语言学教程测试题及答案

1、Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contact B. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary ？A. treeB. typewriterC. crash D. bang3. The function of the s

2、entence“ Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. ” isA. interrogative (疑问) B. directive C. informative D. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likelyto say 碎“碎(岁岁)平安 ” as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might aff

3、ecttheir lives. Which functions does it perform ？A. InterpersonalB. Emotive C. Performative V D. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to ta

4、lk about anything in any situation ？A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ A nice day, isn ？'t it Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D.

5、Interpersonal7. refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge of the rules'sof his language in utterances.A. Performance B. Competence C. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that existshear and now. It couldn't

6、 be sorrowful for solomvelorstlost bone. This indicates the designfeature of .A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality9. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics10. dea

7、ls with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communi

8、cation way usedby the deaf-mute is not12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which m

9、eans the details of anylanguage system can be genetically16. Only human beings are able to17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20thcentury, was a French Swiss18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare' s time is an example of the

10、diachronic study of19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and writtenIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ _verbal_ communication.22. In any language words can be used in n

11、ew ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _creativity_ .23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is_metalingual function_ .24. Theory that primitive man made involunt

12、ary vocal noises while performing heavy workhas been called the _yo-he-ho theory.25. Linguistics is the _ scientific study of language.26. Modern linguistics is _ descriptive in the sense that the linguist tries todiscover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. On

13、e general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ _speech overwriting.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a_diachronic_linguistic study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ langue refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of

14、a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ' s langue and Chomsky ' s _competence.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design featureDesign feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tellthe difference between human langu

15、age and any system of animal communication.32. DisplacementDisplacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolizeobjects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33.CompetenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance

16、. It is the speaker 's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is

17、a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic lingu

18、istics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Whydo people take duality as one of the important design features of human language Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature (南开大学

19、， 2004)Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can beformed out of a small number of elements - for instanee, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there ean be ast

20、ronomieal number of possible sentenees and phrases, whieh in turn ean eombine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal eommunieation systems do not have this design feature of human language. If language has no sueh design feature, then it will be like animal eommunieational system whieh will

21、be highly limited. It eannot produee a very large number of soundcombinations, . words, which are distinct in meaning.36. Whyis it difficult to define language （北京第二外国语大学， 2004）It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that coverstoo many things. Thus, definitions for it all h

22、ave their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI. Analyze the following situation. （20%）37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific （青岛海洋大学， 1999）It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow

23、 the scientific procedure: formhypothesis - collect data - check against the observable facts- come to aconclusion.I.15 BACCC 610 BACACII.1115FFTFF 1620 FFFFFIII.verbal22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function25.scientificdescriptive27. speech diachronic linguistic29. languecompetence24.

24、 yo-he-ho28.30.Chapter 2Speech SoundsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is known as when its patterns are imposedon sentences.A. intonationB. toneCpronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phone Cphoneme morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p

25、and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.B. tagmemesC. morphemes D.A. analogues4.allophonesThe opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to aspharynx5.A. glottis 声 门B. vocal cavityC.D. uvulaThe diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tonguetowardsthe center are known asdiphthongs

26、.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD.6.centeringA phoneme is a group of similar sounds calledphones7.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC.D. allophonesWhich branch of phonetics concerns the productionofspeechsounds ？A. Acoustic phoneticsB. ArticulatoryphoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.Which one

27、is different from the others according to places ofarticulationA. nB. mC.D. p9.Whichvowel is different from the others accordingtothecharacteristics of vowelsA. i:B. u C.e10.D. i What kind of sounds can we makewhen the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. GlottalstopII.D. ConsonantDecide

28、 whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonologicalproperties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number ofmodification to acquire the qualit

29、y of a speech13.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same23.environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different14.p is a voiced bilabial15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of sp

30、eech16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables containan onset and a17.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glidestake18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowelscan be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs.19.Received Pronunciation is the

31、 pronunciation accepted by most20.The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice asto where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than theIII.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Consonant sounds can be either _voiceless or_voiced_, while all vowel sounds are _voiced .22.Conson

32、ant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in themouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causingfrictionThe qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the_tongue and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue wh

33、ich is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _height_ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are producedwithout _ obstruction_ .26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the

34、two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _minimal pairs .27. In English there are a number ofdiphthongs , which areproduced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. Coarticulation refers to the phenomenon of soundscontinually show the influenc

35、e of their neighbors.29. _Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to producepatterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _air stream comingfrom the lungs.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilationSoun

36、d assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each otherand are replaced by a third sound which isdifferent from both original sounds. This process is call

37、ed sound assimilation.32.Suprasegmental featureSuprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable,the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmentalones incl

38、udes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. Whentwo or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complemen

39、tary distribution.34. Distinctive featuresDistinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.Answer the following

40、questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics (中国人民大学， 2003) Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound wa

41、ves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voicelesssounds in terms of articulation(南开大学， 2004)When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between themVI.unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants p, s, t are produced in thi

42、s way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. b, z, d are voiced consonants.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that

43、 corresponds to each of the followingphoneticdescriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voicedalveolar stop d dog.青岛海洋大学， 1999)(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative答案 I.15ACDAA610 DBABBII

44、.1115TTTFF1620TTTFF21. voiced, voiceless, voiced22. friction23. tongue24.height25.obstruction26minimal pairs27.diphthongs28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes30.air stream36.Chapter 3 LexiconI.1.Choose the best answer. (20%)Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as A. lexical wordsB. grammatical word

45、sC. function wordsD. form words2.Morphemes that representtense, number, gender and case are called morpheme.A. inflectionalbound D. derivationalB. freeC.3.There are morphemes in the word +nation+al+iz+ationA. threeB. fourC.fiveD. six4.infixes5.Ainfix6.existing wordsinsertion7.initialism8.back-format

46、ion9.disagreement10.allomorphII.11.In English- ise and - tion are called.A. prefixesB. suffixesC.D. stemsThe three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and .derivational affixB. inflectional affixC.D. back-formation is a way in which new words may be formed from alreadyby subtracting an affix whi

47、ch is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC.D. additionThe word TB is formed in the way of .A. acronymyB. clippingC.D. blendingThe words like comsat and sitcom are formed by .A. blendingB. clippingC.D. acronymyThe stem of disagreements is .A. agreementB. agreeC. disagree

48、D.All of them are meaningful except for .A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.13.Base refers to the part of the word

49、 that remains when allinflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereassuffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of aword.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morp

50、hemeof a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19.20.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III

51、. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An is pronounced letter by letter, while an is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with .23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: and .24. All words may be said to contain a root .25. A small set of conjunctions, preposition

52、s and pronouns belong to class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class.26. is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore isa process of shortening.27. is extremely productive, because English had lost mostVI.of its inflectional endings by the end of Middl

53、e English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on thelevel.29.A word formed by derivation is called a , and a wordformed by compounding is called a30.Bound morphe

54、mes are classified into two types: andIV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-class word34.Morphological ruleV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Howmany types of morphemes are there in the English language Whatare they （厦门大学， 2003）36.What are the m

55、ain features of the English compounds ？Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms fromCOLUMN II （武汉大学， 2004）II(1)acronyma.foe(2) morpheme(3) morpheme(4)morphemec.d.freeb. subconscious derivational UNESCOinflectional overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculationKey:I.15AACBB610 BCADBII.1115FTFTTFTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym23. solid, hyphenated, open162022. vocab