2021届广东高三英语读写任务复习之如何概括

1、广东高三英语读写任务复习之如何概括PartI.什么是摘要？Asummaryisashortaccountgivingthemainpointsofsomethinglongerordetailed.概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构,设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话

2、的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。二、概括的写作步骤：1 .确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。2 .寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。3 .重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。4 .重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：问接引语。短：短的

3、连词。细腻：细节和例子）三、概括的形式：主题句+支撑句”即主题+主题的什么”。文体主题句支撑句议论文文早论点（一句）文早论据（两二句）记叙文故事的写作目的/主题（一句）故事大意（两二句）说明文说明的对象/观点/现象解释/分述附：2007年广东高考概括部分评分细则：1 .完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分；2 .机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分；3 .稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分；4 .创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分5 .结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。PartII.写概括的具体方法I.TheStepsofWritingaS

4、ummaryA.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如Thepassagetellsusthat.B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。（特殊如主位的，可能会使用第一、二人称；）C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。1）Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同义替换法Ididn'tcatchanyowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn'tcatchanyfishIwaspatient.2）Adopttheoppositewaywhensaying

5、asentenceE话反说法Youw川fail.=Youwill.3）Changethepartofspeech司性转换法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisof.4）Changethestructureofasentence式变化法语态变换：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.一Childrenshouldmorepraise.简单句变复合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,wi

6、llhelpthemlearnfaster.5）Usetheshortestpossibletransitions!词衔接法注意使用些短而精的连词，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildrenscoldingthem.6）Changetheorderofthewords3序改变法D.下列是常规的实用技巧。Skilll:Omit（省略）thedeta

7、ilsSkill2:OmittherepetitionsSkill3:OmittheexamplesSkill4:Usegeneral（概括性）wordsinsteadofspecific（具体的）words）Skill5:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1）删除细节。只保留主要观点。2）避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。3）删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则

8、概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子（即一两个主要节日）。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。4）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She）roughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：“Shebroughthomea10tofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”5）把文章的对话或直接引语（的要点）

9、改成间接引语叙述。6）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。7）压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlidiike.”可以概括为：“Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”8）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。II.练习篇-学以致用。（Task1:Ple

10、asefollowtheexampletochoosetheproperskillfromtheaboveones.）1,Then,youcanthinkofawaytomakebothsideshappy.Herearesometips1）Maketimetotalk.Youcouldtalkaboutyourschoollifeandyourplansforthefuture.2） .Keepadiary.Itcanhelpyouunderstandmoreaboutyourselfandyourfeelings.3） .Showyourparentsyouaregrowingup.Was

11、hyourownclothesandhelparoundthehouse.Whichskill:Summary:2. Sometimes,kidsdon'tthinktheirparentsarefairtothem.Whenyouwanttodressinamodernway,ymumdoesn'tlikeyoutowearaminskirt.Whenyouaremakingphonecallstofriends,theyaskwhetheryourespeakingtoaboyoragirl.Whichskill:Summary:3. KatelookedatPauldis

12、approvingly,“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood;Paslnotatallgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned,“Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn'thavesalttasteawfullikeeatingwoodorsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit!”Whichskill:Summary:4. ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsomete

13、xtbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Whichskill:Summary:m.Task2:findouthowtosummarizethewholepassage段意合并法（说明文、应用文）第一步，通读全文，领略大意；第二步，小结每一段的大意；第三步，根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点，综合归纳全文的大意.对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如，可以概括如下“Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon”要素串联法（记叙文）记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见

14、的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where,when,what,who,how,给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。主题概括法（议论文）第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。第二、根据原文的词句（一般指

15、关键词和全文或段落的主题句）,进行改写：或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换（如主动句改为被动句等等）.千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯;第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数（30个词左右）。议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：Thewriterofthisarticlethinkstha

16、t或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Somepeoplethink还可以从中立的角度或用无人称”的方式来说ThearticlegivestheviewthatExercise:Matchthemainideawiththeproperskill.5.ItmusthavebeenabouttwointhemorningwhenIreturnedhome.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingouthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep,soIgotaladderfromtheshedinthegarden,putitagainstthew

17、all,andbeganclimbingtowardsthebedroomwindow.Iwasalmosttherewhenasarcasticvicebelowsaid,“Idon'tthinkthewindowsneedcleaningatthistimeofthenight."Ilookeddownandnearlyfellofftheladdsawapoliceman.IimmediatelyregrettedansweringinthewayIdid,butIsaid,“Ienjoycleanight.”“SodoI,"answeredthepolice

18、maninthesametone.“Excusemyinterruptingyou.Ihatetointerruptonwoenfooditswosld，"l,I'dpworking,butwouldyoumindcomingwithmetothestation?prefertostayhere,“Yourwhat?”hecalled.“Isaid.“Yousee,I'veforgottenmykey.“Mykey,"Ishouted.Fortunately,theshoutingwokeupmywifewhoopenedthewindowjustasthe

19、policemanhadstartedtoclimbtowardsmeWhichskill:点拨：1）这是一篇记叙文，请从原文中划出时间、地点、人物、事情的经过和结果。2）填充下面所给的summary,注意如何借用词法，语法简化句子。Summary:Onarrivinghomeinthemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeupbyringingthedoorbell.Hetriedto,butwasfoundby.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswife.6.Advertisingcanbeaservicetocustomers.Thisistruewhena

20、dvertisementsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhebuyssomething.Itisusefulinthatitletshimknowofthekindsofgoodsintheshops.Printedadvertisementsdothisjobbest.Customerscancollectthemandcomparethem.Theycanbetakenalongtotheshopsan

21、dtheirstatementscanbecheckedagainstandactualgoodsintheshops.Someadvertisementsarenotveryusefultothecustomers.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,theysetouttomakehimwantthings.Theysetouttomakeusbelievethatwhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsome,ifonlyweuseit.ThevoiceonT

22、Vsays,“GetawaypeopleuseXYZpetrol."Thescreenshowsapictureofpetrolpumpforafastexpensivecarownedbyaboywithaprettygirlfriend.Theydriveofftothewonderfulcountryoralovelybeach.Somepeoplemayfeelthatclever,successfulpeopleuseXYZpetrol.Somemightchoosethatpetroleverytimetheyfilluptheircars.Skill:Summary:7

23、.Studentsshouldthinknowaboutwhatextracurricular（课外的）activitiesthey'dliketoparticipatein.Participatinginextracurricularactivitiesmayhelpyoudeepenyourphysical,creative,social,political,andcareerinterestsbybringingyouintocommunicationwithotherlike-mindedpeopleyoudidn'ptreviouslyknow.Youcanjoing

24、roupsasawaytogetsupportfromotherstudents.Acluborgroupcanalsobeagreatwaytomeetpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyou.Lotsofyouthprogramsbringpeopletogetherwiththosewhoaredifferentasawaytobreakdownthebarriersbetweenpeople.Participatinginextracurricularactivitieshelpsyouinotherways,too.Itlooksgoodoncollegeandjob

25、applicationsandshowsadmissionsofficersandemployersyou'rewell-roundedandresponsible.Specificactivitieshelpwithspecificgoals.Themostbasicreasonforjoiningacluborteamisthatitgivesyousomethingbettertodothanstaringatthewall,wanderingthehall,orsleepingallafternoon.Peoplewhoareparticipatingarelesslikely

26、topickupbadhabits,likesmokingordrinking.Skill:Summary:IV.积累模板SomeSummaryModelsforYou要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：Theessay/passage/authorhighlightstheimportanceofencouragementforstudents.Theessay/passage/authorarguesinsupportof，statingthatTheessay/passage/authorarguesthatwemustnotonlyva

27、luethosewhocomefirstorarethebestinanyfieldbuttheotherswhoseeffortpushthemtosuccess.Theessay/passage/authordiscussestheimpactofemail.Theessay/passage/authorcomparesfriendshipwiththecomfortofhome.Theessay/passage/authoroutlinestheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.B.而记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择：Thepassage/storyisaboutamis

28、understandingbetweenastudentandateacher.Theauthortellsusastoryabouta.Thepassageisastoryabout.Accordingtothepassage,theherointhestory.C.通用型模板：Accordingtothepassage,weknowThisarticleismainlyaboutThewriterstatesthatAscanbelearnthispassage,ThepassagesaysthatInthispassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperie

29、nceof另外，更具体一点：（1）记叙文概要模板a.点明写作目的类：Thewritertellsus（主题）byshowingusanexampleofwho/which（故事tf节）b.作者经历类：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth,whichc.他人经历类：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb'sexperienceofdoingsth（2）议论文概要模板Thearticlegivestheviewthatshould/shouldn't主题）.（补充论据）.Thepassag

30、ehighlights（虽调）theimportanceofsth.Theauthorarguesthat（3）说明文概要模板a.现象揭示类：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon-（主题），which（.补充解释）b.利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.AwhileBThepassagediscussestheimpact（响）ofsth.Onthepositiveside，butitmayalso.c.研究显示类：Thestudyreveals竭露）thatThepurpo

31、seofthereportistoshowthatPartIII.概括大意时应注意的几个事项1 .不可忽略，忘记写.概括要点占5分.2 .不可一字不漏地完全照抄原文.（但可以灵活地抄，特别对基础差的同学）3 .不可加入自己的观点.必须忠于原文、忠于作者.4 .不要概括太广，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节太狭窄5 .不要用列举、描绘性语言当成概括性语言.6 .不要只用一个简单句来概括.或写得太多句子（单词）。7 .要注意文体特征.文体不同，概括的方式也不同.8 .不要把概括跟下文写成一起。（即要求分段）9 .不要用序号标概括和下文,注意概括和下文构成一个不可分隔、完整的文章。附：练习参考答

32、案：I.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。”练习1）because2）notsucceed3）ofgreatimportance4）begiven；which5）insteadof11 .练习篇-学以致用。12 Skilll:OmitthedetailsTherearesometipsforchildrentofollowsothattheycangetonwellwiththeirparents.2. Skill2:Omittheexamples.Itisquitenaturalthatwechildrenlookatthesameproblemdifferentlyfromourparents.3. Skill4:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.KatesuggestedthatPaulshouldeatlesssalt.ButPauldisagreed.H