动词的时和体

1、时和体 “时”（Tense)是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词有两个时： 现在时（Present Tense） 过去时（Past Tense） “体”（Aspect）也是个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在某一时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语动词有两个体： 进行体（Progressive Aspect） 完成体（Perfect Aspect） 12.1 现在完成体和现在完成进行体现在完成体和现在完成进行体 完成体是动词的一种形式，它表示该动词所表示的动作或状态已经完成已经完成。 完成体是由助动词have的一定形式加-ed分词构成，分为现现在完成体在完成体(Present Perfe

2、ct)和过去完成体过去完成体(Past Perfect)。它们又可与进行体相结合，构成现在完成进行体现在完成进行体(Present Perfect Progressive)和过去完成进行体过去完成进行体(Past Perfect Progressive)。 ed分词=现在完成体 have/has+ been+ing分词=现在完成进行体 完成体完成体 ed分词=过去完成体 had+ been+ing分词=过去完成进行体 1.现在完成体的用法现在完成体的用法 现在完成体(由have/has+-ed分词构成)，有两个主要用法，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。 “已完成”用法是指动作或过程发生在说话

3、之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间)，现在已经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。例如： Hes turned off the light. (灯在一个过去时间被关掉，说话时仍然关着) “未完成”用法是指动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。例如： Hes lived here since 1960. (他从1960年来到这里居住，至今还住在这里，偶尔也可根据上下文理解为刚刚搬走。) 这两种用法的主要区别是：“已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，而“未完成“用法通常都要与表示一段时间的状语连用。 标志词现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍

4、有影响（已完成用法）用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义： 1）以already, just和yet为标志already, just和yet表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。 2）以ever和never为标志ever和never表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影

5、。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。 3）以动作发生的次数为标志若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次，则要使用现在完成时。He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 4）以so far为标志so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。 He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去（未完成用法）

6、我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手： “终止”、“延续”要转换英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种。在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性，应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如：“Cats” has been on for half an hour.猫已经开演半个小时了。How long have you had this dictionary?这本字典你买了多久了?*初中阶段常见的有：comebe, go outbe out, leavebe away (from), beginbe on, buyhave, borrowkeep, joinbe a mem

7、ber / 介词短语, diebe dead, becomebe, open (v.)be open (adj.) 等。 时间“点”、“段”须分清过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束，也可能继续延续，这时就要根据时间“点”、“段”选择相应的介词for或since。如：He has been away for two years.他已走了两年。(for +时间段)He has been an English teacher since 1992.自从1992年以来他一直当英语教师。 (since +过去某一时刻) 2.现在完成进行体的用法现在完成进行体的用法 1. 表示“持续”：即表示一个从过去某

8、时开始一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止（例句2），也可能还在进行（例句1） Ive been writing letters for an hour (and Ive still got some more to do). Ive been sitting in the garden (and have just come in-doors). 2. 表示“重复”即表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定在进行。如：Weve all along been making mistakes like this. 我们一直犯这样的错误。 3.有时可与现在完成体互换使用

9、 Weve been living here for ten years. Weve lived here for ten years.*但是，由于现在完成进行体还具有进行体的持续、暂时性和未完成性的特点，有时就不可以与现在完成体互换使用： Whos been eating my dinner? Whos eaten my dinner? 前一例的含义是“还有些剩下”，后一例则表示“全给吃光了”，含义不同。*与现在完成进行体连用的主要时间状语现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recentl

10、y / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段等。 3.现在完成（进行）体与过去时比较现在完成（进行）体与过去时比较 上述现在完成体和现在完成进行体的用法， 不论其动作或状态在说话时已经完成还是延续到说话时刻并可能继续下去，都与现在时间有联系。如果与现在时间没有联系，那就要用一般过去时或过去进行体。比较： His sister has been an invalid all her life.(含义是：她现在还活着) His sister was an invalid all her life.(含义是：她现在已经死了) He

11、has lived in China for ten years.(含义是：他可能还住在中国，也可能刚刚离开中国。) He lived in China for ten years.(含义是：他现在已不在中国。) 同样地，如果用了与现在时间没有联系的确定的过去时间状语，也要用一般过去时或过去进行体。比较： Ive been all over Africa. I went all over Africa in 1965. 12.2 过去完成体和过去完成进行体过去完成体和过去完成进行体 1.过去完成体的用法过去完成体的用法过去完成体(由had+-ed分词构成)的主要用法，同现在完成体一样，也有两个

12、，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法，不同的是，过去完成体把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系。过去完成体的“已完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经完成或结束。例如： Tom flew home, but his father had already died. I had written the article when they came. He knew he had met her before.过去完成体的“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。例如： By six oc

13、lock they had worked twelve hours. She said that she had made much progress since she came here. In 1960, Id known him for ten years; I met him for the first time in 1950. 2.过去完成进行体的用法过去完成进行体的用法 过去完成进行体(由had been+-ing分词构成)的主要用法与现在完成进行体的“未完成”用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。例如： Id been working for some time when he c

14、alled. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 有时过去完成进行体和过去完成体可以互换使用。比较： Id been working for three hours when he called. Id worked for three hours when he called. 在两者均可的情况下，口语中倾向于用过去完成进行体。 3.在由在由when/before/after/until等引导的分句中等引导的分句中 过去完成体的用法过去完成体的用法when, after, before, until等

15、连词的互换使用： When I reached the station, the train had already left. I reached the station after the train had left. I didnt reach the station until (after) the train had left. The train had left before I reached the station.上述诸例中的两个先后动作，通常一个用一般过去时表示，另一个用过去完成体表示。由于before,after本身已体现先后性，有时也能用两个一般过去时表示。比较：

16、 The train (had) left before I reached the station. 也可以在以before引导的时间状语分句中用过去完成体，以表示动作的未实现或未完成。例如： He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat. (在我还没有脱下大衣时，他给了我饮料） 能同时使用两个过去完成体的场合极少，下面带有由by the time引导的时间状语分句的句子是少数例子中的一个： By the time I (had) recovered from the shock he had disappeared. 但多半还是一

17、个用一般过去时，另一个用过去完成体。例如： We had got everything ready by the time they arrived. 4.过去完成体的想象性用法过去完成体的想象性用法 过去完成体在下列结构中可用于表示与过去时态相反的主观设想：a)用于if, if only, as if引导的条件分句： If Bernard had walked faster everything would have been all right. I felt as if I had known her all my life. If only you had told me before

18、.b)用于I wish, Id rather等结构后面的that-分句： I wish I had said that I couldnt come. I would rather you had told her the truth.c)用于expect, think, intend, mean (-intend), want, suppose等动词表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图： I had hoped that we would be able to leave tomorrow, but its beginning to look difficult. I had intended

19、 to make a cake, but I ran out of time. 12.3关于完成体用法的几点补充说明关于完成体用法的几点补充说明1、完成体与since-分句带现在完成体的主句常与since-词组或since-分句连用，表示自从某一时点以来一直存在着某种事态。例如：He has taught us English since 2006.在一定上下文中，since还可以作副词出现在句尾：He wrote me last month，but I havent heard from him since.在这里，since=since last month,指的还是一个时点。正因为sin

20、ce-分句常常只指一个时点，所以分句常用非持续性动词的一般过去时。例如：The design has completely changed since we began to use this kind of machine.在since-分句中有时也可用持续性动词或静态动词的一般过去时，表示自从某一时点以来一直存在着某种状态。例如：The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.注意since 与过去时和现在完成时动词连用时的区别： We have known each other since we were at college.

21、（说话时，“我们”已经不在上大学了） We have known each other since we have been at college. （说话时，我们还在上大学）课外延伸延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：study, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay，smoke等。 延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响,又叫非点动词。常见的这类动词有：be，have，keep，know，study，lie，

22、live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延续性动词的用法很广，但常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy,die等。 它可用于现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语

23、连用，又叫点动词.英语中常见的非延续性动词在完成时态中可改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语,这时可与表示一段时间的的状语连用.2、完成体与have got/have got to(美国英语用gotten)： Ive just got a new dictonary.Ive already gotten my books. 但是，在口语中，特别在英国英语中，have/has got 还有另一种用法，就是相当于have/has作有来解释，完成体仅是一种形式，不能作get的现在完成体来解释。例如：Ive got a knife(=I have a knife).另外，在一定的上下文中，have/has

24、 got to作必须来解释，相当于半个助动词have/has to.例如：Weve got to do it now.(We have to do it now)have/has got to 的否定形式是havent/hasnt got to:He hasnt got to do it.(He doesnt have to do it.)had got=had, hadnt got =hadnt, had got to=had to以及hadnt got to=didnt have to 的用法，在直接引语中少见。3、完成体在It is the first time +that-分句中的使用

25、在It is/was/will be the first time+that-分句结构中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-分句动词一律用现在完成体;引导词that可以省略。例如：Its the first time Ive been there.Dont forget,itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.当主句动词为was时，that-分句动词通常用过去完成时，间或也可以用一般过去时;如果有明确的时间状语，而说话时这个时间尚未成为过去，偶尔还可以用现在完成体。例如：It was the first time shed been

26、at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoy it.在上述结构中，主句的主语还可用this,this evening,yesterday等;这种结构中的first也可用其它序数词，time还可由其它名词代替，that-分句中动词形式同上。例如：This is the tenth time (that) This evening will be the first time(that) Yesterday was the second time(that)Its the first month (that)第13讲 将来时间的表示法将来时间的表示法1.表

27、示表示 将来时间的多种结构将来时间的多种结构1) will/shall+不定式 这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“预见”。例如： You will feel better after taking this medicine. Hell be here in half an hour. Do you think itll rain? 二是表示“意图”。例如： Ill do it, if you like. As the railway is not yet open to traffic, we shall go by boat. I promise to pay him back in time

28、, but he wont lend it to me. Ill go and see Tom as soon as I get to Shanghai. 在疑问句中可以用will/shall征询听话人的意图： Will you be at home at seven oclock this evening? What shall I do with your mail? 上述用法都带有说话人的主观看法或态度在内2) will/shall+不定式进行体/完成体这种“will/shall+不定式进行体”结构表示“纯粹”的将来，不包含“意愿”、“意图”等情态意义，有“自然要发生”的意义。 The

29、train will be arriving at two oclock. I shall be writing to you soon. He wont be coming to the party this evening. Ill be telling you all about it when we meet again. Will you be going home next weekend?这种“will/shall+不定式进行体”结构还可以表示将来某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作。 Ill be working in Geneva during May. What will you

30、 be doing this time tomorrow morning? 如果要表示将来某一时刻之前已完成的动作便可以用“will/shall+不定式完成体”结构。 You will have completed the elementary English course by this time next year. Ill have finished my work by five this afternoon. Before long he will have forgotten all about it. The snow will have disappeared before t

31、he end of March. 如果要表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在进行，便可用“will/shall+不定式完成进行体”结构。 By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly. If it rains again tomorrow, then it will have been raining for a solid week.（solid:continutous 连续的）注意：“will+不定式进行体”，“will+不定式完成体”和“will+不定式完成进行体”这三种结构在

32、一定语境中也可能并不表示将来，而仅仅表示说话人的揣测。 Its already six oclock. He wont be working now. 六点了，大概不会在工作。 Hurry up. They will be waiting. 快点，他们一定在等我们。 He will have received my letter by now. 这时他一定已经收到我的信了。 You will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it. 你一定听到消息了，所以我没必要重复了。 They will have been having a holiday

33、 yesterday. 昨天他们大概在度假。 Youll have been wondering all this time how my invention works. 这些时候你们一定想知道我的发明是怎样工作的 3) be going to + 不定式 这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在最近的将来或将来进行某事。例如： Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here? Were going to call a meeting to discuss it. Hes going to be

34、a doctor when he grows up. 用be going to表示“意图”的用法，意图的体现者通常就是句子的主语，但也可能不是。例如： The wall is going to be painted green. (= We or somebody else intend to paint the wall green.) Hes not going to cheat me again. (= I wont let him cheat me again.) “be going to + 不定式”的另一意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。例如： I

35、feel dizzy. I think Im going to faint. Good heavens! I must hurry. Im going to be late. Look at these black cloudstheres going to be a storm. George is putting on weight. Hes going to be very fat. (见P. 153)注意： 上述“be going to+不定式”表示“意图”的用法有时可与“will+不定式”互换 但是be going to表示的“意图”通常是事先经过考虑的，而“will+不定式”表示的

36、“意图”一般是说话时临时到想的，因此在有些语境中不可互换。 如：1)A:Why are you taking down all the pictures? B:Im going to repaper the room.2)A:What a terribly heavy box! B:Ill help you.做做看 He _(come) if you ask him. A:why do you want all the furniture out of the room? B:Because I_(shampoo) the carpet.Its impossible to do it unle

37、ss you take every thing off it first. 这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，也可用于其它动态动词。如： Were leaving on Friday. The President is coming to the UN this week. The plane is taking off at 5:20. Were moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. 以上说的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”，即

38、说话时刻之前已经决定了的安排。这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文表示最近即将发生的动作。例如： A: Where are you going? B: Im going for a walk. Are you coming with me? A: Yes, Im just coming. Wait for me4）be + -ing (现在进行体）现在进行体） 5) be to + 不定式不定式 这一结构的主要用法，一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作： I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon. Theres to be

39、 an investigation. Where are we to stay tonight? 常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如： The Queen is to visit Japan next year. The Prime Minister is to speak on television tonight. 二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如： You are to stand here. Do you understand? Tell her shes not to be back late. 6)一般现在时一般现在时 这一结构主要用于表示根据规定、时间表预计要发生

40、的动作或事态。常见于条件或时间状语分句，表示将来时间。例如： If she comes, well tell her. Ill give it to you after I return. It wont be long before the rain stops. Wait here till the meeting is over. 在主句中一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。例如： Hes in all day Sunday. She retires next month. Tomorrow is Saturday. The term starts on

41、 23rd August. Next Christmas falls on a Thursday. 7 7）补充）补充 be about to do: 1) 表示即将发生的动作，在时间上指最近的将来。如： We are about to start. 我们就要出发了。 The new school year is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。 2) 在含有be about to do的句子中，不能再加时间状语。如： Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately. Right: The medical team i

42、s about to start. 医疗队就要出发了做做看Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage_avoid.A:is to be B:can be C:will beD:has been 2) I suppose that when I come back in ten years time all these old house _ _down. A:will have been pulledB:will have pulledC:will be pulling D:

43、will be pulled3) Pick me up at 8 oclock.I _my bath by then.A: may haveB:will be havingC:can have hadD:will have had 2. 过去将来时间表示法过去将来时间表示法 1) would + 不定式 用“would + 不定式”表示过去将来时间通常带有表示过去将来时间的状语，而且多见从属分句。例如： He said he would come back the next day. We never imagined that he would become a doctor. A: She

44、 washed the car, didnt she? B: No, she forgot. But she said shed wash it tomorrow. 如果要表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作，可用“would + 不定式进行体”。例如： He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland. He told his friend that this time next year he would be studying at Stanford. 如果表示在过去将来某时以前业已发生

45、的事态，可用“would + 不定式完成体”。例如： The delegation would have arrived by 4:00 that afternoon. He said he would have finished his thesis by the end of next month. 如果要表示从过去某时开始一直持续到过去将来某时的动作或事态，可用“would + 不定式完成进行体”。例如： He said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years. By six

46、 oclock that afternoon, they would have been cleaning the house for five hours. 2) was/were going to + 不定式 用“was/were going to + 不定式”表示过去将来，也通常带有过去将来时间的状语。例如: He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. He was going to play tennis that afternoon. 用“was/were going to + 不定式”表示的动作

47、或事态也可以是没有实现的意图。例如： Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained. I was going to finish my article last night but my friend arrived so I didnt have time. 3) was/were to + 不定式不定式 用“was/were to + 不定式”表示过去将来，通常指按过去的计划、安排在某个过去将来时间发生的事态。例如： As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early

48、 on Thursday evening. They were not to get away with it if they continued to violate the law. 此外用“was/were to + 不定式”也可以表示以后不可避免要发生的事件。例如： They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. He received a blow on the head. It didnt worry him at the time, but it was to be very troublesome later. 4)过去进行体和一般过去时过去进行体和一般过去时 用过去进行体表示过去将来通常指按过去的计划、安排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态。例如： He said they we