论文英语阅读中的生词处理方法

1、英语阅读中的生词处理方法单位：油槐初级中学作者：杨旖目录一、概述1二、二十一中猜词方法介绍2三、Exercises:11四、实战一14五、实战二17一、概述在初中的英语教学中，阅读理解作为非常重要的一部分，长期以来收到大家的重视。阅读中经常存在一定量的生词，这部分生词一定程度上让学生产生忧虑，如果能处理里这些生词，学生的阅读理解一定能够有大的提升。本文着重讲解一些阅读理解中生词的处理方法详见正文。二、二十一中猜词方法介绍1.下定义或解释概念法 (Definition/ Explanation) 往往通过下文的同位语、定语从句、或由or ; that is; that is to say; na

2、mely; in other words; that means 等表达形式导出词义。 如：1).Perhaps the most startling (surprising) theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray. (人体运动学)2).An extinct animal is one that once lived but does not exist now.(绝种的)3).Sometimes the earth moves between the

3、 sun and the moon. Then the earths shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the suns light. We call this an eclipse of the moon. (月蚀)4).They surrendered, that is, threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands abov

4、e their heads.2.举例(Giving examples):for example, such as, a case in point is.过渡词引出具体例子来说明或阐述.1).John works in a hospital where people are treated for phobia, some of phobias are the fear of flying, the fear of high places, and the fear of animals. 根据下文的举例即可推出phobia是患恐惧症的病人.2).Many United Nations emp

5、loyees are polyglots. Mrs. White, for example, speaks five languages. 根据后面的例证不难推出polyglots是能说多种语言的人3.运用同义词关系(Synonym or Restatement Clues)有的情况下，在一段话中，通过同义关系重现了某一生词的词义。用 and; not onlybut also; besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way 或用分号引出相同或类似的词。1).There was clearly nothing left to do but drop

6、 herself onto the shabby little couch and weep.When Della had finished crying.(crying重现了weep的词义)2).If you are fond of stories, you will; if youre like me, read them quickly; youll swallow them. (swallow含有read quickly的意思)3).Our uncle was a roamer, an wanderer who never could stay one place. (到处漂流的人)4

7、.根据对比关系猜词(Comparison-and-contrast Clues or antonym)在特定的上下文中,往往通过某种对照、转折、比较或递进等关系，可以明确一词的意思。这种类型的线索往往通过and, another, but, however, instead, like, though/although, still, while, on the other hand等词或词组引导出一个单词，形成意义上的照应关系，从而帮助理解词义。此外分号引出类似或对立的观点。如：1).Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it was h

8、oarse, (沙哑的)2).Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. (肮脏的).在含有though , but 等含有转折词的句子中, 主从句某些词构成对比关系. 即可看出soft and sweet 和hoarse 及clean 和grubby 意义相对.3).If you agree, write yes; if you dissent, write no. 根据对比关系的yes 和no,不难看出agree 和dissent是反义词.4).He has been in off

9、ice for only a few months. He has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors. (前任者) 用however 来提示下文要表达意想不到的结果.5.根据同等关系猜词（Words in Series Clues)在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴和词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的一段特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。如：1).But the captains courage, perseverance, and powerful will m

10、astered every man on board, and we went to work again. (意志) 这一段文字中，反映的是船长的积极进取的精神面貌，是船长的勇气、毅力和意志征服大家，才使他们又重新投入排水战斗。2).In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and public halls. (建筑物)从这一连串词不难看出mansion的词义.6.经验型线索 (Experience Clues)在上下文中,根据个人的经历、体验，和有关常识，结合句子和

11、段落中的相关词句，可以理解一个词的意义。1).I dont have any family, said the boy, I am an orphan.(孤儿)2).Soon the wind had piled snow into drifts (雪堆)7.推断型线索(Inference Clues)或根据因果(cause and effect)关系猜词推断型线索的语境往往含有其它类型的语境因素，可以说是一种综合语境。在其它语境因素的作用下，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。如：1). .My friend, .I.I. But something chocked hi

12、m; he could not finish the sentence.由于感情的激动，一句话要说又说不出来。好像有什么东西在喉咙里哽住了。2).The stream is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. （浑浊）3).He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. （精明的）8.构词法(word-building): root(词根); prefix（前缀）; suffix（后缀）1).

13、He renamed the restaurant paradise2).As they went along they saw the fog thickening and the thickness of the fog made them unable to see anything.一些常见的前缀、后缀1. adj.+ly=adv.cheap-cheaply cruelcruelly firm-firmly strange-strangely2. en+adj.=v. sure-ensure able-enable3. n.+en=v. fright-frighten height-h

14、eighten strength-strengthen4.adj+ize=v. familiar-familiarize 使通俗 modern-modernize 现代化 real-realize special-specialize 以.为专业5.n.+y=adj. mud-muddy rain-rainy shadow-shadowy 阴暗的 storm-stormy wind-windy6.adj+en=v. 使具有；使成为 black-blacken brightbrighten sharp-sharpen weak-weaken7. n.+some=adj. quarrel-quar

15、relsome trouble-troublesome tire-tiresome worry-worrisome8.n.+y=adj. Air-airy anger-angry hill-hilly luck-lucky9.n.+ly=adj. Love-lovely hour-hourly quarter-quarterly year-yearly10.n.+ous=adj. 充满.的 danger-dangerous courage-courageous fame-famous11.n.+al=adj. center-central education-educational indus

16、try-industrial12.v.+al=n. arrive-arrival refuse-refusal dismiss-dismissal remove-removal9.一词多义We machine a machine part on a machine tool.我们在机床上加工机器零件.总之，语境是理解词义的源泉。由于语境是属于语境性的、逻辑性的，因此，通过语境途径培养理解能力，要求学生具备一定的英语基本功后才能进行（高中阶段的学生是完全可以的），而且也是一个长期的过程，不是能立竿见影的；也并非在任何场合都可以利用上下文线索去理解词义；当需要一个确切的词义时，或者该词是一个非常关

17、键的词，或者前后有多个生词时，就需要借助词典；只是在有明显的上下文线索，或者只需要了解一个朦朦胧胧的词义时，是可以通过语境途径来理解词义的。当然，不论是哪种类型的上下文线索，通常伴有其它相关因素。这里，不妨借用语言学家海默斯归纳的语言要素SPEAKING一词中的“SPEAK”来表示这些因素；S代表Setting and Scene（背景），P代表Participants（参加者），E代表Ends（目的及结果），A代表Act Sequence（相关信息的逻辑顺序），K代表Key（传递信息的方式）。10. 根据转折关系：表示转折关系的有though, but、however等。例如：Any foo

18、l can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (广东卷)由but可知genius是与fool(蠢才)相对的，由此推测其意为“有才能的人”、“天才”。11. 根据同类关系：比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.句中similarly表明loves to talk与生词loquacious之间是同类关系。由此可以推断出loquacio

19、us词义为“健谈的”。12. 根据因果关系：表示因果关系的有because, so that, so/suchthat等。例如：The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.由“无雨水”之因，可推知花会“枯萎、凋谢”之果。因此，wither意为“枯萎、凋谢”。13. 根据比喻关系：一般由asas, like等表示。例如：The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.根据“就像水中的玫瑰叶”这样的比喻可知，

20、buoyant是“飘浮的”之意。14. 根据定义关系：定义句的谓语动词多为be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.根据“是用来描述人类社会的科学研究的术语”的定义，可知sociology是“社会学”之意。15. 根据所举实例：一般由for example, such as, like等来表示举例。例如：Many United Nations employees ar

21、e polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.由所举实例,不难推出polyglot的意思是“懂多种语言的”。16. 根据同义关系：根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词的意思来推测它的意思。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.由语境可知， detrimental与harmful同义，意为“不利的，有害的”。17. 根据转换说法：插入语that is, tha

22、t is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用来对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说、即”。The cinema is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.根据people over 18可知，adult是“成年人”之意。18. 根据标点符号：冒号、破折号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。例如：New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep everywhere we saw signs of prosper

23、ity. 根据破折号前面的具体描述，可猜测prosperity 意为“繁荣”。19. 根据定语从句：由生词后起修饰限制或起补充说明的定语从句推测其意思。例如：Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.由后面起补充作用的非限制性定语从句可推知生词florist是“花店主”之意。20. 根据逻辑推理：根据生词前后的搭配关系和上下文的意思等来推测其意思。Although the fisherman was wearing souwester, the storm was so heavy t

24、hat he was wet through.因生词souwester是wear的宾语，应当是一种“衣”或“帽”，又由although和后面一个分句，可以推知它是指“防雨的衣”。21. 根据单词发音：有的英语词汇是通过音译进入汉语词汇中的，我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龙), Olympic(奥林匹克), sofa(沙发), typhoon (台风)等。三、Exercises:“Are you at leisure now? I d like to have a word with you”“No, I have not a moments l

25、eisure now. I have a lot of work to do. Come to me this evening.”A. free time B. busy time C. time for sleep D. time for workThe bell was hung from a tree. It swings backwards and forwards whenever the bellman strikes it.A. to swim B. to win C. to move D. to hangIm delighted to receive a letter from

26、 my father. In the letter he told me that he would buy a new bike for me. Im so happy, because from now on I wont have to walk a long way to school.A. very sorry B. very sad C. very tired D. very pleased The Young Pioneers walked in procession through the street to the science museum. Many people lo

27、oked out of their windows to watch the long line of people passing by.A. a line of people B. a science museum C. a Young Pioneer D. a lot of cars Joe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money. It is said that the execution will take place in public.A. beating B. killing C

28、. hunting D. running Xiao Li opposed the study plan. The reason why he did not agree to this plan was that his advice had not been taken yet.A. to be for B. to be against C. to agree D. to refuse Mr. Brown is very old. He is now over 80 years old. Two years ago his white hair began to fall out soon

29、more and more hair fell out and now he is completely bald A. white B. hairless C. old D. goldIt snowed heavily last night. This morning the sun came out and shone brightly. It got warmer and warm. Soon the snow began to melt. The snow turned into water because of the suns heat.A. become liquid B. be

30、come solid C. become large D. become small Robert lived in a small town. He was a peddler. Every morning he carried a basket of cakes. He walked along the street and tried to sell his cakes from house to house. In this way he could support his family.A. a seller B. a farmer C. a worker D. a driver T

31、here is a legend that, long age on a Qing-ming Holiday a young man named Xu Xian was coming back home when suddenly it started to rain heavily. He ran at once to an old tree so as to keep out of the rain. When he reached the tree, he saw a beautiful lady and her servant standing there. The young man

32、 and the beautiful lady fell in love with each other at first sight.A. a letter from England B. a story from old times C. a book by Lu Xun D. a novel by Charles Dickens.Mrs. White lost her husband not long ago. It is now very difficult for the widow to feed a family of four because she has no job an

33、d is given only a little money by the government.A. a window whose glass is broken B. a woman whose husband is deadC. a man whose wife is dead D. a child whose parents are deadMany foreigners came to our school for a visit yesterday. We waited for them at the school gate. When they arrived , we all

34、clapped out hand and shouted. Welcome! The foreigners also clapped their hands with a smile.to make a sound by striking the hands together.To make a fire by striking the stones together To make a living by selling green vegetables.To make a noise by striking the table.( Key: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B

35、7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.B 12. A)四、实战一Happiness is for everyone. You dont need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who ha

36、ve cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your

37、health; when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happ

38、iness is always around you. Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also you are very happy, because you have something else that cant be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have

39、more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋转的)door. When it does, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often f

40、eel _.A. happy B. lonely C. free D. excited2. When you fall down in a PE class, both your teacher and your classmates will _. A. laugh at you B. play jokes on you C. quarrel with you D. help you up3. What will your friends say to you when you make great progress? A. Oh, so do I. B. Congratulations.

41、C. Good luck. D. Its just so-so.4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?A. People who have cars would never like to walk in the open air.B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes.C. You can still be a happy person even if you have little money.D. Happiness is always around y

42、ou though difficulties come towards you.5. Which of the following is this passage about?A. Bad luck. B. Good luck. C. Happiness. D. Life.透析：1. B。这是一个考查细节和事实的题目。文章中有明确的叙述：Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely. 所问问题和原文的叙述完全一样。 2. D。这也是一个考查细节和事实的题目。在所给文章中可以找到这样地叙述：When you are in trou

43、ble at school, your friends will help you. 根据这一叙述，我们可以判断：当你在体育课上摔倒时，你的老师和同学们肯定会帮你站起来的。3. B。这一道阅读理解题同样是考查事实和细节的题目。在阅读文章里我们也能找到关于这问题的叙述：when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you.4. A。这是一道判断题目。阅读文章里明确叙述：those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free tim

44、e.阅读理解题的A项说，有车的人永远不愿在室外走，与文章所讲完全不同，因此是不对的。5. C。这是一道考查文章主题的题目。这篇文章共有三段。 第一段的主题句是：Happiness is for everyone. 第二段的主题句是：In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. 第三段的主题句是：Happiness is not the same as money. 三段的主题都是围绕happiness展开的，所以正确答案是happiness。 五、实战二When you want to go sho

45、pping, decide how much money you can spend for new clothes. Think about the kind of clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes on sale(销售). There are labels(标签)inside all new clothes. The labels tell you how to take care of your clothes. The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in war

46、m water. A sweater label may tell you to wash by washing in cold water. The label on a coat may say dry clean only. Washing may ruin(损坏)this coat. If you do as the directions(说明)say on the label, you can keep your clothes looking their best. Many clothes today must be dry cleaned. Dry cleaning is expensive. When buying new clothes, check(核实)to see if they will need to be dry cleaned. You will save money if you buy clothes that can be washed.You can save money if y