedKepuligoldmedal.BecauseofthisFranklin,manyscientistsb

30、egantostudythe"electric",openedtheeraofelectricindirectresearch.Itisworthmentioningthatmanyscientistsintheredothisexperiment,alltheaccidentdeath,Franklinwasnotdeadthatcanbesaidtobeverylucky.OtherinventionsInadditiontoelectricity,Franklinalsopublishedontheoptical,thermal,kineticworksonbotan

31、y,mathematics,chemistryalsocontributed,evenmorestrangeisthatheisontheGulfstreamtodoresearchindifferentlocations,measuringthedepthoftheGulfstreamtemperature,flowrateandanalysisofitsimpactontheclimate.Hisscientificinventionisalsoquiteimpressive:thelightningrodisoneofthem(suchastheleftpicturebelow)Anot

32、herimportantinventionisthe"Franklinstove",whichenhancestheefficiencyofburningstovesandsavesalotoffirewood,whichbringsgreatconveniencetothepeopleinNorthAmericaBecauseFranklinhadeyespresbyopia,tolooknearlyfarveryconvenient,put2glassescutinhalfandsetinthesameframe,thisiswhatwenowcall"TVa

33、dsglasses"Fool(right).Franklin'sbrother,John,wassufferingfromkidneystones,andFranklininventedthefirst"urinecatheter"tohelphisbrotherandbenefitthelatergenerationsIntheofficeofthepostmastergeneral,heinventedthefirstodometer(forexample,theright),inordertounderstandtherouteanddistance

34、,soastocalculatepostageWhobelievesthatallthisisfromapersonwhohasonlyreadbooksforafewyears?Franklin'sviewofmoralityItcanbesaidthatFranklinisaliberalandDemocrat,althoughineighteenthCenturythereligiousthoughtisstillprevalent,buthewasintheBibledoctrine,notcompletelybelieve;hebelievedthattherelationshipbetweenpeople,themostimportantthingistrue,