雅思A类Task1图表小作文写作方法

1、【Abby阿布整理】雅思A类Task1图表小作文写作方法+各个击破 Abby阿布留留学雅思A类Task1图表小作文写作方法+各个击破【Abby阿布整理】 2008.054 A类task1图表类小作文4.1 A类task1 评分标准细则BandTask achievementCoherence and cohesionLexical resourceGrammatical range and accuracy9 fully satisfies all the requirements of the task clearly presents a fully developed response

2、uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention skilfully manages paragraphing uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as slips uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare min

3、or errors occur only as slips8 covers all requirements of the task sufficiently presents, highlights and illustrates key features/ bullet points clearly and appropriately sequences information and ideas logically manages all aspects of cohesion well uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately u

4、ses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation uses a wide range of structures the majority of sentenc

5、es are error-free makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies7 covers the requirements of the task (Academic) presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages (General Training) presents a clear purpose, with the tone consistent and appropriate clearly presents and highlights

6、 key features/bullet points but could be more fully extended logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and

7、precision uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation uses a variety of complex structures produces frequent error-free sentences has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a fe

8、w errors6 addresses the requirements of the task (Academic) presents an overview with information appropriately selected (General Training) presents a purpose that is generally clear; there may be inconsistencies in tone presents and adequately highlights key features/ bullet points but details may

9、be irrelevant, inappropriate or inaccurate arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately uses an ad

10、equate range of vocabulary for the task attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rare

11、ly reduce communication5 generally addresses the task; the format may be inappropriate in places (Academic) recounts detail mechanically with no clear overview; there may be no data to support the description (General Training) may present a purpose for the letter that is unclear at times; the tone

12、may be variable and sometimes inappropriate presents, but inadequately covers, key features/ bullet points; there may be a tendency to focus on details presents information with some organisation but there may be a lack of overall progression makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devi

13、ces may be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader uses only a limited range of structures att

14、empts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty; errors can cause some difficulty for the reader4 attempts to address the task but does not cover all key features/bullet points; the format may be inap

15、propriate (General Training) fails to clearly explain the purpose of the letter; the tone may be inappropriate may confuse key features/bullet points with detail; parts may be unclear, irrelevant, repetitive or inaccurate presents information and ideas but these are not arranged coherently and there

16、 is no clear progression in the response uses some basic cohesive devices but these may be inaccurate or repetitive uses only basic vocabulary which may be used repetitively or which may be inappropriate for the task has limited control of word formation and/or spelling; errors may cause strain for

17、the reader uses only a very limited range of structures with only rare use of subordinate clauses some structures are accurate but errors predominate, and punctuation is often faulty 3 fails to address the task, which may have been completely misunderstood presents limited ideas which may be largely

18、 irrelevant/repetitive does not organise ideas logically may use a very limited range of cohesive devices, and those used may not indicate a logical relationship between ideas uses only a very limited range of words and expressions with very limited control of word formation and/or spelling errors m

19、ay severely distort the message attempts sentence forms but errors in grammar and punctuation predominate and distort the meaning2 answer is barely related to the task has very little control of organisational features uses an extremely limited range of vocabulary; essentially no control of word for

20、mation and/or spelling cannot use sentence forms except in memorised phrases A类task1 评分标准细则成绩 完成任务情况 连贯与衔接 词汇资源 语法结构的范围和准确性9 完全满足任务的所有要求；对于题目的回应清晰而完整；不露痕迹地使用衔接手段；分段得体；词汇使用广泛、自然而老到；极少出现小错误如“笔误”语法结构的使用广泛、准确而灵活；极少出现小错误如“笔误”8 充分涵盖题目的所有要求；清晰而又得体地呈现并说明核心信息信息和观点的安排有序而富逻辑性；衔接性的各个方面安排得体；分段充分、适当；能流畅、灵活地使用多样词汇

21、来准确表达思想；能巧妙使用较不常见单词和习语，尽管偶尔有词汇选择和搭配上的不准确；拼写和构词法错误极少；灵活使用多种结构；大部分语句无误；极偶尔情况下出现错误或不准确；7涵盖题目要求；（留学类）清晰概括主要趋势，差别或阶段；（普通培训类）清晰表达写作目的，语气一贯、得体；清晰呈现并说明核心信息，但可以进行更加充分的扩展；信息和观点组织有逻辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性；衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多；词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性；能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解；在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误；使用多种复杂结构；多数语句无误；语法和标点掌握较好，但可能会犯一

22、些错误；6 回应题目要求；（留学类）进行了概括，信息选择合理；（普通培训类）写信目的基本清晰，语气可能有不够一贯之处；呈现并说明核心信息，但细节可能不够相关，不适合或不准确信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性；衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或过于机械；指代关系可能不能总是清晰、合理地使用使用适当范围的词汇；试图使用较不常见词汇，但有一些不准确；在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交际；能使用简单和复杂句子结构；语法和标点出现一些错误，尽管这些错误很少导致交流障碍。5 基本上回应题目要求；格式可能有时不准确；（留学类）机械描述细节，缺少清晰概括；可能缺少数据支持；（普

23、通培训类）提出写信目的，有时不清晰；语气可能多变，有时不得体；呈现核心信息，但涵盖不完整；可能有过于注重细节的倾向；信息有一定组织但缺少总体延续性；衔接手段不充分，不准确，或过度使用；缺少指代和替换，显得重复过多；使用有限词汇量，但只是在最低层面上满足题目；拼写和构词法上可能出现明显错误，造成读者的某些阅读困难；只能使用基本句子结构；试图使用复杂句，但复杂句的使用准确性不如简单句；语法错误较多，标点有误用；错误造成读者的某些阅读困难4 试图回应题目要求，但没有涵盖所有主要信息；格式不得体；（普通培训类）没有能够清晰解释写信目的；语气不得体；混淆核心信息和细节；有的部分不清晰，不相关，重复或不准

24、确；提供信息和观点，但安排不连贯，也没有清晰的连续性；使用一些基本的衔接手段，但可能不准确或重复只使用基本词汇，可能重复，可能使用不得体；构词法和拼写掌握有限；错误导致读者理解困难；只使用有限的句子结构，从句很少见；有的结构准确但错误较多，标点经常错误；3 没有能够回应题目，可能完全误解题目；观点有限，可能大部分都是不相关或是重复；没有逻辑性地组织观点；衔接手段的使用非常有限，不能表明观点之间的逻辑关系；只使用非常有限的单词和表达，对于构词法和拼写的掌握很有限；错误严重干扰信息的传递；试图写出句子但语法和标点错误非常多，扭曲了意思2回答几乎和任务要求无关对组织结构的掌握极少词汇使用极其有限；基

25、本没有掌握构词法和拼写除了背诵的短语以外无法使用句子1回答完全和任务要求无关无法交流任何信息只能使用一些零散单词完全无法使用句子0缺席考试；交白卷；完全抄袭背诵好的范文l A类图表小作文举例Topic 4-1：You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below shows the results of a survey to find out what members of a city sports club think about the club's activities, facilities and

26、opening hours. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make any comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Club satisfaction survey tableRange of activitiesVery satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members35%35%30%Male members55%40%5%Club facilitiesVer

27、y satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members64%22%14%Male members63%27%10%Opening hoursVery satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members72%25%3%Male members44%19%37%l 范文The table compares the opinions of male and female club members about the services provided by a city sports club. （开头点明了表格的主要内

28、容。）We can see from the responses that the male members are generally happy or satisfied with the range of activities at the club, with only 5% dissatisfied. In contrast, however, only about two-thirds of female members were positive about the activity range and almost a third were dissatisfied. （正文一

29、开始，直接对第一个调查项目的结果进行了描述和总结。既在男性和女性成员内进行了对比，又在男性和女性之间进行了对比。）The genders were more in agreement about the club facilities. Only 14% of women and 10% of men were unhappy with these, and the majority (64% and 63% respectively) was very positive. （正文紧接着对第二个调查项目结果进行了描述和总结。对男性和女性成员总的趋势进行了概括。）Finally, the fem

30、ale respondents were much happier with the club opening hours than their male counterparts. Almost three-quarters of them were very satisfied with these and only 3% were unhappy, whereas nearly 40% of the men expressed their dissatisfaction. （最后对第三个调查项目进行了描述和总结，主要在男性和女性间进行了对比。）Overall, the table ind

31、icates that female members are most unhappy with the range of activities, while male members feel that opening hours are the least satisfactory aspect of the club. (169 words)（结尾重述了最明显的趋势，即女性最不满意的是什么，男性最不满意的是什么。）Topic 4-2：The pie chart shows the proportion of various dog breeds in a dog competition.

32、 Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.l 范文The pie chart depicts the proportion of dogs in a dog competition in seven different groups of dog breeds including sporting, working, hound, terrier, toy, non-sporting and herding. (概述图表信

33、息)The chart consists of seven segments, （正文一开始先点明饼图被分割成几份）the largest one representing sporting group, which accounts for 24% of the total. （然后描述占最大份额的扇区）Working group takes up 21%, becoming the second largest. Hound group and terrier group both get 16%, followed by toy group which makes up 12%. All

34、 the rest proportion, 11% of all, goes to non-sporting and herding groups, consisting 5% and 6% respectively. （接着按照从大到小的顺序描述图表各部分所占份额）The two most popular groups of dogs, namely, working and sporting groups, account for almost half of the dogs in the competition. （在这里进行了归类总结，对最流行的种类进行描述）The total of

35、 the two least popular ones, or non-sporting and herding groups, is less than toy group, the third most unpopular one. Moreover, four times as many dogs competed in the sporting group as in the herding group. （对最大份额的扇区和最小份额的扇区进行了比较）It can be seen from the chart that people attending the dog competit

36、ion favor sporting and working dogs more than other groups. (174 words) （合理推测）4.2 A类图表作文写作四大步骤图表写作大致有四大步：理解题目-浏览图表的文字信息-浏览图表的数字信息-开始写作F 图表作文从读题开始，争取迅速了解图表所涉及的大致内容。很多烤鸭们喜欢先看图表，这是一个错误的习惯，因为不看题目而先看图表其实是在浪费时间。题目中往往包含很多有用的信息，如，图表所涉及的内容和时间，能够给烤鸭们提供对图表概念性的理解。F 在读完题目之后，烤鸭们可以开始读图。正确的步骤是先看文字信息，再看数据，这样会对数据有清晰的

37、了解；图表的文字信息一般包括图表的标题heading、标注label、度量单位dimensions, i.e., measurement units being used和注解annotation。要弄清坐标轴数据所代表的信息，也就是what the numbers refer to，而不是数据本身。没有文字信息的图表是没有意义的，因为那只是一大堆数字。F 有时候有不止一个图表，这时，需要首先判断图之间是否有联系，如果有联系，就一起描述；如果没有联系，就分开描述；如果看不出其中的联系，烤鸭们最好也分开描述。如果非常牵强地联系两个图表，那是没有必要的，会造成失分。F 在开始写作时，面对一堆数据，

38、烤鸭们往往觉得无从下手，不知道描述的先后顺序。一般来说，描述数据可以遵循下面的次序：l 时间原则、最高原则：先看图表是否有时间排列，再看是否有最高值。F 如果出现一组时间，那么以最早的时间开始叙述；如：19982008年，从1998年开始叙述。一般来说，曲线图经常出现时间。F 如果在同一年代里出现可以比较的数据points of contrast，那么从最高值开始叙述；如：在1998年出现几个国家的数值，那么从最高值开始描述。F 如果图表里没有出现时间，那么就关注最高值；从最高值开始描述。饼图一般不会出现关于时间的信息。F 在随后的描述里，不需要描述所有的数据；注意描述最低的数值和有特点的数值

39、；在曲线图中，注意描述趋势，而不是单个数据；在其他三种图表中，将近似的数据分组，一起描述。F 在曲线图里，描述以最后出现的数据结束；在其他图中，叙述以最低的数值结束。4.3 图表作文结构图表作文一般分为三大部分：介绍段、主体和总结段。l 介绍段：介绍段要注意改写题目，不要照抄题目。避免照抄题目的四大方法：1）改变题目中关键词的词性；2）改变题目中关键词的位置；3) 用同义词取代其中某一些词；4) 灵活加入图表中的其他文字信息，如时间、性别、国家等。例4-1：题目：The graphs below show the enrolments of overseas students and loca

40、l students in Britains universities.介绍段：The graphs UUUprovide information aboutUUU (改写) the UUUproportions ofUUU （改写）overseas students and local students UUUenrolledUUU （改变词性和位置）in Britains universities UUUfrom 1998 to 2008UUU.（加入新的信息）l 主体：23段第一句话总结图中比较显著的趋势或特征overall trends or features（如果有此趋势或者特征的话

41、）；其余句子按照前面所提到的顺序逐句叙述图表内容。主体部分的每一个句子一般有三个组成部分，分别是文字信息、数字信息和比较。很多烤鸭们习惯在作文中把数字逐一读出，这是不好的习惯。事实上，文字信息比数字信息更为重要：文字信息可以让读者清楚了解图表的主要信息和趋势，而数据只起到辅助说明的作用。例4-2：The average US family had 4.5 people in 1915, 3.3 in 1967 and 2.6 in 2006.改写：Average family size in the US has been shrinking, from 3.3 people in 1967

42、to 2.6 people in 2006, compared to 4.5 people in 1915.大意：美国家庭在缩小，和1915年的4.5人相比，从1967年的3.3人降到2006年的2.6人。例4-3：Non-metropolitan counties had a property crime rate of 1,250 per 100,000 people, and metropolitan counties experienced a rate of 2,529 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants.改写：The property crime ra

43、te in non-metropolitan counties was relatively low, 1,250 per 100,000 people, less than half the rate in metropolitan counties (2,529 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants).大意：在大城市之外的地方，财产犯罪率相对比较低，10万人中有1250起，比大城市犯罪率的一般还要低（10万人中有2529起）。l 总结段：12句话总结段一般总结图中最主要的信息或最重要的趋势。4.4 图表作文需要注意的六大重要问题4.4.1 时态A图表小作文大部分

44、时候使用过去时态。因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据，过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样，因此用过去时态比较恰当。例4-4：In the 2002 survey，over 75 of respondents with annual incomes above $100，000 considered leisure time extremely or very important在2002年的调查中，年收入超过10万的被访者中有超过75的人觉得休闲时间是极度或者非常重要的。例4-5：While Motorolas share of the global handset market ro

45、se to 20.6 from 18.7，Samsung Electronics share fell to 12.2 from 12.5 in 20052005年，摩托罗拉全球市场份额从18.7升到20.6时，三星电子的份额从12.5跌到12.2。B如果图表里并没有出现任何以往的年度，或者显示这是过去的统计数据，那么用一般现在时比较理想。例4-6：Britain produces 3% of the worlds carbon dioxides emissions-about the same as India, which has 15 times as many people英国制造世界

46、上3% 的二氧化碳排放量，和印度一样，而印度的人口是英国人口的15倍。例4-7：Afro-Americans account for 13% of the US population美国黑人占美国人口的13%。C. 在少数情况下，图表作文会出现预测值，这个时候需要用将来时态；而在使用将来时态的时候，最好避免用will这种词，这样的语气过分肯定。可以用其他的说法替代，譬如be likely to，be predicted to/ be projected tobe expected to。例4-8：The total US greenhouse gas emissions increased b

47、y 43% from 2000 to 2020 错误： 因为针对的时间是2020年，因此应该用将来时态。 改正：The total US greenhouse gas emissions are projected to increase by 43% from 2000 to 2020.美国温室气体的排放量从2000年到2020年会增加43。例4-9：The number of people committing violent crime will rise by the end of 2008 错误： 过分肯定，很难说罪犯的数目是否必定上升，这只是一个预测而已。 改正： It is pr

48、edicted that the number of people committing violent crime is likely to rise by the end of 2008据预测，到2008年年底，暴力犯罪的人数有可能上升。4.4.2 语言 雅思图表作文需要正式的书面语言，强调客观性和准确性。因此，在语言使用方面，要注意减少第一人称的使用，减少非正式的说法。例4-10：I believe that the graph showed a significant decline in the youth smoking rate错误：吸烟率是否下降应该由图表决定，不应该由你是否相

49、信而决定。因此，应把句子中的I believe that去掉。例4-11：The economic development in the first half of the 1980s was fabulous错误：fabulous带有感情色彩，是非正式用语，可以用remarkable、marked这些词代替。例4-12：We can see that car ownership surged from just under 1 percent to nearly 3 percent错误：不要用第一人称we，可以将We can see that改成The chart shows that。4.

50、4.3 同位语和分词作状语在准备图表作文的过程中，烤鸭们要学习同位语和分词作状语的用法，使句子更加简洁和清楚。例4-13：Middle-class families are those families that are earning between $20,000 and $50,000. Middle-class families enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living. The increase was as high as 13 percent 错因：非常繁琐；families出现三次，而increase出现两次。 改正

51、：Middle-class families, UUUearningUUU （现在分词）between $20,000 and $50,000，enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living, UUUa 13 percent riseUUU. （同位语） 大意：收入在2万到5万之间的中产家庭，在生活标准中获得最大的增长，增长幅度为13%。例4-14：Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, and they accounted f

52、or 40% of all PC units sold in 2004. It was up from 18% in 2003.错因：繁琐；出现了代词they指代laptops，然后又出现代词it指代40%。改正：Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, UUUaccounting forUUU (现在分词) 40% of all PC units sold in 2004, UUUcompared withUUU （过去分词）l8% in 2003.大意：和2003年的18%相比，笔

53、记本电脑代表着世界个人电脑市场增长最快的一个部分，占2004年所有售出电脑的40%。例4-15：Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, who were followed by the mid-aged.错因：繁琐；小作文当中，注意减少使用“who are”这种从句结构，应使用分词结构，或在后面直接加名词或者数词作同位语，这样更为简洁。改正：Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, UUUfollowed byUUU (过去分词) the mid-age

54、d.大意：年轻人的吸烟率要比平均人口高，其次是中年人。 4.4.4 语法错误1）副词的位置例4-16：The number of obese people in the UK dramatically increased in at least ten years错因：副词位置；小作文中，修饰上升下降的副词一般放在动词的后面；类似副词有dramatically，substantially，steadily，considerably，significantly，sharply，steeply，moderately，slightly等。改正：The number of obese people i

55、n the UK increased dramatically in at least ten years大意： 英国患肥胖症的人数急剧上升超过十年。例4-17：The illiteracy rate slightly dropped to 2.3%, but it was still the third highest ever recorded.错因：副词的位置；副词的位置比较灵活，要根据不同情况进行判断。此句中，副词slightly应放在不及物动词的后面、介词的前面。改正：The illiteracy rate dropped slightly to 2.3%, but it was s

56、till the third highest ever recorded.大意：文盲率轻微下降到2.3%，但这仍然是目前有记载的第三高。2）一个句子不能有两个动词例4-18：In the first half of 2006, the number of recorded traffic accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, cost $35 million.错因：出现两个谓语动词rose和cost，应该将cost变成现在分词。改正：In the first half of 2006the number of recorded traffiC accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, costing $35 million.大意：在2006年的上半年，纽约记录在案的交通事故数目上升了8倍，达到2504起，造成3500万损失。例4-19：There were 100,000 more people work on a full-time basis in 2004 than in 1994错因： 一个句子不能有两个动词，要将后面的work改成现在分词working，作people的定语。改正：There were 100,000 more peopl