专转本写作--基础理论

1、1作文篇作文篇 2概述v占试卷的10%，共15分v考试时间：30分钟v字数要求：120词v评分标准：文章切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，无重大语法错误3评分标准v文章切题：作文应表达题目所规定的内容，紧扣这一中心展开；论述的细节必须与主题相关；所举的例子必须能支持论点。v衔接连贯：注意段与段、句子和句子之间的衔接，运用适当的过渡词。v行文：用英语清楚而正确地表达思想，避免造成理解障碍的语法错误。4作文评分标准v2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。v5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。v8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字

2、勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。v11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。v14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。字数不足应酌情扣分： 5写作步骤（四步法）v第一步：审题v第二步：写提纲（主题句）v第三步：写正文v第四步：检查、修改6一、审题（写什么）v明确体裁： 1. 提纲式作文（90%） 2. 图表式作文 3. 应用文v确定写作方法（提纲式作文）： 1. 对比观点类 2. 阐述主题类 3. 说明利弊类 4. 解决方法类7二、写提纲（主题句）v提纲式作文 1.如果给出的提纲是中文，且是每段的主题句，将其翻译成英文即可

3、。 2.如果给出的提纲是完整的英文句子，照抄。 3.如果给出的是不完整的中文或英文句子，补全形成主题句。8v图表作文 1.第一句写表格或图表中的变化和趋势。 2.第二句分析、描述造成这种情况变化的原因。 3.第三句总结和预测。9三、写正文（三段论）v第一段：提出论点(introduction)v第二段：进行论证(body)v第三段：给出结论(conclusion)10四、检查和修改v语言检查语言检查句子的检查句子的检查 1. 大小写及单词的拼写。 2. 时态，语态，人称，主谓一致。 3. 句子是否完整。 4. 字数是否足够。 5. 标点符号。v语篇检查语篇检查段落和语篇的检查段落和语篇的检查

4、1.主题是否明确，观点是否可靠，论证是否有力，结论是否恰当。 2. 主题句是否放在句首，段落中的衔接词是否恰当。11写作的基本原则一、一、 长短句原则长短句原则 v写一个短小精辟的句子，可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： 12vAs a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they ar

5、e in a way quite similar. v强烈建议强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式; 文章结尾一般用一长一短。 13二、二、 主题句原则主题句原则v写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾。 v特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的！ vTo begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without s

6、ufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 14三、 一二三原则 v文章要通过关键性的“标签”来判定是否结构清楚，条理自然。151）first, second, third, last2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3）the first, the second, the third, the last 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place,

7、lastly165）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）1

8、7四、四、 短语优先原则短语优先原则v有两个好处：v其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点；v其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！ 18vI cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. vI want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。 19五、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 在句子之间加and： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： No

9、t only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 202）转折v The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. v更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless,in spite of213）因果vThe snow began to fall, so w

10、e went home. vv更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 224）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）v让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. v同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away 23作文常见错误v

11、语法错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点” 。24一 不一致v所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等v例 When one have money, he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)v剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has; 同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致 改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)251） We can use computers in doing everything you l

12、ike. 2） A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.3） Horse is an useful animal. 4） The exam will be held in the December, 2004. 26二 修饰语错位v例.I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. v剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末27三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）例There

13、are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on . v剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句v改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.281 主从句叠置1） There are more and more students like

14、 to use the computer. 2） There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.293 从句叠置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be s

15、uccessful.5 语序错误1） Why college students spend more and more time on the computer? 2） I often wonder where have they got their money.30四 逻辑关系不清v例1：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中“at the age of ten”v改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.v例2 To do well in college, good grades are essential

16、.改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.31五 词性误用v“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.32vIt is my point that reading must be selectively. （误） In my opinion, reading must be selective

17、. （正）vHonest is so important for every person. （误） Honesty is so important for everyone. （正）vThe old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误）vThe old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）vI wish you can consider my suggests. vIf a person wants to success, he must learn

18、 to endure sufferings and setbacks.33六 指代不清v例1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.34v例2. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. v剖析：句中人称代

19、词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.35七句子重叠v例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. v剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。v改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 36八 用词不当v例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。v把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”。v“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.37九 累赘v例1