高中化学方程式(含有机化学与无机离子方程式)非常全

1、最新高中化学方程式汇编 无机化学反应方程式 §1碱金属元素4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na 2O+ O2 Na 2O 24Na+2O22Na 2O 22Na+S=Na2S (爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 Na 2O+H2O=2NaOH 2Na 2O 2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2 (此反应分两步 :Na2O 2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O 2; 2H 2O 2=2H2O+O2.Na 2O+CO2=Na2CO 32Na 2O 2+2CO2=2Na2CO 3+O2Na 2CO 3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl NaHCO 3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2Na 2CO 3

2、+2HCl=2NaCl+ H2O+ CO2 2NaHCO 3Na 2CO 3+ H2O+ CO24Li+ O2 2 Li2O 2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2NaHCO 3 + NaOH= Na2CO 3 + H2O Na 2CO 3+ H2O+ CO2 = 2NaHCO3 2NaOH+ CO2 (少量 = Na2CO 3 + H2O NaOH+ CO2(多量 = NaHCO3 Na 2CO 3+ Ca(OH2=Ca CO3+2 NaOH 2NaOH+SO2(少量 =Na2SO 3+H2O NaOH+SO2(足量 =NaHSO3NaOH+H2S (足量 =NaHS+H2O 2NaOH+H2S (

3、少量 =Na2S+2H2O NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OCO 2+Ca(OH2(过量 =CaCO3+H2O 2CO 2(过量 +Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3 2 Na 2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O Na 2O+SO3=Na2SO 4CaCO 3CaO+CO2 MgCO 3MgO+CO22Fe(OH3Fe 2O 3 + 3H2O Mg(OH2Mg O+ H2O Cu(OH2Cu O+ H2O 2Al(OH3Al 2O 3 + 3H2OCaCO 3+H2O +CO2=Ca(HCO3 2 2NaOH + CuSO4 =Cu(OH2+ Na2SO 4 3NaOH + FeCl3 = Fe(

4、OH3 + 3NaCl§2卤族元素Cl 2+CuCu Cl23Cl 2+2Fe2FeCl 3Cl 2 +2 Na 2Na Cl Cl 2 + H2 2HCl3Cl 2 +2 P 2PCl 3 Cl 2 + PCl3PCl 5Cl 2+H2O=HCl+HClO Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O Cl 2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 Ca(ClO2+H2O+ CO2(少量 = Ca CO3+2 HClOCa(ClO2+2H2O+ 2CO2(多量 = Ca(HCO3 2+2 HClOCa(ClO2+2 HCl

5、= Ca Cl2+2 HClO(强酸制弱酸 2HClO 2HCl+O2F 2 + H2 = 2HF 2F 2 +2H2O=4HF+O2Br 2 + H2 = 2H Br(500o C I 2 + H22HI2Cl 2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl 2 +2 K I =2 K Cl+I2HCl + AgNO3= AgCl+ HNO3 Br 2 +2 K I =2 K Br+I24HCl(浓 +MnO2MnCl 2+Cl2 +2H2OHCl + AgNO3= AgCl + HNO3HCl + AgNO3=AgCl (白色 +HNO3 NaBr+AgNO3= AgBr (浅黄色 +NaNO3

6、NaI + AgNO3= AgI(黄色 + Na NO3 2AgBr 2Ag +Br 2(AgCl、 AgI 类似 Na 2SO 3+ H2O +Cl2= Na2SO 4 +2HCl HClO+ H2O +SO 2 = H2SO 4+HCl§3氧族元素H 2 + SH 2S 2Na + SNa 2SFe + SFeS 2Cu + SCu 2SS + O2SO 23O 22O 32O 33O 2 2H 2O 22H 2O+ O2H 2 S H 2 + S2H 2S+SO2=3S+2H2O 2H 2S + O2(少量 2H 2O + 2SH 2S + CuSO4=CuS+ H2SO 4

7、SO 2 + H2 O H 2SO 3SO 2 + 2NaOH=Na2SO 3 + H2O Na 2SO 3 + H2O +SO 2 =2NaHSO3 SO 2 + Ca(OH2 = CaSO3 + H2O SO 2 + O2 2 SO3Cl 2 + SO2 + 2H2O=H2SO 4+2HCl (Br2、 I 2 类似 SO 3+ H 2O = H2SO 42H 2S + 3O2(足量 2H 2O + 2SO2 (Cl2、 Br 2、 I 2 、 SO 2 都可氧化 2NaCl+H2SO 4(浓 Na 2SO 4+2HCl2H 2SO 4(浓 +CuCuSO 4+2H2O +SO22H 2S

8、O 4(浓 + CCO 2+ 2H2O + 2SO22Na 2SO 3 + O2 =2Na2SO 4 4FeS 2 + 11O22Fe 2O 3 + 8SO2Na 2SO 3+H2SO 4=Na2SO 4+SO2+H2OFeS+2HCl=H2S+FeCl 2FeS+ H2SO 4=H2S+Fe SO4Na 2SO 3+ H2O +Cl2= Na2SO 4 +2HCl SO 2(少量 +2NH3+H2O=(NH4 2SO 3 SO 2+(NH4 2SO 3+H2O=2NH4HSO 3即 : SO2(足量 + NH3+H2O=NH4HSO 3§4碳族元素C + O2点燃 CO 22C +

9、 O2点燃 2CO2CO + O2点燃 2CO 2C+ 2CuO 高温 2Cu + CO2 3C+ 2Fe2O 3高温 4Fe + 3CO2 CO+ CuO 加热 Cu + CO23CO+ Fe2O 32Fe + 3CO22NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO 3 + H2O2NaOH + SO2 = Na2SO 3 + H2O 2NaOH + SO3 = Na2SO 4 + H2O Ca(OH2 + CO2 = CaCO3+ H2O Ca(OH2 + SO2 = CaSO3+ H2O CO 2 + H2O = H2CO 3C+ H2 O CO + H2 (生成水煤气 C+CO2加热2C+ S

10、iO2 2CO + Si Si +O2 SiO 22F 2+ Si= SiF4 Si + 4HF= SiF4+2H2 Si+2NaOH+ H2O= Na 2SiO 3+2H2SiO 2+2NaOH =Na2SiO 3+H2O SiO 2+ 4HF =SiF4+2H2OCaO+ SiO2 CaSiO 3SiO 2 + Na2CO 3 Na 2SiO 3+ CO2SiO 2 + CaCO3 CaSiO 3+ CO2 Na 2SiO 3 + 2HCl=2 NaCl+ H2SiO 3Na 2SiO 3 +H2O +CO2= Na2CO 3 + H2SiO 3 §5氮族元素NH 3 + H2

11、O NH 3·H 2 O NH 4+OH -4NH 3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O2NH 4Cl + Ca(OH 2CaCl 2 + 2NH3 +2H2ON 2 + H2 NH 3N 2 + 3Mg Mg 3N 2N 2 + O2 2NO 2NO + O2= 2NO23NO 2 + H2O =2HNO3 + NO 4NO + 3O2 + 2H2O=4HNO3 4NO 2 + O2 + 2H2O =4HNO34HNO 34NO 2 + O2 + 2H2O Cu+4HNO3(浓 = Cu(NO3 2 +2NO2 +2H2O3Cu+8HNO3(稀 =3Cu(NO3 2 +2NO +4

12、H2OC+4HNO3(浓 =CO2 +4NO2 +2H2O NH 4Cl NH 3+HClNH 3 + HCl=NH4Cl (白烟 8HNO 3(稀 +3Fe(过量 =3Fe(NO3 2+2NO+4H2O4HNO 3(稀 +Fe(不足 =Fe(NO3 3+NO+2H2ONH 4HCO 3 NH 3 + H2O +CO2 2NO 2N 2O 4NaOH+ NH4Cl NaCl+NH3 +H2O(NH 42SO 4 + 2NaOH Na 2SO 4 +2 NH3 +2H2ONH 4NO 3 + NaOHNaNO 3+ NH3 +H2O 3Cl 2 +2 P 2PCl 3 Cl 2 + PCl3PC

13、l 5 4P + 5O2P 2O 5 P 2O 5+ 3H2O H 3PO 4§6几种常见的金属4Al + 3O2 2Al 2O 3 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2 2Al + 2NaOH +2H2O=2NaAlO2 + 3H2Al 2O 3 + 6HCl=2AlCl3+ 3H2O Al 2O 3 + 2NaOH=2NaAlO2 + H2OAl(OH3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH3 + NaOH=NaAlO2 + 2H2O2Al(OH3Al 2O 3 + 3H2O (Fe(OH3、 Cu(OH2类似Al

14、Cl 3 + 3NH3·H 2O=Al(OH3 +3NH4Cl NaAlO 2+HCl+H2O=NaCl+Al(OH3CO 2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO 33NaAlO 2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3+ 3 NaClAlCl 3+3NH3·H 2O=Al(OH3+3NH4ClFe + SFeS 3Fe + 2O2Fe 3O 43Fe + 4H2O Fe 3O 4 + 4H 2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu2FeCl 3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl 3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻铜

15、线路版 2FeCl 3+H2S(少量 =2FeCl2+2HCl+S 2FeCl 3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe(OH3Fe 2O 3 + 3H2O 2FeCl 2+Cl2=2FeCl34Fe(OH2+ 2H2O+ O2 =4Fe(OH3 3C+ 2Fe2O 3高温 4Fe + 3CO2Fe 2O 3 + 6HCl = 2FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe 2O 3 + 3H2SO 4 = Fe2(SO4 3 + 3H2OH 2SO 3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO 4+2FeCl2+2HCl2Al +Cr2O 3 Al 2O 3+2Cr 2Al + Fe 2O 3Al 2O 3+

16、2 Fe4Al +3MnO2 2Al 2O 3+3Mn 2Mg+CO22MgO+C2HgO 2Hg+ O2 2Ag 2O 4 Ag+ O2WO 3+3H2W+3H2O 2Al 2O 34Al+ 3O22NaCl 2Na +Cl2 3NaOH+FeCl3=Fe(OH3+ 3NaCl§7其他章节CuSO 4·5 H2O CuSO 4+5H2O CuSO 4 + 5H2O = CuSO4·5H 2OFeCl 3+3H2O Fe(OH3(胶体 +3HClCu Cl2Cu +Cl22NaCl+2H2O H 2+Cl2+2NaOHBa (OH2·8 H2O+ 2NH

17、4Cl= Ba Cl2+2 NH3+10H 2O(吸热反应 有机化学反应方程式1. 甲烷与氯气 CH 4+Cl2CH 3Cl+HCl CH 3Cl+Cl2CH 2Cl 2+HClCH 2Cl 2+Cl2CHCl 3+HCl CHCl 3+Cl2CCl 4+HCl2. 乙烯实验室制法(浓硫酸作催化剂,脱水剂 CH 3CH 2OH H 2O + CH2=CH2 3. 乙烯通入溴水中 CH 2=CH2 + Br2CH 2BrCH 2Br 4.乙烯和 HBr 的反应 CH 2=CH2 + HBr催化剂CH 3CH 2Br 5. 乙烯水化制乙醇 CH 2=CH2 + H2O CH 3CH 2OH 6.

18、制取聚乙烯、聚丙烯 n CH2=CH2催化剂n CH3 CH=CH2催化剂37. 乙炔的制取 CaC 2 + 2H2O Ca(OH2 + 8. 由乙炔制聚氯乙烯+ HCl H 2C=CHCl n H2C=CHCl催化剂9. 苯与液溴反应(需铁作催化剂 + Br 2 +HBr 10. 苯的硝化反应+ HNO3 + H2O 11. 苯与氢气加成生成环己烷 + 3H2催化剂 12. 甲苯发生硝化反应+3HONO2浓硫酸+ 3H 2O 13. 溴乙烷水解 CH 3CH 2Br + NaOH CH 3CH 2OH + NaBr 14. 溴乙烷消去反应CH 3CH 2Br +NaOH 2=CH2 + Na

19、Br + H2O15. 乙醇与钠反应 2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na2CH 3CH 2ONa + H2 16. 乙醇催化氧化 2CH 3CH 2OH + O2 2CH 3CHO + 2H2O2-CH 2 n55-60NO 2NO 2|NO 2O 2N CH 3|催化剂 HC CH HC CH -CH 2 n Cl-CH 2 n17.乙醇脱水(分子间、分子内 CH 3CH 2OH H 2O + CH2=CH2 2CH 3CH 2OH H 2O + CH3CH 2O CH2 CH318. 苯酚与氢氧化钠溶液反应+ NaOH + H2O 19. 苯酚钠溶液中通入二氧化碳+ CO2 + H2O+

20、NaHCO320. 苯酚的定性检验定量测定方法: + 3Br2 + 3HBr21. 丙醛制 1-丙醇CH 3CH 2CHO + H2催化剂 CH 3CH 2CH 2OH 22. 乙醛制乙酸2CH 3CHO + O2 催化剂 2CH 3COOH23. 乙醛的银镜反应CH 3CHO + 2Ag(NH3 2OH H 2O + 2Ag+ 3NH3 + CH3COONH 4 甲醛的银镜反应 HCHO + 4Ag(NH3 2OH 2H 2O + 4Ag+6NH3 +(NH 4 2CO 3 24. 乙醛与新制氢氧化铜悬浊液CH 3CHO + 2Cu(OH2Cu 2O + 2H2O + CH3COOH 25.

21、 乙酸与氢氧化铜悬浊液 2CH 3COOH + Cu(OH2 = (CH3COO 2Cu + 2H2O26. 乙酸乙酯制取(用饱和碳酸钠溶液收集CH 3COOH + CH3CH 2OH3COOC 2H 5 + H2O27. 葡萄糖与银氨溶液 CH 2OH (CHOH 4 CHO +2Ag(NH3 2OH H 2O + 2Ag+ 3NH3 + CH2OH (CHOH 4 COO NH4 28. 蔗糖水解方程式C 12H 22O 11 + H2O 催化剂C 6H 12O 6 + C6H 12O 6蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖浓硫酸 OH ONa ONa OH Br Br Br OHOH 14029. 麦芽糖

22、水解方程式C 12H 22O 11 + H2O 催化剂2C 6H 12O 6麦芽糖 葡萄糖 30. 淀粉水解(C6H 10O 5n + nH2O 催化剂nC 6H 12O 6淀粉 葡萄糖31. 硬脂酸甘油酯皂化反应+3NaOH3 C17H 35COONa +高中化学有机物所有的化学方程式 烷烃、烯烃、炔烃1、 CH 4+2O2CO 2+2H2O2、 CH 4+Cl2CH 3Cl+HCl3、 CH 3Cl+Cl2CH 2Cl 2+HCl4、 CH 2Cl 2+Cl2CHCl 3+HCl5、 CHCl 3+Cl2CCl 4+HCl6、 CH 4C+2H27、 C2H5OH CH2=CH2 +H2O

23、8、 CH 3CH 2Br+KOHCH 2=CH2 +KBr+H2O9、 C 2H 4+3O22CO 2+2H2O10、 CH 2=CH2+ Br2 CH 2 Br CH 2 Br11、 CH2=CH2+H2OCH3CH2OHCH 2 OH |CH OH | CH 2 OHC 17H 352 C 17H 35C 17H 35COOCH 212、 CaC 2+2H2O C 2H 2 +Ca(OH213、 2C 2H 2+5O24CO 2+2H2O14、 CH CH+Br 2CH Br =CH Br15、 CH CH+HClCH 2=CHCl苯及其同系物 5.2C 6H 6+15O212CO 2+

24、6H2 O7.C 6H 5NO 2+3Fe+6HClC 6H 5NH 2+3FeCl2+2H2 O 石油的裂化反应1、 C 16H 34C 8H 18+C8H 162、 C 8H 18C 4H 10+C4H 83、 C 4H 10CH 4+C3H 64、 C 4H 10C 2H 4+C2H 6烃的衍生物卤代烃的性质 5.CH 3-CH 2-Cl+NaOHCH 2=CH2 +NaCl+H2O6. CH3-CH 2-Br+ H2 O CH 3-CH 2-OH+HBr一元醇的制法及性质1.C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO22.CH2=CH2+H2OC2H5OH 4.CH3CHO+H2CH3CH2

25、OH 6.CnH2n+1OHCnH2n+H2O7.CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 +H2O 9.C 2H 5OH+3O22CO 2+3H2O 10.C 2H 5OH+O2CH 3COOH+H2O 11.2C2H5OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O 12.2ROH+2Na=2RONa+H2 13.2C 2H 5OH+2Na=2C2H 5ONa+H214.C 2H 5OH+HONO 2C 2H 5ONO 2+H2O 15.ROH+R'COOHR'COOR+H2O 16.C2H5OH+CH3COOHCH3COOC2H5+H2O 多元醇的性质 醚的制取和性质1.2R OH R O R

26、+H2O2.2CH 3 CH2OH CH3 CH2 O CH2 CH 3+H 2 O苯酚的性质 醛的制取 3.2C2H5OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O醛和酮的性质 3.CH3CHO+H2C2H5OH 5.RCHO+2Cu(OH 2 R COOH+Cu2O +2H 2 O6.CH 3 CHO+2Ag(NH32OH CH3COONH4+2Ag +3NH 3+H 2 O7.2CH 3 CHO+O 22CH 3 COOH9.nHCHO (HCHOn10.2CH 3 CHO+O 22CH3COOH11.HCHO+2Cu(OH 2 HCOOH+Cu2O +2H 2 O12.HCHO+2Ag(NH 3

27、2OH HCOONH4+2Ag +3NH 3+H 2 O羧酸的性质1、 2CH 3 COOH+2Na2CH3COONa+H 22、 CH 3COOH+NaOHCH 3COONa+H2O3、 2CH 3COOH+Na2CO 3=2CH3COONa+CO2 +H2O4、 CH 3COOH+HOC2H 5 CH3COOC2H 5+H 2 O5、 CH3COOC2H5+H2OCH3COOH+C2H5OH合成塑料 合成纤维 合成橡胶 高中化学方程式一、非金属单质 (F 2, Cl 2,O 2,S,N 2,P,C,Si , H 1、氧化性:F 2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸 F 2+Xe(过量 =XeF2

28、2F 2(过量 +Xe=XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂,能将 Mn 2+氧化为 MnO 4 nF 2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属 2F 2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂 2F 2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF 2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F 2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F 2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F 2(过量 +I2=2IF7F 2+Cl2(等体积 =2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O=HF+HClO 3F 2(过量 +Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 Cl 2+H22HCl (将 H 2在 Cl 2点燃;混合点燃、加热

29、、光照发生爆炸 3Cl 2+2P2PCl 3Cl 2+PCl3PCl 5 Cl 2+2Na2NaCl3Cl 2+2Fe2FeCl 3Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl 2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl-Cl 2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl 2+2Br-=2Cl-+Br2Cl 2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl 2+2I-=2Cl-+I2 3Cl 2(过量 +2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl 2+I +3H2O=6H+6Cl +IO35Cl 2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl 2+I2+6H2O=10Cl +IO3+

30、12H+Cl 2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl 2+S2 =2Cl+SCl 2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中:Cl 2+H2S=2H+2Cl+S Cl 2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HClCl 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42 +2ClCl 2+H2O 2=2HCl+O2 Cl 2+H2O 2=2H+Cl+O2 2O 2+3FeFe 3O 4 O 2+K=KO2 S+H2H 2S 2S+CCS 2 S+ZnZnS S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取 S+2CuCu 2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取 3S+2AlAl 2S 3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子

31、制取 N 2+3H2催化剂 高温高压2NH 3N 2+3MgMg 3N 2 N 2+3CaCa 3N 2 N 2+3BaBa 3N 2 N 2+6Na2Na 3N N 2+6K2K 3NN 2+6Rb2Rb 3NN 2+2Al2AlNP 4+6H24PH 3 P+3NaNa 3P2P+3ZnZn3P 2 H 2+2Li2LiH 2、还原性 S+O2SO 2S+H2SO 4(浓 3SO 2 +2H2OS+6HNO3(浓 H 2SO 4+6NO2 +2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2 +2H2O+-24SO 3S+4HNO3(稀 3SO 2+4NO +2H2O3S+4H+4-3NO 3SO 2+4NO

32、 +2H 2O N 2+O2 2NO 4P+5O2P 4O 10(常写成 P 2O 52P+3X22PX 3(X 表示 F 2, Cl 2, Br 2 PX 3+X 2PX 5P 4+20HNO3(浓 4H 3PO 4+20NO2 +4H2OC+2F 2CF 4C+2Cl2CCl 4C+O2(足量 CO 2 2C+O2(少量 2COC+CO22CO C+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅 Si(粗 +2Cl2SiCl 4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯 +4HClSi(粉 +O2SiO 2Si+CSiC(金刚砂 Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO 3+2H2

33、 (Si+2OH-+H2O=-23S iO +2H2 3、歧化反应Cl 2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化:(Cl2+H2O H +Cl +HClO Cl 2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH =Cl +ClO +H2OCl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH =Cl +ClO +H2O3Cl 2+6KOH(浓 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH 5Cl +ClO3 +3H2O 3S+6NaOH2Na 2S+Na2SO 3+3H2O (3S+6OH 2S 2 +SO32 +3H2O 4P+3KOH(

34、浓 +3H2O=PH3 +3KH2PO 2(4P+3OH +3H2O=PH3 +3H2PO 2 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO 4+15H2SO 43C+CaOCaC 2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO二.金属单质 (Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu 的还原性2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na 2O+O22Na 2O 22Na+O2Na 2O 22Na+S=Na2S (爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH +H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2 +H24Na+TiCl44N

35、aCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl 2Mg+Br2MgBr 22Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu 2S (Cu2S 只能由单质制备 Mg+2H2O Mg(OH2+H22Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl 2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO 4=MgSO4+H2 (Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2 2Al+3Cl22AlCl 34Al+3O2=2Al2O 3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧 4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O 3.xH 2O+4Hg(铝汞齐4Al+3M

36、nO22Al 2O 3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O 3Al 2O 3+2Cr (铝热反应 2Al+Fe2O 3Al 2O 3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl 2O 3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO 4(浓 =Al2(SO4 3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷 , 浓的 H 2SO 4,HNO 3中钝化 Al+4HNO3(稀 =Al(NO3 3+NO +2H2O Al+4H+NO3 =Al3+NO +2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2N

37、aAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH +2H2O=2AlO2 +3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O 2Fe 3O 42Fe+O22FeO (炼钢过程 Fe+I 2FeI 2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备 3Fe+4H2O(gFe 3O 4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下 , 不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三.非金属氢化物 (HF,HCl,

38、H2O,H 2S,NH 3 金属氢化物 (NaH1、还原性 :4HCl(浓 +MnO2MnCl 2+Cl2 +2H2O4H +2Cl +MnO 2Mn 2+Cl2 +2H2O4HCl(浓 +PbO2PbCl 2+Cl2 +2H2O4H +2Cl +PbO2Pb 2+Cl2 +2H2O4HCl(g+O22Cl 2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2 +8H2O16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4 =2Mn2+5Cl2 +8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2 +3H2O6H +5Cl +ClO3 =3Cl2 +3H2O14HCl+K2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+

39、2CrCl3+3Cl2 +7H2O14H +6Cl +Cr2O 72 =2Cr3+5Cl2 +7H2O2H 2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与 HCl 、 HBr 、 HI 、 H 2S 、 NH 3气体不能共存 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与 HBr 、 HI 、 H 2S 、 NH 3气体不能共存 2H 2S+3O2(足量 2SO 2+2H2O 2H 2S+O2(少量 2S +2H2O 2H 2S+SO2=3S +2H2O H 2S+H2SO 4(浓 =S +SO2 +2H2O 3H 2S+2HNO3(稀 =3S +2NO +4H2O3H

40、 2S+2H+2NO3 =3S +2NO +4H2O5H 2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO 4=2MnSO4+K2SO 4+5S +8H2O5H 2S+2MnO4 +6H+=2Mn2+5S +8H2O3H 2S+K2Cr 2O 7+4H2SO 4=Cr2(SO4 3+K2SO 4+3S +7H2O3H 2S+Cr2O 72 +8H+=2Cr3+3S +7H2OH 2S+4Na2O 2+2H2O=Na2SO 4+6NaOHH 2S+4Na2O 2+2H2O=8Na+-24SO +-OH 2NH 3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6N

41、H4Cl NH 3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2 +2H2ONH 3+NO2+H+=N2 +2H2O 4NH 3+3O2(纯氧 2N 2+6H2O4NH 3+5O2催化剂 4NO+6H2O4NH 3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除 NO NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氢剂 NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H2 4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH 2+2H2O=Ca(OH2 +2H22、酸性 :4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O (可测定矿样或钢样中 SiO 2的含量,玻璃雕刻 4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2 2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H 2S+F

42、e=FeS +H2 H 2S+CuCl2=CuS +2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应 H 2S+Cu2+=CuS +2H+H 2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S +2HNO3H 2S+2Ag+=Ag2S +2H+H 2S+HgCl2=HgS +2HClH 2S+Hg2+=HgS +2H+H 2S+Pb(NO3 2=PbS +2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中 H 2SH 2S+Pb2+=PbS +2H+H 2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2 (银器在空气中变黑的原因 2NH 3(液 +2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3 3、 NH 3的碱性:NH 3+HX=NH4X (X:F

43、、 Cl 、 Br 、 I 、 S NH 3+HNO3=NH4NO 3 NH 3+H+=NH4+ 2NH 3+H2SO 4=(NH4 2SO 4 NH 3+H+=NH4+NH 3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl (侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打 NH 3+H2S=NH4HSNH 3+H2S=NH4+HS -4、不稳定性: 2HFH 2+F22HCl H 2+Cl2 2H 2O 2H 2+O22H 2O 2=2H2O+O2H 2SH 2+S2NH 3催化剂N 2+3H22HIH 2+I2四.非金属氧化物 (SO3、 SO 2、 N 2O 、 NO 、 N 2O 3、 N

44、O 2、 N 2O 4、 N 2O 5、 CO 、 CO 2、 SiO 2、 P 2O 3、 P 2O 5、 Cl 2O 、 Cl 2O 3、 Cl 2O 5、 Cl 2O 7、 ClO 21、低价态的还原性:(SO2、 CO 、 NO2SO 2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO 4(这是 SO 2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应 2SO 2+O2催化剂 加热2SO 3 SO 2+NO2=SO3+NOSO 2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42 +2Cl SO 2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HBr Br 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42 +

45、2Br SO 2+I2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HI I 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42 +2I2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的 NO 和 NO 2 NO+NO2+2OH =2NO22CO+O22CO 2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O 32Fe+3CO2CO+H2O 催化剂加热CO 2+H22、氧化性:SO 2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO 3+2KIK 2SO 3+I2NO 2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉 KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和 NO 24NO 2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO 2+Cu

46、4CuO+N2N 2O+ZnZnO+N2CO 2+2Mg2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由 Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K 等燃烧的火灾 SiO 2+2H2Si+2H2O SiO 2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、与水的作用 :SO 2+H2O=H2SO 3SO 3+H2O=H2SO 4SO 3+H2O=2H+SO423NO 2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐 N 2O 5+H2O=2HNO3N 2O 5+H2O=2H+2NO3P 2O 5+H2O(冷水 =2HPO3P 2O 5+3H2O(热水 =2H3PO 4 (P2O5极易吸水 , 可作气体干燥剂 P 2O 5+3H2SO 4(

47、浓 =2H3PO 4+3SO3CO 2+H2O=H2CO 3Cl 2O+H2O=2HClOCl 2O 7+H2O=2HClO4 Cl 2O 7+H2O=2H+2ClO44、与碱性物质的作用 :SO 2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4 2SO 3SO 2+(NH4 2SO 3+H2O=2NH4HSO 32NH 4HSO 3+H2SO 4=(NH4 2SO 4+2H2O+2SO2 (硫酸工业尾气处理 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO3 +H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别 SO 2和 CO 2. 可用品红鉴别 SO 3+MgO=MgSO4SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO4 +H2OCO 2+NH3+H2O

48、=NH4HCO 3CO 2+2NH3(过量 +H2O=(NH4 2CO 3(NH4 2CO 3(NH2 2CO+2H2OCO 2+2NH3(NH2 2CO+H2O (工业制取尿素 CO 2+2NaOH(过量 =Na2CO 3+H2O 2OH -+CO2=CO32 +H2OCO 2(过量 +NaOH=NaHCO3OH -+CO2=HCO3CO 2+Ca(OH2(过量 =CaCO3+H2O Ca 2+2OH +CO2=CaCO3 +H2O 2CO 2(过量 +Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3 2OH +CO2=HCO3CO 2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3 2CO 2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2

49、+2HCO3 CO 2(不足 +2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3 +Na2CO 3CO 2+3H2O+AlO2 =Al(OH3 +CO32CO 2(足 +NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH3 +NaHCO3CO 2+2H2O+AlO2 =Al(OH3 +HCO3CO 2+C6H 5ONa+H2O=C6H 5OH +NaHCO3CO 2+C6H 5O +H2O=C6H 5OH +HCO3SiO 2+CaOCaSiO 3 (炼钢造渣 SiO 2+2NaOH=Na2SiO 3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃 SiO 2+Na2CO 3Na 2SiO 3+CO2 (制取玻璃 SiO 2+CaC

50、O3CaSiO 3+CO2(制取玻璃 2NO 2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO 2+2OH =NO3 +NO2 +H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工业尾气吸收 NO+NO2+2OH =2NO3 +H2O五.金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性 :6FeO+O2=2Fe3O 4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3 =Fe3+NO2 +2H2O2、氧化性 :Na 2O 2+2Na2Na 2O (此反应用于制备 Na 2O MgO , Al 2O 3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为 Mg , Al. 一般通过电解制 Mg

51、和 Al. Fe 2O 3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉 Fe 3O 4+4H23Fe+4H2O CuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe 3O 4+16HI=6FeI 2+8H2O+2I22Fe 3O 4+16H+4I =6Fe 2+8H2O+2I2Fe 2O 3 +Fe 3FeO (炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂 FeO+CFe+CO (高温炼钢调节 C 含量 2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2 (高温炼钢调节 Si 含量 3、与水的作用 :Na 2O+H2O=2NaOHNa 2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na 2O 2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na 2O 2+2H2O=4Na+4OH +O2(此

52、 反 应 分 两 步 :Na2O 2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O 2;2H 2O 2=2H2O+O2H 2O 2的 制 备 可 利 用 类 似 的 反 应 :BaO2+H2SO 4(稀 =BaSO4+H2O 2MgO+H2O=Mg(OH2(缓慢反应 4、与酸性物质的作用 :Na 2O+SO3=Na2SO 4Na 2O+CO2=Na2CO 3MgO+SO3=MgSO4 Na 2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa 2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na 2O 2+2CO2=2Na2CO 3+O2Na 2O 2+H2SO 4(冷 , 稀 =Na2SO 4+H2O 2MgO+H2SO 4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl 2O 3+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2OAl 2O 3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl 2O 3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O (Al2O 3两性氧化物 Al 2O 3+2OH =2AlO2 +H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe 2O 3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe 2O 3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe 3O 4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe 3O 4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六.含氧酸