初中英语语法大全——定语从句

1、初中英语语法大全一一定语从句一.定语从句的概念、位置及构成1 .定语从句的概念和位置在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。eg: Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage?你认识正在舞台上唱歌的那个女孩吗 ？eg: This is the museum which was built last year.这就是去年建成的博物馆。2 .先行词和关系词被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。指代先行词，放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句的某一个成分（主语、宾语、表语、状语等）的

2、词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系代词有 that, who, whom, whose, which关系副词有 when, where, why等。eg: The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle 手拿雨伞的那个人是我叔叔。eg: The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的。eg: Let's find a place where we can have a picnic 我们找个能里子餐的地方吧。3 .定语从句的构成eg:

3、He has a car.+ The car has 7 seats. He has a car which has 7 seats.他有一辆7座的汽车。eg: The hotel was very clean. + We stayed thergThe hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们待过的那家宾馆很干净。二、关系代词引导的定语从句出题点：（1）指代人的关系代词充当主语、宾语、表语的用法 ；（2）指代物的关系代词充当主语、宾语、 表语的用法关系代词在句子中起连接替代的作用在句子中充当一定的成分，修饰前面的先行词。引导定语从句的 关系代词有that

4、, which,who, whom, whose等，其主要用法见下表先行词主语宾语属格人who/thatwhom/thatwhose事物、动物which/thatwhich/thatwhose人+动物人+事物thatthat1. that引导的定语从句that既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语或表语。作宾语时可以省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前若介词提前，指物用 which,指人用whom。eg: Views that are entirely new may also be hard to accept观些全新的观点或许也很难被接受。eg: We need a pers

5、on that is right for the job.我们需要一位可以胜任这份工作的人。eg : The picture (that) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.我们正在研究的这幅画是一个15岁的学生画的。2. which引导的定语从句which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语。作宾语的关系代词which可以省略(放在介词后除外)。eg: The river which runs through the center of the city was polluted seriously.穿过市中心的那条

6、河被严重污染了。eg: The story ( which) he told was very popular.他讲的那个故事很受欢迎。eg: The house in which I used to live has become a shoe sho我过去住的房子现在变成了家鞋店。3. who, whom引导的定语从句二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中彳主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语的关系代词who, whom可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)。eg: We are proud of Mo Yan. - Yes. He is a great writer who won

7、 the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.我们都以莫言为荣-是的。他是2012年荣获诺贝尔文学奖的一位伟大的作家。eg: Her sister married a man (who/whom) she met on a planeft 姐姐嫁给了 一个她在飞机上认识的人。重点提醒whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom前面时，不能用who代替。eg: The person to who you just talked is Deep.(X)eg: The person who/whom you just talked to is Deep. V)

8、刚刚和你谈话的人是德普。4. whose引导的定语从句whose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。eg: Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellent?尔认识那个日语非常优秀的女孩吗 ？eg: I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要个窗子朝向大海的房间。要点提升有时“whose+名词”可用“限定词+名词+of which/whom ”或者“of which/whom+限定词+名词”来代替。eg: He lives in a house whose windo

9、ws face south.=He lives in a house of which the windows face south.=He lives in a house the windows of which face south. 他住在一个窗户朝南的房子里。三.关系副词引导的定语从句出题点：关系副词 when, where, why的用法关系副词在定语从句中充当状语， 一般不可 省略。常用的关系副词有when, where, why等。在选择哪一个关系副词时，一定要弄清楚前面的先行词。关系副词先行词在从句中充当的成分where表示地点的名词地点状语when表示时间的名词时间状语wh

10、yreason原因状语eg: I remember the day.+ We first met then- I remember the day when we first met.1. when引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time,day, week等表示时间的名词。此时常可用 on which, in which,during which 等替代。eg: April the first is the day when people make fun of others.轨 1 日是人们愚弄他人的日子。eg: I sill remember the

11、 time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。2. where引导的定语从句where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常为place,house, count冷表示地点的名词。此时常可用in which, at which等替代。eg: Last year my parents went to the farm where they worked 30 years ago.去年我父母去了他们30年前工作过的那个农场。eg: Keep the books in a place where you can find them

12、 easil 把书放在你容易找至 U 的地方。3. why引导的定语从句why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为reason此时常可用for which替代。eg: I know the reason why she left yo或知道她离开你的原因。eg: Please tell me the reason why she is crying so badl前告诉我她哭得如止匕伤心的原因。四、定语从句中的注意事项出题点：(1)只用that不用which的情况(2)只用which不用that的情况(3)定语从句中的主谓一致(4)"介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择1.只

13、用that不用which的情况(1)先行词是不定代词或者被不定代词修饰时先行同是 anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等,或者由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用that不用 which。eg: Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?李老师说的话你都记下来了吗 ？eg: Any man that doesn't have a sense of duty can

14、't do the thing well.没有责任感的人是做不好这件事情的。(2)先行词是序数词或者形容词最高级或被其修饰时eg: The first thing that my brother is going to do this afternoon is to study physics,今天下午我弟弟要做的第一件事情就是要研读物理。eg: I have found the best way that could finish the test.我已找到了 完成测验的最好方法。(3)先行词既有指人的名词，也有指物的名词时eg: He was watching the childr

15、en and parcels that filled with the car.他望着满车的孩子和包襄。eg: Jack took photographs of the things and people that he was interested in.杰克把他感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。(4) 当主句是以 who 或者 which 开头的特殊疑问句时eg: Who is the person that is standing at the gate?占在门 口 的那个人是谁 ?eg: Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢失的自行车?(5)先行词前有

16、the only, the very 等修饰时eg: This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我想买的那本词典。eg: After the fire, the old car was the only thing that he owned.火灾之后，那部旧车成了他唯一的财产。2 .只用which不用that的情况(1)关系代词前有介词且指事物时eg: Im looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.我想找一个能把这些桃都放进去的容器。eg: A zoo

17、 is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.动物园是展览各种动物的公园。3 2) 先行词本身就是that 时eg: I don't like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。eg: What is that which is on the ground?%上的是彳f么东西？(3)引导非限制性定语从句时非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。eg: Football, which is a very interesting game, is playe

18、d all over the world.足球是很有趣的运动项目，已在全世界普及。eg: Their house was washed away by the foods, which made them sad.他们的房子被洪水冲走了，这让他们很难过。4 .定语从句中的主谓一致这里是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词一致的问题。先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数。eg: The man who is playing football is my PE teacher.正在踢足球的那个人是我的体育老师。eg: I l

19、ove singers who write their own music.我喜欢能自己创作音乐的歌手。要点提升“one of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式“the only/every/right one of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。eg: Tom is one of the students who were awarded汤姆是当时获奖的学生中的个。eg: Tom is the only one of the students who was awarded姆是当时唯一一个获奖的学生。5 .关系代词和关系副词的区别(1)根据

20、定语从句中的谓语动词判断一般定语从句的谓语如果是及物动词，后面没有宾语时就用关系代词;从句的谓语如果是不及物动词，则用关系副词。eg: This is the factory that which I visited last year.这就是我去年参观过的那家工厂。eg: This is the factory where he used to work.这就是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(2)根据定语从句中所缺少的成分判断分析定语从句缺少何种成分(主语、宾语、表语定语、状语)，如果是缺少主语宾语表语定语用关系代 词，如果是缺少状语则用关系副词。eg: Is this the museum (t

21、hat/which) you visited a few days ago?® 就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗 ？ eg: Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?S 就是举办展览白那家博物馆吗 ？6 .介词+关系代词”的用法有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词之前，形成 介词+关系代词”结构，该结构中的关系代词可用which, whose, whom,不可以用that和who。该结构中的介词可以根据定语从句中谓语的搭配，与先行词的搭配或者句子意义来确定。eg: This is the house of which I spo

22、ke.这就是我提至U的那所房子。eg: Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的那辆车吗 ？eg: This is the camera with which he often takes photos 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。eg: This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是救了 我儿子的那位飞行员。重点提醒有些动词+介词”短语，如look for, look after, call on等不可拆开，不可把介词置于关系代词之前。eg: It is the book

23、for which she was looking for.这就是她过去一直在找的那本书。eg: The babies after whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.由这些护士照看的婴儿都很健康。例题解析1. The reason she gives for not coming to the party is not true.A. whatB. whyC. whenD. which解析：D 所选项引导定语从句，修饰名词the reason!1从句中gives后缺少宾语成分，故用that或which,选D项。what不引导定

24、语从句；why和when在从句中作状语。2. We should learn from those are always ready to help others.A. whoB. whomC. theyD. that解析：A所选项引导定语从句，修饰those旦从句中缺少主语，故用 who引导。whom在定语从句中作宾语；they不引导定语从句；先行词为one, ones, thos妤时，定语从句不用that引导。3. Li Mei is the student handwriting is the best in our class.A. whoseB. whomC. whoD. that解

25、析：A whose引导定语从句，先行词是the student与定语从句中的handwriting构成所有关系，因此用充当定语的关系代词 whose 引导。4. Do you know the mancame here yesterda？y Yes, he bought me the most interesting bookI had wanted to buy.A. who; which B. who; that C. whom; which D. what; that解析：B the man指人，且在句中作主语，故用who或that,不能用whom;第二空前先行词book被形容词最高级修饰，故只能用 that。4. This is the schoolI studied three years ago.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. which解析：A本题的先行词为the school定语从句中studied后缺少地点状语，故用关系副词 where弓I导。w