英语期末考试

1、第一单元7、But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns“bedroom suburbs,”and many of us,without small children as icebreakers,would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情况是居住和工作都在同一个地方的人极少，对更多的人来说家成了一个仅仅用来睡觉的地方。我们的居住地被叫做

2、“近郊居住区”，由于没有了孩子像过去那样起到沟通邻里关系的作用，许多人感到要叫出跟我们同住一条街的所有人的名字是件极不容易的事。8、Its not that we are more isolated today.Its that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships,a major portion of our everyday social lives,from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home,the workplace become

3、s our neighborhood.这不是说我们今天被分得更开了，而是好多人已经部分的友谊和大部分的日常社交生活从家里转移到了办文室。随着越来越多的人走出家门去工作，工作的地方就变成了我们的街区。11、Not all the neighborhoods are empty,nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently,she knows more about th

4、e people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasnt just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies,cities,and states.We assume that we have something“in common”with other teacher

5、s,nurses,city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。12、Its not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country still ide

6、ntified themselves as members of the Italian community,the Irish communtiy,the Polish community.They sought out and assumes connection with people from the old country,Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity,the way we replaced neighborhood

7、 with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile professions.People who move from city to city seem to put roots into their professions.In an age of specialists,they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国的我们的祖辈

8、们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。I remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pi

9、eces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.The men knew they were_good.When I talked with them,each expressed enormous_pride_in being a part of the fastest,best team.And this sense of belonging to_an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world

10、 of_work_.Unlike many other aspects of life,relationships among people at work_tend_to be simpler,less complicated,somewhat less emotional.This is_not_to say there arent arguments and jealousies,but,on the whole_,behavioral research discloses that_human relations at work are just easier,perhaps beca

11、use they are more regular and predictable and_thus_simpler to adjust to than the sporadic,the more intense and_less_regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust_to one another so that the“rough edges”are worked off_because people

12、know they must do certain things with_and through one another each day.Beyond_the team and the work group,there is the organization,whether it be company or hospital or university.The same_pride in being part of a well-coordinated,successful unit is_derived_from being part of a larger collectivity.W

13、orking for a company that is_thought_of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with_both status and self-confidence.They assume,usually with good reasons,that others regard them more highly,even envy them,and that they are more competent_than the average because of this ass

14、ociation with a“winner,”a prestigious institution.11Not all the neighborhoods are empty,nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet

15、0;as one woman told me recently,she knows more about the people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of communi

16、ty hasnt just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies,cities,and states.We assume that we have something“in&

17、#160;common”with other teachers,nurses,city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。12Its not unlike the experience 

18、of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community,the Irish community,the Polish community.They sought out 

19、;and assumed connections with people from the old country.Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity,the way we replaced

20、60;neighborhood with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile professions.People who move from city to city seem to put roots&

21、#160;into their professions.In an age of specialists,they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国的我们的祖辈们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想

22、自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。The 21st century feels like a letdown.We were promised flying cars,space colonies and 15-hour workweeks.Robots were supposed to do our chores,excep

23、t when they were organizing rebellions;children were supposed to learn about disease from history books;portable fusion reactors were supposed to be on sale at the Home Depot.Even dystopian visions of the future predicted leaps of technology and social organization that leave our era in the dust.Loo

24、king beyond the blinking lights and whirring gizmos,though,the new century is shaping up as one of the most amazing periods in human history.Three great transitions set in motion by the Industrial Revolution are reaching their culmination.After several centuries of faster-than-exponential growth,the

25、 world's population is stabilizing.Judging from current trends,it will plateau at around nine billion people toward the middle of this century.Meanwhile extreme poverty is receding both as a percentage of population and in absolute numbers.If China and India continue to follow in the economic fo

26、otsteps of Japan and South Korea,by 2050 the average Chinese will be as rich as the average Swiss is today;the average Indian,as rich as today's Israeli.As humanity grows in size and wealth,however,it increasingly presses against the limits of the planet.Already we pump out carbon dioxide three

27、times as fast as the oceans and land can absorb it;midcentury is when climatologists think global warming will really begin to bite.At the rate things are going,the world's forests and fisheries will be exhausted even sooner.21世纪的感觉就像一个让人失望。我们被许诺飞行汽车，太空殖民地和15小时工作周。机器人应该做的事情我们做家务，除非他们组织叛乱;孩子们应该了解

28、病从历史书;便携式核聚变反应堆被认为即将发售在Home Depot。即使是反乌托邦的未来的前景预测，留下我们这个时代的除尘技术和社会组织的飞跃。我们要超越闪烁的灯光和呼呼的小玩意儿，不过，新世纪正成为人类历史上最惊人的时期之一。工业革命运动中设置的三大转向正在达到自己的巅峰之作。经过几个世纪快于指数增长，世界人口正趋于稳定。从目前的趋势来看，它会在高原九点左右十亿人民对本世纪中叶。同时赤贫消退后两者占人口的比例和绝对数量。如果中国和印度继续关注日本和韩国的经济脚步，到2050年，平均每个中国将丰富的平均瑞士今天;普通印度人，丰富今天的以色列。作为人类生长在大小和财富，但是，它日益压靠在行星的极

29、限。我们已经快三倍泵出二氧化碳作为海洋和陆地能吸收它;到本世纪中叶是当气候学家认为全球变暖将真正开始咬人。在利率事情进展，世界森林和渔业将更早耗尽。第二单元11、Mother would have liked it better if I could have grown up to be President or a rich businessman,but much as she loved me,she did not deceive herself.Before I was out of grade school,she could see I lacked the gifts for

30、 either making millions or winning the love of crowds.After that she began nudging me toward working with words.假如我现在是总统或者是富有的商人，妈妈应该会更满意的。虽然母亲很爱我，但她并没有欺骗自己。在我高中毕业之时，她就意识到了我缺少那种日进斗金或博取群众爱戴的能力。从那以后她就开始把我往写作的道路上推。12、Words ran in her family.There seemed to be a word gene that passed down from her mater

31、nal grandfather.He was a school teacher,his daughter Lulie wrote poetry,and his son Charlie became New York correspondent for the Bltimore Herald.In the turn-of-thecentury South,still impoverished by the Civil War,words were a way out.母亲的家族有从事写作的传统。从她的外公开始似乎就有一种语言基因代代相传。她的外公是一位教师，他的女儿露利是诗人，儿子查理后来成了巴

32、尔的摩先驱报的通讯员。在世纪之交，南方还没有从因为内战而大伤气的状态下恢复过来，写作在当时是一条谋生之路。19,Seven years later I was assigned by the Sun to cover the White House.For most reporters,being White House correspondent was as close to heaven as you could get.I was 29 years old and puffed up with pride.I went to see my mothers delight while t

33、elling her about it.I should have known better.7年之后，我被巴尔的摩太阳报任命为驻白宫记者。对于大多数记者而言，成为驻白宫记者被看成是离上天只有一步之遥。那时我29岁，踌躇满志。我回有对母亲讲自己晋升的事想看到她高兴。但结果却出乎我的预料。27、In time there would be an attack on the values my mother preached and I have lived by.When the country began to pull apart in the 1960s and 70s,people wh

34、o admitted to wanting to amount something were put down as materialists idiotically wasting their lives in the“rat race.”The word“gumption”vanished from the language.母亲一直宣扬而且我一直遵循的价值观终于开始遭到攻击。二十世纪六七十年代，这个国家的价值观念开始分化。那些承认自己想要获得成功的人被鄙视为在“激烈竞争”的凡尘中愚蠢地浪费生命的物质主义者。“进取精神”这个词开始从我们的语言中消失。Around 1970,psycholo

35、gist Walter Mischel_launched_a classic experiment.He left a succession of 4-year-olds in a room_with_a bell and a marshmallow(药葵蜜饯).If they rang the bell,he would come back and they could eat the marshmallow.If,_however,they didnt ring the bell and waited for him to come back_on_his own,they could t

36、hen have two marshmallows.In videos of the experiment,you can see the children kicking and_hiding_their eyes-desperately trying to exercise_self-control so they can wait and get two marshmallows.Their performance_varied widely.Some broke down and rang the bell within a minute.Others lasted 15 minute

37、s.The children who waited longer went on to get higher SAT scores.They got into better colleges and had,on_average,better adult outcomes.The children who rang the bell_quickest_were more likely to become bullies.They_received_worse teacher and parental evaluations 10 years later and were more likely

38、 to have drug_problems_at age 32.The Mischel experiments,along_with everyday experience,tell us that self-control is essential_.Young people who can delay gratification can sit_through_sometimes boring classes to get a degree.They can perform_rote tasks in order to,say,master a language.They can_avo

39、id_drugs and alcohol.For people without self-control skills,however,school is a_series_of failed ordeals.No wonder they drop_out.Life is a parade of foolish decisions:teenage pregnancy,drug use,gambling,truancy and crime.21,Onward and upward was the course she set.Small progress was no excuse for fe

40、eling satisfied with yourself.People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didnt last long.Even if you got to the top,youd better not take it easy.“The bigger they come,the harder they fall”was one of her favorite maxims.进取、进取、再进取，这是母亲给我设定的方向。小小的进步是不足以自我满足的。那些因成功而沾沾自喜停下来欣赏自己的人是不会持久的。即使你已经到达顶峰，你也

41、最好不要放松。爬得越高，摔得越痛，是母亲的至理名言。32,It wasnt the gin that was shouting.It was my mother.The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes,by God,I had always believed in success,had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything,and didnt deserve t

42、o.其实不是杜松子酒在吼，是我的母亲在吼。酒只是借给了我勇气向他们宣布那个想法。是的，上帝可以作证，我一直相信成功，一直相信如果没有辛勤的劳动和严格的自律，一个人不可能有任何成就，也不配有成就。第三单元1、Some years ago I had what most would call the American Dream:a thriving construction business,a comfortable home,two new cars and a sailboat.Moreover,I was happpily married.I had it all.几年前，我拥有大多数人

43、称之为美国梦想的东西：一份蒸蒸日上的建筑生意，一个舒适的家，两辆新车和一艘帆船，此外，我婚姻幸福。我拥有这一切。2、Then the stock market crashed,and suddenly no one was looking at the houses Id built.Months of murderous interest payment gobbled up my savings.I couldnt make ends meet and lay awake nights in a cold sweat.Just when I though things couldnt ge

44、t worse,my wife announced that she wanted a divorce.接着，股市垮了，突然间再没人看我修的那些房子。连续几个月支付要命的利息，耗尽了我的积蓄。我入不敷出，经常彻夜无眠，一身冷汗。就在我认为事情不可能变得更糟的时候，我太太宣布她想离婚。13、She reeled at the thought of her imminent death,and withdrew.“I just gave up,”she says.Then a doctor told her she needed to arrange for someone to care for

45、 her daughter.“How dare you tell me to find someone else to raise my child!”Bracken snapped.At that moment,she realized that she had strong reasons to fight for he life.Her anger,formerly crippling now sparked her.It helped see her through a harrowing,but ultimately successful,bone-marrow transplant

46、.一想到死亡即将来临，她就感到心绪不宁，屈服了。我完全放弃了，她说。后来一个医生告诉她说她需要安排人照料她的女狼。“你竟敢让我找别人带大我的小孩！”布赖肯历声说。在那一刻，她意识到有充分的理由去为自己的生命而战。她的愤怒开始时极为有害，现在却鼓舞了她，帮助她渡过了痛彻心肺但最终成功的骨髓移植。28、Sailing is a slow business.I made it to Florida in five weeks.In attempting to”run away,”Id embarked on a trip that gave me a structure,a daily outdoo

47、r routine requiring physical exertion,and plenty of time.I was still hurting,but by the time I anchored in Miami,I was ready to try again.At what,I wasnt sure.航行是个慢活，我用了5周才抵达佛罗里达。原本试图“一走了之”的我踏上一段旅途。这段旅途让我重新组织生活，培养了每天的生活规律，要求付出在户外的体力以及大量的时间。我的心依然在痛，但是等我到达迈阿密时，我已作好再次尝试的准备。尝试什么，我还没确定。other understand i

48、nternal teach success mean oneself of apply life external key can lie to divide conduct find derive function Everyone wants to be successful in life,but where are the_keys_to success?When we begin to examine life,we can see that it is_divided_into two aspects-life within and life without;internal li

49、fe and external_lifeand we can see that these aspects are of equal importance.Even one who has renounced the world has to understand the word relationship properly,because life_itself is actually relationship.The body is related to_the breath,and the breath is related to the mind.The body,breath,sen

50、ses,and mind all_function_together as a unit.So life virtually means_relationship,and thus the art of living and being requires an understanding_of ones relationship to the external world and the relationships within oneself_.All human beings have inner potentials,but many people are not aware of_th

51、ose potentials and do not know how to use them to have a_successful_life.Those who are not happy_internally_can never be happy externally;those who are not happy within themselves can never make others_happy.Those who do not love themselves can_never love others.If we are not happy,how can we be suc

52、cessful in life?Success_lies in our happiness.The keys to happiness lie within us,but our modern education does not teach_us how to find them.It is helpful to have a few formulas to practice in daily life to

53、60;make it more successful.They are_derived_from observations based on experience.There are five points to remember:first,how to decide things on time;second,how to study personal habit 

54、;patterns;third,how to_conduct_ourselves in the external world;fourth,what attitude to take;fifth,where to_find_happiness.To attain success in life,one should learn and apply_these five points.1Defining wh

55、o is great depends on how one measures success.对为人的定义取决于人们如何衡量成功。2“Theres a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal”he explained.“But what comes out of the research is that

56、 there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.”“人们往往认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。”3.Greatness is built on tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.伟人的伟大建立在大量的学习、实

57、践及其献身精神的基础之上。4.Thrust into office when his countrys morale was at the lowest,Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.丘吉尔在全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台，并出色地领导了英国人民。5.In a speech following the

58、60;Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,“We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end.We shall never surrender.”在1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次

59、讲演中，他的话激励了全国人民，“我们一定不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底我们永远不会屈服。”The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means,and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day,with its ca

60、res,necessities,and duties,affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind;and its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and&

61、#160;room for self-improvement.The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing;and they who are the most persistent,and work in the truest spirit,

62、will usually be the most successful.Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness;but fortune is not so blind as men are.Those who look into practical life will fi

63、nd that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious,as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators.In the pursuit of even the highest 

64、of human inquiry,the commoner qualities are found the most usefulsuch as common sense,attention,application,and perseverance.Genius may not be necessary,though even genius of the highest

65、0;sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities.The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius,and as worldly wise and&

66、#160;persevering as successful men of the commoner sort.Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensified.A distinguished teacher and president of a college sp

67、oke of it as the power of making efforts.John Foster held it to be the power of lighting ones own fire.Buffon said of genius,“It is patience.”Newtons was unquestiona

68、bly a mind of the very highest order,and yet,when asked by what means he had worked out his extraordinary discoveries,he modestly answered,“by always thinking unto them.”At

69、60;another time he thus expressed his method of study:“I keep the subject continually before me,and wait till the first dawning open slowly by little and little into 

70、;a full and clear light.”It was in Newtons case,as in every other,only by diligent application and perseverance that his great reputation was achieved.Even his recreation cons

71、isted in change of study,laying down one subject to take up another.To Dr.Bentley he said:“If I have done the public any service,it is due to nothing but industry and patient thought.”人生最大的成就通常是靠简单的方法和运用一般的才干才获得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的忧虑、各种不可避免之事和种种职责提供了取得最好经验的很多机会；生活中走过最多的老路给诚实的工作者以充分努力的机会和自我修养的空间。人类安康之路就是坚定