博士研究生入学考试英语试题

1、博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part 1: :ListeningComprehension略Part 2: :StructureandWrittenExpression(20%)Directions:Foreachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21. beforeweleavethedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfult

2、imetogether.A HadtheyarrivedB WouldtheyarriveC WeretheyarrivingD Weretheytoarrive22. lastyearandisnowearninghislivingasanadvertisingagent.A HewouldleaveschoolB HeleftschoolC HehadleftschoolD Hehasleftschool23. .Somepeopleviewedthefindingswithcaution,notingthatacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenpass

3、ivesmokingandcancerremained.A tobeshownB tohavebeenshownC tohaveshownD beingshown24. thatshouldbegivenpriorityto.A ItisthecommitteehasdecidedB ItisonlythecommitteehasdecidedC ItiswhatthecommitteehasdecidedD Itiswhathasthecommitteedecided25. Themostinterestingnewcarsmayowethesimplewisdomofhiringafewt

4、alentedpeopleandallowingthemtowork.A lesslocalfree-spiritednessthanB lesslocalfree-spiritednessthantoC tolesslocalfree-spiritednessthantoD lesstolocalfree-spiritednessthanto26. Overtheyears,JimmyConnorsphenomenaldisplaysoftennisandtemperandattheU.S.Openlastweek,heexhibitedbothagain.A hastreatedspect

5、atorswithB hastreatedspectatorforC hastreatedspectatorsD hastreatedspectatorsto27. Summerholidaysspentonthehotghettostreetsarethetimemiddle-classstudentsdevotetocamps,exoticvacationsandhighlyorganizedsports.A ashardlyculturallyenrichingasB ashardlyenrichingcultureasC hardlyasculturallyenrichingasD h

6、ardlyasculturalenrichingas28. ThemajorobstacletothereforminNewOrleans,ismoney.A asisitacrossthecountryB asitisacrossthecountryC asitwereacrossthecountryD aswereitacrossthecountry29. Nearlyalltreeshaveseedsthatfalltotheearth,takeroot,andeventually.A generatenewseedsB newseedsgeneratedC generatesnewse

7、edsD newseedsaregenerated30. Thewell-maintainedfacilityinSanFranciscoleaguesinvirtuallyeverysport.A werehometoB wasthehomeofC washometoD washomeof31. Studentsattheseschoolstestfarbelowthestateaverageinreading,andtheirscoreshaveimprovedonly.A marginallyB marvelouslyC martiallyD markably32. Iwasinsome

8、doubtastowhethertheCorporalhadusaccidentallyonhiswayoutofthetownorifhe'dbeendeliberatelytasked.AcrashedonBbumpedintoCfallenagainstDpuzzledabout33. Inprevioustime,whenfreshmeatwasinshort,pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceoffood.A storageB reserveC supplyD provision34. Thehospitaldeniesthere

9、isanyconnectionbetweenthedisciplinaryactionandDr.Reid'sabouthealthproblems.A allegianceB allianceC allegationsD alliteration35. Theorganizationissuedacryofalarmlastweek,citing“evidence"thatthosechildrenarenotreceivingthesamequalityofeducationastheirricherpeers.A comparingB completingC compe

10、llingD composing36. Sincenoonecouldhisscribbling,thechiefeditordecidedtoreplacehimwithanothercolumnist.A encodeB decipherC clearD identify37. ManyFineArtgraduatestakeprofessionalpracticeasartists,andthiscourseencouragesthemtoconsidertheirroleasartistsinthecommunitybyprovidingopportunitiesforshort-te

11、rmplacementsoutsidetheFaculty.A downB upC outD in38. ThestatementsaidthepeopleofSrebrenicatothepresidentsoftheUnitedStatesandFrancetohelphalttheoffensive.A arousedB ascribedC acclaimedD appealed39. TheprofessorstoppedforadrinkandthenwithhislectureontheIndianculture.A proceededB processedC preferredD

12、 presented40. Althoughthefalsebanknotesfooledmanypeople,theydidnotcloseexamination.A putupwithB keepupwithC standuptoD lookuptoPartThree:ReadingComprehensionI.Directions:Eachofthefollowingthreepassagesisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebe

13、stanswertoeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)PassageOneInsciencethemeaningoftheword“explain“sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemo

14、dernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstspeculatedontheelectrificationofamber.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really"are.Electricity,BertrandRussellsays,isnotathing,likeSt.Paul'sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbe

15、havewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell."Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyrea

16、soningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshap

17、pen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.41. BertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis.A disapprovedofbymostmodernscientistsB inagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evi

18、dentprinciplesC inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"hoWthingshappenD inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"why/'thingshappen42. Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeideathat.A thereareself-evidentprinciplesB therearemysteriousforcesin

19、theuniverseC mancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”areD wecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo43. Theexpression"speculatedon”(line4)means.A consideredB suspectedC expectedD engagedinbuyingandsellingPassageTwoTheconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentof

20、allillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayco

21、ncernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativet

22、ohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthis

23、texttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoice.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapodrawacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveone

24、selfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevit

25、y.44. TheconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecauseA itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansocietyB ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledgeC personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillnessesD wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth45. SoundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecauseA c

26、urrentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficientB therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisionsC peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriendsD fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflife46. AccordingtoFriesandCrapo,soundhealthchoiceshouldbebasedonA personaldecisionsB society'sl

27、awsCfriendsopinionsDstatisticalevidencePassageThreeForgatheringdataaboutindividualsorgroupsatdifferentdevelopmentallevels,researcherscanusetworelatedresearchdesigns:longitudinalandcross-sectional.Alongitudinalstudyisonethatmeasuresabehaviororacharacteristicofanindividualoveraperiodoftime,perhapsdeca

28、des.AnexampleofsuchastudyistheBerkeleyGrowthStudybegunin1928byNancyBayley.Thestudyfocusedonagroupof74white,middle-classnewborns.Astheygrewolder,extensivemeasuresoftheirintellectual,personality,andmotordevelopmentwererecorded.Thesubjectswerestudiedformorethanthirtyyears.Thelongitudinalresearchdesigni

29、sapowerfultechniqueforseekingunderstandingsoftheeffectsofearlyexperiencesonlaterdevelopment.Also,differencesinorstabilityofbehaviorsorcharacteristicsatdifferentagescanbedetermined.Longitudinalstudies,however,areexpensivetoconduct,time-consuming,andheavilycontingentonthepatienceandpersistenceoftheres

30、earchers.Thefindingsofalongitudinalstudymaybejeopardizedbyrelocationofsubjectstoanotherpartofthecountryandbyboredomorirritationatrepeatedtesting.Anotherdisadvantageisthatsocietychangesfromonetimetoanotherandthesubjectsparticipatinginthestudyreflecttosomedegreesuchchanges.Themethodsofstudyorthequesti

31、onsguidingtheresearchersmayalsochangefromonetimetoanother.Ifproperlyconducted,however,longitudinalstudiescanproduceuseful,directinformationaboutdevelopment.Across-sectionalstudyisoneinwhichsubjectsofdifferingagesareselectedandcomparedonaspecificbehaviororcharacteristic.Theyarealikewithrespecttosocio

32、economicstatus,sex,oreducationallevel.Forexample,aresearchermaybeinterestedinlookingatchangesinintelligenceoverathirty-yearperiod.Threegroupsofsubjects,agesten,twenty,andthirty,maybeselectedandtested.Conclusionsaredrawnfromthetestdata.Thecross-sectionalresearchdesignhastheclearadvantageofbeinglessex

33、pensivetoconductandcertainlylesstime-consuming.Themajordisadvantageisthatdifferentindividualswhomakeupthestudysamplehavenotbeenobservedovertime.Noinformationaboutpastinfluencesondevelopmentoraboutage-relatedchangesissecured.Likelongitudinalstudies,thecross-sectionalmethodscannoterasethegenerationali

34、nfluencethatexistswhensubjectsstudiedarebornatdifferenttime.Psychologistsarenowbeginningtouseanapproachthatcombineslongitudinalandcross-sectionalresearchmethods.47. WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthedisadvantagesofalongitudinalresearch?A Thesubjectsmaybecomeirritatedatrepeatedtesting.B Theparticipants

35、inthestudymaynotstayinoneplaceformanyyears.C Thebehaviorofasubjectinthestudymaybemeasuredcontinuouslyformanyyears.D Socialchangesmaybereflectedinthebehaviorsofthesubjectsparticipatinginthestudy.48. Theword“contingent“inthethirdparagraphprobablymeansA dependentB consecutiveC determinedD continual49.

36、Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A Thesubjectsinacross-sectionalresearcharenotofthesameagegroup.B Themethodsofstudyinlongitudinalresearchwillnotchangeovertime.C Longitudinalresearchisreliableonlyinseekingunderstandingsoftheeffectsofearlyexperiencesonlaterdevelopment.D Cross-sectionalmethodsarenot

37、usuallyadoptedinstudying,forexample,thechangesinintelligenceoverathirty-yearperiod.researchand50.Oneofthedifferencesbetweencross-sectionallongitudinalresearchisthat.A thelatterusuallyfocusesononlyonesubject,whiletheformerinvolvesgroupsofsubjectsB theformercanbefreefromtheinfluenceofsocialchangesC th

38、elattercanbefreefromtheinfluenceofsocialchangesD theformercostslessmoneyandtakeslesstimeII.Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexactmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).(15%)(51)Itisusefultorememberthathistoryistothenationasmem

39、oryistotheindividual.Aspersonsdeprivedofmemorybecomedisorientedandlost,notknowingwheretheyhavebeenandwheretheyaregoing,soanationdeniedaconceptionofthepastwillbedisabledindealingwithitspresentanditsfuture.Historyisthebestantidotetodelusionsofomnipotenceandomniscience.(52)Self-knowledgeistheindispensa

40、blepreludetoself-control,forthenationaswellasfortheindividual.Historyshouldforeverremindusofthelimitsofourpassingperspectives.Itshouldstrengthenustoresistthepressuretoconvertmomentaryimpulsesintomoralabsolutes.Itshouldleadustorecognitionofthefact,sooftenandsosadlydisplayed,thatthefutureoutwitsallour

41、certitudesandthatthepossibilitiesofthefuturearemorevariousthanthehumanintellectisdesignedtoconceive.(53)Anationinformedbyavividunderstandingoftheironiesofhistoryisbestequippedtomanagethetragictemptationsofmilitarypower.Letusnotbullyourwaythroughlife,butletasensitivitytohistorytemperandcivilizeouruse

42、ofpower.Inthemeantime,letathousandhistoricalflowersbloom.(54)Historyisneveraclosedbookorafinalverdict.Itisforeverintheinterestsofanideology,areligion,arace,andanation.Thegreatstrengthofhistoryisitscapacityforself-correction.Thisistheendlessexcitementofhistoricalwriting:thesearchtoreconstructwhatwent

43、before.(55)Anation'shistorymustbeboththeguideandthedomainnotsomuchofitshistoriansasitscitizens.Part 4: r:ClozeTest(10%)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithONEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).InMicrosoft'slatestattempttor

44、eachouttobloggers,thecompanyrecentlygaveawayexpensivelaptopsloaded(56)itsnewWindowsVistaoperatingsystem.Butthegiftsgeneratedcontroversyaswellasgood(57),withsomebloggersaccusingMicrosoftofbriberyandtheirpeers(58)unethicalbehavior.SeveralbloggersreportedlastweekthattheyhadreceivedAcerFerrarilaptops,wh

45、ichcansell(59)morethan$2,200,fromMicrosoft.AspokeswomanforMicrosoftconfirmedFridaythatthe(60)hadsentoutabout90computerstobloggers(61)wroteabouttechnologyandothersubjectsthatcouldbe(62)bythenewoperatingsystem,likephotographyand,oddly,parenting.ButwhilethoseonMicrosoft'smailinglistinitiallygreeted

46、themachineswithenthusiasm,many(63)bloggerssoonobjected-notbecausetheyhadbeenleftoffthelistbut,theysaid,becausebloggersareboundbythe(64)rulesastraditionaljournalists,whoshouldnotaccept(65)giftsfromcompaniestheycover.Part 5: e:Proofreading(10%)Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mista

47、kes,ONEineachnumberedandunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(/).Putyouranswer

48、sonANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.rectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHE

49、ET(2):(68) not(66) Prosperousalumnihelpedmake2006arecordedfund-raisingyearforcollegesanduniversities,whichhauledin$28billiona9.4percentjumpfrom2005.(67) Therewereincreasesacrosstheboard,butforusualitwasthealreadywealthywhofaredbest.(68)Stanford's$911millionwasthemostevercollectedbyasingleunivers

50、ity,androsethepossibilityofabillion-dollarfund-raisingyea门nthenot-too-distantfuture.(69) "Therewereasetofideasandasetofinitiativesthattheuniversityisundertakingthatpeoplewantedtoinvest,"saidMartinShell,Stanford'svicepresidentfordevelopment.(70)"Thisisanunbelievablygenerousresponse

51、fromunbelievablyphilanthropicsetofalumni,parents,andfriends."(71) Harvardrankedtwoinfund-raisinglastyearwith$595million.(72) National,donationsfromalumnirose18.3percentfrom2005,accordingtofiguresreleasedyesterdaybytheCouncilforAidtoEducation.(73)Alumnidonationsaccountabout30percentofgivingtohighereducation.(74) Givingfromothergroups,suc