北方工业大学先进制造技术期末复习

1、缩写：CAD:Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助助设计CAM：Computer Aided Manufacturing，计算机辅助制造CAE :Computer-Aided Engineering，计算机辅助工程NC:Numerical Control system ，数字控制DNC:Direct Numerical Control 直接数控CNC:Computer Numerical Control 数控AMT:Advanced Manufacturing Technology ,先进制造技术CIM:Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,计算

2、机集成制造CAPP：计算机辅助工业设计GT：成组技术Cellular Manufacturing ：单元制造FMS：柔性制造系統JIT:及时生产AI:人工智能MRP:Material Requirements Planning ,物料需求计划AM：Agile manufacturing，敏捷制造CIM：Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，计算机集成制造第一章作业CIM 电脑用于制造What is manufacturing？"Manufacturing" is a process for converting ideas and market

3、 or customer needs into products; Includes design, procurement, test, finance, human resources, marketing, etc.Please describe the history of manufacturing Manufacturing started during 5000 4000 BCWood work,ceramics,stone and metal workSteel Production 600-800 ADIndustrial Revolution 1750 AD: Machin

4、e tools run by invention of steam engineMass Production and Interchangeable PartsComputer Controlled Machines 1965CNC,FMS systemsThe 20th century's 100 years, the humanity created the material wealth has surpassed formerly in 5000 the historical sum total. Pre 16th century: Simple tools, handmad

5、e productsIndustrial revolution (17501850) 1776: James Watts steam engine is produced Eli Whitney - Principle of Interchangeable Parts (1798) F.W. Taylor - Division of Labor (1875) Productivity and quality are significantly increased. The product is still mainly custom madeWorld war I and II period:

6、 18501950 Ford Motor Company was founded (1903) General Motors expanded mass production system (1921) large-scale assembly lines and mass production Mass produced product is plentiful and inexpensiveModern period (1950) Numerical control (NC) is invented (1952) utilization of operations management t

7、echniques, such as continuous improvement, just-in-time, statistical process control (1970s) Development of the first CAD program (PADL) by H. Volckez. (Mid to late 1970s: ) Beginning of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) applications. (Mid to late 1970s) Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) appears

8、 (1983) Information and automation technology in manufacturing (1990s) Why is Manufacturing Important?1.Impact on economy Major wealth creation engines Gross Domestic Product jobs2.Most decisions made during design are impacted by production/manufacturing processes 3.Critical Decisions function vs c

9、ost vs schedule：hoose materials ，hoose process(es) -etermined by the material and the processes used to create the shape Is there any pressures on the manufacturers?1.Manufacturers are faced with intense internal and external pressures from shareholders and the market. 2.Shareholders demand steadily

10、-growing revenues and profitability while the market expects product innovation; greater product functionality, performance, and usability; and a longer, useful life for products. 3.Manufacturers should works hard to lower costs, shorten lead times, and improve quality in order to effectively compet

11、e in a worldwide economy.What is CAPACS?give some examples of a typical CAPACS.Computer-aided production and control systems ，计算机辅助生产和控制系统Typical CAPACS in manufacturing are as follows:CAD Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助助设计CAE Computer-Aided Engineering计算机辅助工程CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造CAPP

12、 Computer-Aided process planning 计算机辅助工艺设计 DNA Direct numerical control 直接数控 GT Group technology 成组技术 What is conputer process control?The control of variables in a mfg. process, where one or any combination of materials and equipment produces or modifies a product to make it more useful and more va

13、luable.What Can Computers Do?1.Computing:Computers were invented to compute calculate solutions to mathematical problems.2.Automating:Automation involves utilizing computers to control otherwise human actions and activities.3.Enhancing Communication:Computer systems control, support, or provide many

14、 forms of communication.4.Providing Entertainment:Computers act as our tools for the production, storage, distribution, and delivery of video and motion pictures photos art music games.5.Managing Information:A Computer-based Information System (CBIS) uses these components to manage distribute inform

15、ation.How does the Internet work?¯ The Internet is a collection of networks that are linked together to exchange data and distribute processing tasks¯ The main routes are referred to as the Internet backbone ¯ Communication between all of the different devices on the Internet is made

16、possible by TCP/IP What Does the “e” Mean in the e-manufacturing? ¯ Internet / Web-, Information / Knowledge- Enabled Manufacturing ¯ The Right Information to the Right People/ Right Place at the Right Time¯ Keeping Manufacturing in Synch with Evolving Business Strategy¯ Adaptabl

17、e and Dynamic¯ Collaboration with Supplies and Customers¯ Faster and More FasterWhat is the goals of e-Manufacturing? Mass customisation; Shrinking supply chain;Make to order; Simultaneous processes;Capital working;First available slotWhat is the different Value-adding between in 20th Cent

18、ury and 21th Century ?Inventory详细目录-Info-/KnowledgeInfo-/Knowledge-Functional AssetsProduct Service-Customer SolutionWhat is the functional characters of dispersed network manufacturing? ¯ Unite the advantages of partners, utilize existing manufacturing resources¯ Realize space extension (

19、 in terms of system boundary ) and time compression, improve quick market response¯ Win-Win principle of partnership plus Collaboration and Competence: 2W+2C¯ Improve productivity and competency with small investment Targetstagit of CIM Developing high quality products with low cost Integr

20、ation and control of product design and manufacturing processes Easy financial management Increasing volume of sales Benefits of CIM Marketing Engineering design Research and Development Manufacturing processes Financial planningAdvantages of CIM1) Reducing developing time for new product2) Reducing

21、 transporting time3) Optimal inventory control 4) Reducing planning time for production5) Reducing lead time(订货至交货时间) for production6) Rapid response for customers claim7) Quality improvement8) Increasing competitive power第二章作业CAD-CAMComputer-Aided Design (CAD) Use of computer systems to assist in t

22、he creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of a design Typical tools: Tolerance analysis Mass property calculations Finite-element modeling and visualization Defines the geometry of the designComputer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control manufactu

23、ring operations Direct or indirect computer interface with the plants production resources Numerical control of machine toolsProgramming of robotsComputer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Use of computer systems to analyzeænlaiz CAD geometry Allows designer to simulate and study how the product will beh

24、ave, allowing for optimization Finite-element method (FEM) Divides model into interconnected elements Solves continuous field problems CAD Function Geometric modeling 几何建模 Engineering analysis工程分析 Design review and evaluation设计复审和评估 Automated drafting自动出图 Advantages of CAD/CAM systems Greater flexib

25、ility. Reduced lead times. Reduced inventories. Increased Productivity. Improved customer service. Improved quality. Improved communications with suppliers. Better product design. Greater manufacturing control. Supported integration. Reduced costs. Increased utilization. Reduction of machine tools.

26、Less floor space.数控NCNC Objectives 1. Increased production 2. Reduced labor costs 3. Make production more economical 4. Make production jobs easier 5. Do production jobs that are impossible without numeric control 6. Increased accuracy on duplicate完全 一样的 parts APPLICATIONo Aerospace o Machinery o El

27、ectrical o Fabrication o Automotive o Instrumentation （测量仪器） o Mold making Preparatory Functions (G Codes) - Partial ListG00:Rapid Traverse G01:Linear InterpolationG02:Clockwise Circular InterpolationG03:Counterclockwise Circular InterpolationG04:Dwell (G04 10.0 - for 10 secs)G17:XYPlane SelectionG2

28、0:Measurement in inchesG21:Measurement in mm.G28:Return to reference positionG40:Cutter Compensation/Offset CancelG41:Cutter CompensationLeftG42:Cutter CompensationRightG80:Cancel Canned CyclesG90:Absolute FormatG91:Incremental FormatG92:Program Zero DefinitionG94:Feedrate in inches/min.M00:HaltM02:

29、Program EndM03:Spindle On (CW)M04:Spindle On (CCW)M05:Spindle OffM08:Coolant OnM09:Coolant Off M30:End Newpart ¯ Which contents are included in the product design process?¯ Two types of activities: synthesissinisis and analysisnælsis ¯ Synthesis is largely qualitative kwlittiv定性的

30、 and hard to capture on computer¯ Analysis can be greatly enhanced with computers¯ Once analysis is complete, design evaluationI,væljuein - rapid prototyping¯ Software packages for design optimization¯ What is Numerical Control? ¯ Numerical Control is a system in which

31、actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret 解释at least some portion of the data.¯ Are there any types of Numerical Control?¯ Conventional Numerical Control (NC)¯ Direct Numerical Control (DNC)¯ Computer N

32、umerical Control (CNC)¯ What is meaning of MCU,DPU and CLU?¯ MCU：微控制单元，又称单片微型计算机¯ DPU：DPU（Distributed Processing Unit)，即分散处理单元，常应用于DCS控制系统中。¯ CLU：命令行实用程序 ¯ What is the characters of open loop and closed loop system?¯ Open Loop¯ Uses a stepper motor: axle rotates in

33、 incremental steps i.e., for every input pulse it rotates one step.¯ Thus each step gets converted to a small incremental linear motion of the slide. The amount of linear motion/step of the motor depends on the pitch of the lead screw.¯ Closed Loop¯ Based on the command signal and the

34、 input from the transducer传感器, the signal is sent to the motor to make the slide move for that amount¯ Command signals usually digital =>¯ Part Programs are used to determine the signals to be sent.柔性制造FMFlexible Manufacturing DefinedFMS is a “reprogrammable” manufacturing system capabl

35、e of producing a variety of products automatically. Conventional manufacturing systems have been marked by one of two distinct features:The capability of producing a variety of different product types, but at a high cost (e.g., job shops).The capability of producing large volumes of a product at a l

36、ower cost, but very inflexible in terms of the product types which can be produced (e.g., transfer lines).FMS is designed to provide both of these features.特点：Programmable machine tools Controlled by common computer network Combines flexibility with efficiencyHow “you” can use FMS To reduce set up a

37、nd queue times（准备等待） Improve efficiency Reduce time for product completion Utilize human workers better Improve product routing Improve product quality Serve a variety of vendors simultaneously Produce more product more quicklyFMS Components Numerical Control (NC) machine tools Automated material ha

38、ndling system (AMHS) Automated guided vehicles vi:kl (AGV) Conveyors knvei运输带 Automated storage and retrieval ritri:vl systems (AS/RS) Industrial Robots Control Software Automated InspectionHow FMS worksBy implementing the components of robotics, manufacturing technology and computer integrated manu

39、facturing in a correct order one can achieve a successful Flexible Manufacturing SystemA real world exampleThe Ford Motor Company Fords Problem：At Ford Powertrain(动力总成 ) they faced the following challenges- outdated(过时 ) cell controller- lack of flexibility because of it- causing loss of efficiency

40、Solution：Implemented a cell control based on an open architecture, commonly available tools, and industry standard hardware, software, and protocols. 第三章：3.1敏捷制造AMWhat is Agile ManufacturingAgile manufacturing is a method for manufacturing which combine our organization, people and technology into a

41、n integrated and coordinated whole. Why do we need to be agileGlobal Competition is intensifying.Mass markets are fragmenting into niche markets.Cooperation among companies is becoming necessary, including companies who are in direct competition with each other. Customers are expecting:1. Low volume

42、 products2. High quality products3. Custom products Very short product life-cycles, development time, and production lead times are required. Customers want to treated and individuals Key to Agility and FlexibilityTo determine customer needs quickly and continuously reposition重新定位the company against

43、 its competitors.To design things quickly based on those individual needs.To put them into full scale, quality , production quickly.To respond to changing volumes and mix quickly.To respond to a crisis quickly. Agile Manufacturing in our companyCustomer-integrated process for designing, manufacturin

44、g, marketing, and supporting all products and services.Decision making at functional knowledge points not in centralized management “silos” “孤岛” Stable unit costs, no matter what the volumeFlexible Manufacturing-ability to increase or decrease production volumes at will.任意 Four Core Concepts1. A str

45、ategy to become an Agile Manufacturing enterprise.2. A strategy to exploit agility to achieve competitive advantage.3. Integration of organization, people and technology into a coordinated interdependent system which is our competitive advantage.4. An interdisciplinary design methodology to achieve

46、the integration of organization, people and technology. Characteristics of AMGreater product customizationRapid introduction of new or modified productAdvanced interenterpise networking technologyUpgradable productsIncreased emphasis on knowledgeable, highly trained workersInteractive customer relat

47、ionshipHow can we make the transitionMake the break with the things that are wrong with the way we do things today.Examine and define the underlying底层conceptual framework on which Agile Manufacturing enterprises will be built. Explore and understand the nature of the mass production paradigm and the

48、 nature of the cultural and methodological difficulties involved in the transition to Agile Manufacturing. Define a methodology for designing a 21st century manufacturing enterprise.Real world exampleThe Industry: Japanese car makersThe goal: To produce the three day car, (three days from customer o

49、rder for a customized car to dealer delivery)3.2快速成型RPHow Do We Make Physical Things ? l Subtractive- remove material selectively from stock.l Net shape- re-form material into new shape.l Additive- build up material in chosen locations.l Constructive- combine separately formed shapes.Rapid Prototypi

50、ng Processes l 激光选区烧结法（SLSSelective Laser Sintering ）l 光固法（SLStereolithography）l 叠层法（LOMLaminated Object Manufacturing）l 熔融沉积法（FDMFused Deposition Modeling）l 三维印刷法（3DPThree Dimensional Printing）Applications Visual Representation models Functional and tough prototypes cast metal parts Industrial Appl

51、ications：Design review；Positives for molds；Functional testing Medical Applications：Prosthetics；Pharmaceuticals；Micro-structure control；Tissue engineeringTrends （1）RP systems continue to become more economical and at the same time more accurate and faster. （2）With increases in computational speeds, v

52、irtual prototyping is gaining greater acceptance. （3）Indeed, simple virtual-prototyping capabilities exist in almost all commercially available CAD programs. （4）Rapid-prototyping technologies are increasingly applied as manufacturing machinery, in order to produce blanks for tooling that is to be co

53、mpleted via such processes as investment casting, or in order to make tooling and tooling inserts directly.（5）New polymers are becoming available that are environmentally more friendly and that have higher strength, especially with respect to impact 3.3制造与环境How Products Impact the Environment Manufa

54、cture Exhaustion of Raw Materials Energy Use Emissions Product Use Energy Use Emissions Product Disposal“4R” 原则：“减量化（Reduce），再利用(Reuse)，再循环(Recycle)，再制造（Remanufactore)”。Values of a Product 1 The value of a product is not a product itself, but its functionality. 2. Functionality of a product is servi

55、ce embedded in the product. 3. Latent (潜在的)functionality appears as service when the product is used. 4. Functionality of a product decreases when it is used. functionality = service (Life of a product terminates when services embedded are exhausted.) 5.Therefore, we can measure the potential value of a product by functionality, that is total amount of service availa