数控加工工艺外文文献

1、英文原文CNCMachiningProcessFirst,ourcountryshistoryofthedevelopmentofnumericalcontrolsystem1. Ourcountrysince1958,byagroupofresearchinstitutes,collegesanduniversitiesandafewstartedtoCNCMachineToolPlantoftheresearchanddevelopmentsystem.Atthattime,duetothelowlevelofdomesticelectroniccomponents,suchasthede

2、partmentofeconomicconstraints,lackofalargerdevelopment.2. Inthereformandopeningup,Chinasnumericalcontroltechnologygraduallyachievesubstantialdevelopment.After65(81-85years)theintroductionofforeigntechnology,75(8690years)ofthedigestionandabsorptionandtheEighthFive-YearPlan(911-95years)NationalOrganiz

3、ationofscientificandtechnological,thatmakesourcountrysCNCtechnologyhasaqualitativeleapinacceptanceatthattime,throughresearchandidentificationofcountryproductsincludingBeijingEverestsChineseI,centralChinascentralNCIandafewhigh-endShenyangNationalEngineeringResearchCenterforControlofBlue-I,aswellasoth

4、erthroughtheNationalQualitySupervisionandTestCentermachinetestNCsystemofqualifieddomesticcompaniessuchasNanjing,fourproducts.3. ChinasCNCmachinetoolmanufacturingindustryinthe80shadthestageofrapiddevelopment,manymachinetoolplantproductsfromtraditionalproductstotheNCtransition.But,generallyspeaking,th

5、etechnologicallevelisnothigh,thequalityofthepoor,sointheearly90sfacingthecountryseconomyfromaplannedeconomytoamarketeconomyandadjustthetransferwentthroughthemostdifficultyearsoftheDepressionperiod,theproductioncapacityatthattimedownto50%,morethanfourmonthinventory.From1995,NinthFive-YearPlantoexpand

6、domesticdemandfromthecountryafterthemachinetoolmarkettostart,soastoreinforcetheapprovalofimportsofCNCequipment,investmentfocusedonsupportforkeynumericalcontrolsystem,equipment,technologiesofCNCequipmenthasplayedasignificantrole,especiallyin1999,thecountrysdefenseindustrytocivilianindustryandthekeyto

7、puttinginalotoftechnicaldepartmentfunds,toenableCNCequipmentmanufacturermarketthriving.Three,CNCTechnologyandEquipmentofcarscutCNCLatheMachiningLathetechnologyandprocessingtechnologysimilarto,butbecauseofCNClatheisafixture,forautomaticprocessingofallfinishturningprocess,whichshouldpayattentiontothef

8、ollowingaspects.1. Areasonableselectioncuttingforthehigh-efficiencymetal-cuttingprocessing,theprocessedmaterials,cuttingtools,cuttingconditionsisthethreemajorelements.Thesedeterminetheprocessingtime,toollifeandprocessingquality.Cost-effectiveprocessingmethodsmustbeareasonablechoiceofthecuttingcondit

9、ions.Threeelementsofcuttingconditions:cuttingspeed,feedrateandcuttingdepthofthedamagedirectlycausedbythetool.Withtheincreaseincuttingspeed,tooltiptemperaturewillrise;willhavemechanical,chemical,thermalwearandtear.20%increaseincuttingspeed;toollifewillreducethe1/2.Feedconditionsandtherelationshipbetw

10、eentoolwearandtearatthebackofaverysmallareaof.However,thefeedrate,cuttingtemperaturerise,wearbigbehind.Thantheimpactofcuttingspeedontoolsmall.Depthofcutonthetoolsdidnotaffectthecuttingspeedandfeedrate,butatsmallcuttingdepthofcutwhencuttingmaterialshavebeenhardenedlayer,whichwillaffectthetoollife.The

11、userisprocessedaccordingtothematerial,hardness,cuttingstatus,materialtype,feedrate,cuttingdepth,suchastheoptionofusingthecuttingspeed.Themostappropriateselectionsofprocessingconditionsareatthebasisofthesefactorsisselected.Haverules,stability,wornandtearistoachievetheidealconditionsforlife.However,in

12、actualoperation,theselectiontoollifeandtoolwear,thesizeofchangesinprocessing,surfacequality,cuttingnoise,heatprocessingandsoon.Indeterminingtheprocessingconditionsrequiredtostudytheactualsituation.Theheat-resistantalloyssuchasstainlesssteelandhardmaterials,thecoolantcanbeusedbesttouserigidblade.2. R

13、easonableselectiontool1) whenrough,itisnecessarytochoosehighstrength,gooddurabilitytool,inordertomeettheroughknifewheneatinglargebackvolume,thefeedrequirements.2) Finecar,itisnecessarytochoosehighprecision,durabilitygoodtooltoensurethattherequirementsofmachiningaccuracy.3) Inordertoreducetoolchanget

14、imeandconvenienceoftheknifeshouldbeusedmachinesandmachinefolderknifeblade.3. AreasonableselectionFixture1) Generalselectiontrytheworkpiececlampingfixturetoavoidtheuseofadedicatedfixture;2) positioningthebasepartsoverlapsoastoreducethepositioningerror.4. Todeterminetheprocessingrouteprocessingrouteis

15、theindex-controlledmachiningprocess,toolpartsrelativetrajectoryanddirectionofSports.1) Shouldbeabletoensurethemachiningaccuracyandsurfaceroughnessrequirements;2) shouldtrytoshortentheprocessingroute,reducingtraveltimeandairknives.5. ProcessingrouteofcontactwithallowanceAtpresent,CNClatheshavenotyeta

16、chievedtheuniversalaccesstoconditions,thegeneralshouldbeputontoomuchroughmargin,especiallywithforging,castinghardcushioncortexingenerallatheprocessing.MustbesuchasCNClathe,theneedtopayattentiontoprocessflexibility.6. Fixturetoinstallthemainpointsatpresent,thehydraulicclampingchuckandhydrauliccylinde

17、rareconnectedbytherodoftheimplementation,inFigure1.Hydraulicclampingchuckasfollows:Firstofall,bymovingonhandtounloadthenuthydrauliccylinder,thedischargeofSLIDE,andback-endfromthespindleout,andthenmovethehandstounloadscrewchuckcanbedisposedofunderthechuck.Four,effectivelyturningareasonableSaveprocess

18、ingtimeIndexTurningCentersG200integratedprocessingunitwithamodular,high-powertwo-axislinkageaxisfunction,thusfurthershorteningtheprocessingtime.Withothermeansofjob-axisoppositetotheconceptofclamping,theuseoftheproductcanbeintegratedintelligentprocessingunitinplacesothattheworkpiececlampingandautomat

19、icprocessing.Inotherwords,theautomaticsetupwillnotbeaffectedbytheprocessingofanotheraxis,afeaturethatcanbeshortenedabout10%oftheprocessingtime.Inaddition,theFourprocessingveryquickly,youcansimultaneouslyhavetwoprocessingtool.Whenthemachineisputintouseinpairs,theefficiencybecomesmoreapparent.Inotherw

20、ords,theconventionalhardturningandsettingtwocarscanparallelmachine.Turningconventionalvehiclesandhardwaredifferencesbetweenthetoolandfocusedonlyinthecoolantsystemthermostat.However,conventionalprocessingisdifferent:bothcanbeusedconventionalprocessingandatoolcarrierforprocessingTailstock;andhardwarew

21、henusingatoolonly.Inbothtypesofmachinetoolscanbecarriedoutontheharddryprocessing,onlythemanufacturerstechnologyprogramdesignedtobalancetheneedtobeattime,andIndexofthemodulestructureofmachinetoolstoprovidethemwithgreaterflexibility.Toimprovetheproductivityofhigh-precisionwiththecontinuousimprovemento

22、fproductionefficiency,theuseralsomadeforaveryhighaccuracyrequirements.TurningCenterG200usedforprocessing,thecoldstartuptofourpartsprocessingrequiredtoachievetolerancesof卤6mm.Processingprocess,theaccuracyisusuallymaintainedat2mm.Indexsomadeavailabletothecompanysclientsarehigh-precision,highefficiency

23、,theintegrityoftheprogram,andprogramstoprovidesuchhighprecision,requiringcarefulchoiceofspindle,bearingsandotherfeatures.G200TurningCenterLandshut,Germany,BMWcarfactoryintheapplicationofthecompanyachievedgoodresults.Theplantisnotonlytheproductionofengines,butalsobytheproductionofcastlightmetalparts,

24、plasticdecorativeitemsinsidethevehicleandsteeringaxis.Considerthequalityofsupervisorystaff,anditsveryprecisemachiningaccuracy:tolerancebandsfor卤15mm,forbearingtolerance卤6.5mm.Inaddition,theprocessingoftheuniversaljointsoftheIndexcompaniesuseautomaticintelligentprocessingunit.Thefirsttwopartsareusedf

25、orturningcentersbeforeplayingpre-processing,post-processinglinemeasurement,andthensentthroughtheconveyorbeltforhobbling,cleaningandquenchingtreatment.ThelastprocessusingthesecondprocessingsystemIndex.G200TurningCenterbytwosteeringknuckleonthecarbearinghard.Inthemachinetooltocompletetheonlinesurvey,t

26、hentothedischargeunit.Processingunitfullyintegratedintothelayoutoftheworkshop,andinlinewithergonomicrequirements,coversanareaofgreatlyreduced,andonlytwostaffmemberstothecustodyofmanufacturingcells.Friday,CNCturningandG00inthemagicaleffectoftheskillstoensuredimensionalaccuracyCNCturningprocessingtech

27、nologyhasbeenwidelyusedinmechanicalmanufacturingindustry,howefficient,reasonable,andcompletedbythequalityoftheworkpiecebytheamountofprocessing,eachengagedinthetradeofengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelmoreorlesshavetheirownexperience.IengagedinCNCteaching,trainingandprocessingformanyyears,accumulatedac

28、ertainamountofexperienceandskills,istoCNCEquipmentFactoryGuangzhouGSK980Tseriesofmachinetoolproduction,forexample,introduceafewskillsinCNCturning.First,theprogramfirstsentenceskillsG00WenowhaveaccesstotextbooksandCNCturningtechnicalbooks,proceduresaresetupthefirstsentenceofworkpiececoordinatesystem,

29、thatis,G50X,Zinthefirstsentenceasaprocess.Accordingtothedirective,acoordinatesystemcanbesetsothatthetoolatapointinthiscoordinatesystemascoordinates(X,Z)(Inthispaper,theoriginofworkpiececoordinatesystemaresetattherightendoftheworkpiecesurface).Programmingusingthismethod,theknife,theknifemustbemovedto

30、theestablishedpositionofG50canbesetforprocessing,identifythelocationoftheprocessisasfollows.1. ofaknife,theroughworkpiececlampinggood;2. SpindleistohandroundthebaserightsideknifeflatworkpiecesurfaceA;3. Z-axisfixed,thereleaseofthetoolalongtheXaxispointstoC,typeG50Z0,thepointofcomputermemory;4. Progr

31、amentrymode,typeG01W-8F50,turningouttobeonestepworkpiece;5. X-axisfixed,thereleaseofthetoolalongtheZ-axispointstoC,stopturningoutmeasuringthediameteroftheworkpiecelevel,theimportationofG50X,computermemorythatpoint;6. Programentrymode,entertheG00双Z尾，programmingtoolrunsthespecifiedproceduretothestarti

32、ngpoint,andthenentertheG50X,Z,proceduresfortheoriginofthecomputermemory.Theabove-mentionedsteps,thestepsthatthetool6atX,ZOfficelocationisessential;otherwise,theworkpiececoordinatesystemwillbemodified,notthenormalprocessingoftheworkpiece.Processinghasbeentheexperienceofthepeopleallknowthattheabovepos

33、itionwillbethetooltothecumbersomeprocessofX,ZDepartment,intheeventofanaccident,XorZ-axiswithoutservo,trackingerror,poweroutageshappen,etc.,thesystemcanrestart,afterrestartsystemlossofG50workpiececoordinatevaluessetbythememory,resetbacktozerorunisnolongerworking,willneedtore-runthetoolandresettoX,Zlo

34、cationG50.Ifitisproduction,processing,aftertheEndofareturntothestartingpointforcontinuedprocessingundertheG50is,intheprocesssomeerrorsontheworkpiececoordinatesystemmaybemodified.InviewofthefirstsentenceoftheaboveproceduresusingG50workpiececoordinatesystemsetupmanydefects,Iwillwanttoapproachtheworkpi

35、ececoordinatesystemfixedonthemachinewillprocessthefirstsentencechangedtoG50X,ZafterG00X,Z,problemsolved.ThecourseofitsoperationonlytofindG50usingtheabove-mentionedfive-stepprocessbefore,thatis,1,2,3,4,5stepstoachieve,itwillrunthetooltoasafelocation,outofprocess,andcanrunautomatically.Evenifpowerouta

36、gesandotherunforeseencircumstancesoccur,restartthesystem,intheEditmodetomovethecursorwithoutaffectingthesafeprocessingoftheworkpieceprocessingprocessprogramsegment,accordingtoautomatetheprocessingcancontinue.FirstsentenceoftheaboveproceduretoreplaceG50withG00isthesubstanceoftheworkpiececoordinatesys

37、temfixedonthemachine,nolongerlimitedtotheoriginG50X,Zprocessconstraints,withoutchangingtheworkpiececoordinatesystem,easyoperation,reliability,andreceivedanunexpectedeffect.ChinesemetalprocessingonlineSecond,controlofdimensionalaccuracyskills1. ToamendthevalueofaknifeuptoensuredimensionalaccuracyFirs

38、tontheknifebecauseoferrororothercausesbeyondtheworkpieceworkpieceerrortolerance,cannotmeettheprocessingrequirements,canbeaddedbymodifyingtheknifesothattheworkpiecesizetomeettherequirementtoensurethattheradialdimensionsareasfollows:a. absolutecoordinateinputmethodAccordingtothebigdecrease,asmallincre

39、aseprinciple,aknifeupat001004modified.Suchascutoffonthe2ndslotatabigsizeworkpiece0.1mm,and002showedupknivesareX3.8,mayentertheX3.7,toreducetheknifeonthe2ndmeeting.b. therelativecoordinatemethodasinthepreviouscase,enter002knifef川U-0.1,alsothesameresult.Similarly,theaxialsizeofthecontrolalsoandsoon.Su

40、chascylindricalwithaknifeonthe1staxissomewhereaboveprocessing,size,long0.1mm,canbecompletedat001knifeenterW0.1.2. Semi-finishingtoensurethattheimpactoftheeliminationofscrewgapdimensionalaccuracyForthemajorityofCNClatheusingalongertime,becauseoftheeffectsofscrewspaceandprocessingoftheworkpiecedimensi

41、onsareoftenunstablesituation.Atthistime,wecanroughafterfinishingahalf-spacetoeliminatetheeffectsofscrew.1,suchasaknifewithG71cylindricalrough,youcanfillinthe001knifeenterU0.3,calltheG70afinecar,parkingmeasurements,andthenf川inthe001knifeenterU-0.3,onceagaincallingaG70Finish.Finishahalfafterthistime,e

42、liminatingtheeffectsofscrewclearancetoensurethestabilityofthedimensionalaccuracy.3. ToensuredimensionalaccuracyProgrammera.toensuredimensionalaccuracyabsoluteprogrammingthereisanabsoluteandrelativeprogramming.Programmingreferstotherelativecurveintheprocessing,thelocationoftheendofthelinesegmenttothe

43、startingpointforthecoordinatesofthesegmentandtodeterminetheoriginofthecoordinatesystem.Inotherwords,programmingisrelativelyoftenattheoriginofthecoordinatestransform,continuousdisplacementisboundtoresultinacumulativeerror,theabsoluteprogrammingareintheprocessingofthewholeprocess,havearelativelyunifie

44、dreferencepoint,thatis,coordinatesoftheorigin,sotheaccumulatederrorovertherelativeProgrammingsmall.CNCturningworkpiece,theworkpieceprecisionradialdimensionthantheaxialsizeofthegeneralhighprecision,itisinthepreparationofprocedures,theuseoftheradialsizeoftheabsolutebestprogramming,takingintoaccountthe

45、processingandtheconvenienceofprogramming,oftenusedsizesofaxialrelativeprogramming,buttheessentialaxialsize,theuseoftheabsolutebestprogramming.b.toensuredimensionalaccuracynumericalconversionAlotofcases,thepatternonthesizeofthebaselineandbenchmarkthesizeoftherequiredprogramminginconsistentandshouldbe

46、firstonthebasepatternsizecoordinatesconvertedtoprogramminginsize.Figure2b,inadditiontosizeof13.06mm,therestismarkeddirectlybyFigure2aandsizetobeconvertedbytheprogramsize.Oneof,1；,29.95mm,616mmandthethreedimensionsof60.07mmrespectivelylimitthesizeoftwoaveragesizeaftertheprogramming.4. Modifytheprogra

47、mandcontrolthesizeofpremiumknivesCNCMachining,weoftenencountersuchasituation:theproceduretorunautomaticallyafterstoppingmeasurementandfoundthatfailworkpiecesize,sizeirregularChange.Suchasaknifewith1cylindricalworkpieceprocessingasshowninFigure3,thepost-roughingandsemi-finishingparkingmeasurements,th

48、esizeoftheradialaxisparagraphasfollows:，30.06mm,。23.03mmand16.02mm.Inthisconnection,Iusedaknifetoamendtheproceduresandmethodsmakeuptheremedy,asfollows:a.modifytheprogramX30originalprogramunchanged,X23changedX23.03,X16changedX16.04,Asaresult,areinexcessoftheshaftabovethenameoftoleranceuniformsize0.06

49、mm;b.knifetofillKnifeonthe1stat001importedpremiumU-0.06.Aftertheseproceduresandatwo-prongedkniferevisedup,andthencalltherefinedprocedures,thegeneralsizeoftheworkpiececanbeeffectivelyguaranteed.CNCTurningCNCprogramisbasedonautomatedprocessing,theactualprocessing,andtheoperatoronlyhasastrongabilitytou

50、setheprograminstructionsandawealthofpracticalskillsinordertoproducehigh-qualityprocessing,processinghigh-qualityworkpiece.Six,CNCmachinetooltroubleshootingmethodsandtheirattentiontomattersMissionsusuallytakepartinbecauseofrepair,somerepairexperience,combinedwiththerelevanttheoriesaredescribedinthefo

51、llowinglist,toinitiate.First,troubleshootingmethods(1) initializationresetLaw:Undernormalcircumstances,becauseofinstantaneousalarmsystemfailurecanbehardwareresetorsystempowerswitchinordertoremovethefault,ifthesystemisdownbecauseofthestoragearea,plugthecircuitboardorbatterylesspressureleadtoconfusion

52、,itmustbecleartoinitializethesystem,removingtheformershouldpayattentiontomakecopiesofrecordeddata,ifinitializationcannotberuledoutafterthefailureremains,werecarriedoutinhardwarediagnosis.(2) Parameterstochange,actualprocedures:systemparametersaredeterminedbasedonsystemfunctions,parametersettingsmayc

53、ausesystemerrorsorfailuresofafunctionalnullandvoid.Sometimes,becauseofproceduralerrorscanbecausedbyuserdowntime,thissystemcanbeusedtoblocksearchfunctiontocheckandcorrectallerrors,inordertoensureitsnormaloperation.(3) Regulation,thebestmethodofadjustment:adjustmentisoneofthesimplestways.Byadjustingth

54、epotentiometertoamendsystemfailures.Repairsuchasinafactory,thesystemdisplayschaoticscene,withnormalpost-conditioning.Suchasinafactory,thespindlebrakeatstart-upandskiddingwhenbeltbecauseofitslargespindleloadtorque,anddrivessettheramp-uptimeistoosmall,thenormalpost-conditioning.Optimizethesystemtoadju

55、stservodrivesystemwithmechanicaldragsystemthebestwaytomatchtheGeneralregulation,theapproachisverysimple,withamulti-linerecorderordualtracestorageoscilloscope,respectively,observeinstructionsandthespeedoffeedbackorresponsetotherelationshipbetweencurrentfeedback.Byadjustingtheratioofthespeedregulatorf

56、actorsandintegrationtimetoachieveservosystemsothattherearehighdynamicresponsecharacteristics,butnotthebestjobstatusoscillation.NOTatthesceneoftheoscilloscopeorrecordercircumstances,basedonexperience,thatis,adjustsothattheelectricalstart-up,andthenslowlyadjusttothereverse,untilyoucaneliminatetheshock

57、.(4) sparepartstoreplacetheLaw:Thebestdiagnosisofsparepartstoreplacebadcircuitboard,andstarttodotheinitialization,sothatthenormaloperationofmachinetoolsquickly,andthenrepairorreworkbadboard,whichiscurrentlythemostcommonlyusedanti-approachit.(5) Toimprovethequalityofthepowerlaw:theuseoftheexistingpow

58、ersupply,toimprovethepowersupplyfluctuations.Forhigh-frequencyinterferencefilteringcapacitorcanbeusedbythesepreventivemeasurestoreducethepowersupplyboardfailure.(6) Maintenanceofinformation-tracking:somelargemanufacturingcompanybasedonactualworkbecauseofdesigndefectscausedbyaccidentalfailure,continu

59、ouslymodifyandimprovethesystemsoftwareorhardware.Thesechangestotheformofconstantrepairinformationavailabletomaintenancepersonnel.Usedasthebasisfortroubleshootingcanbecompletelyrighttroubleshooting.Second,therepairshouldpayattentiontomatters(1) removedfromawholeblockonthecircuitboard,theRecordshouldbenotedthattherelativepositionshouldbetoconnectthecablenumber,forfixedinstallationofthecircuitboard,itshouldberemovedbeforeandafterthepress-fitpartsandscrewsf