《Management Accounting》ch9 标准成本法 std costingppt课件

1、9 -1 99 -2 1. Tell how unit standards are set and why standard costing systems are adapted.2. State the purpose of a standard cost sheet.3. Describe the basic concepts underlying variance analysis, and explain when variances should be investigated.4. Compute the material and labor variances, and exp

2、lain how they are used for control.9 -3 5. Calculate the variable and fixed overhead variances, and give their definitions.6. Appendix: Prepare journal entries for materials and labor variances, and show how to account for overhead variances.9 -4 一、Why Standard Cost Systems Are AdoptedStandard costi

3、ng systems enhance planning and control and improve performance measurement.Standard costing systems facilitate product costing.9 -5 例：Standard Cost Sheet for Corn Chips玉米片Standard Standard StandardPriceUsageCostSubtotalDescriptionDirect materials:Yellow corn$0.00618 oz.$0.108Cooking oil0.0312 oz.0.

4、062Salt0.0051 oz.0.005Lime酸橙0.4000.01 oz.0.004Bags0.0441 bag. 0.044Total direct materials$0.2239 -6 例：Standard Cost Sheet for Corn ChipsStandard Standard StandardPriceUsageCostSubtotalDescriptionDirect materials$0.223Direct labor:Inspectors$7.0000.0070 hr.$0.049Machine operators10.0000.0008 hr. 0.00

5、8Total direct labor0.057Overhead:Variable overhead3.8500.078 hr.$0.030Fixed overhead32.0500.0078 hr. 0.250Total overhead 0.280Total standard unit cost$0.5609 -7 During the first week, 100000 packages of corn chips are produced.The standard quantity of yellow corn meal: 18 ounces/per package9 -8 SQ =

6、 Unit quantity standard x Actual output= 18 x 100,000= 1,800,000 ouncesStandard Quantity of Materials AllowedSH = Unit labor standard x Actual output= 0.0008 x 100,000= 80 direct labor hoursStandard Hours Allowed9 -9 Total variance= (AP x AQ) (SP x SQ)= (AP x AQ) (SP x AQ)+ (SP x AQ) (SP x SQ)= (AP

7、x AQ) (SP x AQ)+(SP x AQ)(SP x SQ)= (AP SP)AQ + (AQ SQ)SP= Price variance + Usage variance9 -10 Favorable有利 variances occur whenever the opposite occurs.Unfavorable不利 variances occur whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are greater than standard prices or usage.9 -11 CostTime$110,000$100,000$ 9

8、0,000 xxxxxx9 -12 Actual production48,500 bags of corn chipsActual cost of corn780,000 ounces of $0.0069 = $5,382Actual cost of inspection labor360 hours at $7.35 = $2,646Corn$5,382.00$5,238.00$144.00 UInspection labor2,646.002,376.50269.50 U9 -13 Variance Analysis: 1.Columnar Approach分栏法分栏法SQ x SP8

9、73,000 x $0.0060$5,238p2569 -14 MPV = (AP SP)AQVariance Analysis: 2.Formula Approach公式法公式法9 -15 MPV = (AP SP)AQ = ($0.0069 $0.0060)780,000 = $0.0009 x 780,000 = $702 UPercent of SP x AQ = $702/$4,680 = 15%9 -16 MUV = (AQ SQ)SP9 -17 MUV = (AQ SQ)SP = (780,000 873,000)($0.006) = 93,000 x $0.006 = $558

10、 FPercent of SQ x SP = $558/$5,238 = 10.7%9 -18 LRV = (AR SR)AHThe actual hourly wage rateThe standard hourly wage rateThe actual direct labor hours used9 -19 LRV = (AR SR)AH = ($7.35 $7.00)360 = $0.35 x 360 = $126 UPercent of SR x AH = $126/$2,520 = 5%9 -20 Labor Variances: Columnar Approach AH x A

11、R 360 x $735 $2,646$143.50 UEfficiency Variance9 -21 LEV = (AH SH) SRThe actual direct labor hours usedThe standard direct labor hours that should have been usedThe standard hourly wage rate9 -22 LEV = (AH SH)SR = (360 339.5)$7 = 20.5 x $7 = $143.50 UPercent of SH x SR = $143.50/$2,376.50 = 6%9 -23

12、5)Variable Overhead Variances 262Variable overhead rate (standard)$3.85/DLHActual variable overhead costs $1,600 Actual hours worked400Bags of chips produced48,500Hours allowed for production373.3Applied variable overhead$1,4569 -24 Variable Overhead VariancesVO Rate x Standard Hours$1,4569 -25 VOSV

13、 = (AVOR x AH) (SVOR x AH)= (AVOR SVOR)AH= ($4.00 $3.85)400= $60 U9 -26 Crunchy Chips, Inc.Flexible Budget Performance ReportFor the Week Ended March 8, 2006Gas$3.00$1,190$1,200$10 FElectricity0.7838531273 UWater 0.07 25 28 3 F Total cost $3.85$1,600$1,540 $60 U * Per DL hour* 3.00*400(直接人工工时)9 -27

14、Crunchy Chips, Inc.Performance ReportFor the Week Ended March 8, 2006Spending VarianceGas$3.00$1,190$1,200$10 FElectricity0.78385312 73 UWater 0.07 25 28 3 F Total cost$3.85$1,600$1,540 $60 U $1,135*$65 U 295 17 U 26 2 U$1,456$84 U* 3.00 x387.3 (标准工时)9 -28 图9-2 for Corn ChipsStandard Standard Standa

15、rdPriceUsageCostSubtotalDescriptionDirect materials$0.223Direct labor:Inspectors$7.0000.0070 hr.$0.049Machine operators10.0000.0008 hr. 0.008Total direct labor0.057Overhead:Variable overhead3.8500.078 hr.$0.030Fixed overhead32.0500.0078 hr. 0.250Total overhead 0.280Total standard unit cost$0.5606）Fi

16、xed Overhead Variances9 -29 6）Fixed Overhead VariancesBudgeted预计的fixed overhead总数$749,970Budgeted work activity23,400 direct labor hoursStandard fixed overhead rate标准分配率 $32.05Hours allowed to produce 3,000,000 bags of chips: 0.078*3,000,000 Budgeted or Planned ItemsActual Results 实际Actual units of

17、products completed实际产量2,750,000 bagsActual total fixed overheads(实际总FO) $749,000Standard hours allowed for actual production21,4509 -30 Total Fixed Overhead VariancesApplied已分配的 fixed overheadStandard fixed overhead rate * Standard hours= $32.05 * 21,450= $687,473 (rounded四舍五入)Total fixed overhead v

18、ariance$749,000 $687,473= $61,527 (underapplied少分配)Actual fixed overhead cost总数$749,0009 -31 Fixed Overhead Variances analysis: Actual FO$749,000$62,497 UVolume产量 Variance9 -32 逐项比较：Crunchy Chips, Inc.Performance Report业绩报告业绩报告For the Year Ended 2006Budgeted CostVarianceDepreciation折旧$530,000$530,00

19、0$ - Salaries管理人员工资159,370159,970 600 FTaxes 税金50,50050,000 500 UInsurance 保费 9,130 10,000 870 F Total fixed overhead$749,000$749,970 $970 FFO的的 Spending Variance分析分析9 -33 FO的的Volume Variance分析分析Volume variance occurs whenever the actual production volume is different from the expected volume. (p267

20、, 271)Volume variance = 预计的FO 已分配的FO= ($32.05 * 23,400) ($32.05 * 21,450)= 标准FO分配率*(预计作业工时-标准工时)= $749,970 $687,473= Budgeted fixed overhead Applied fixed overhead = 预计的FO 已分配的FO = $62,497 U注注:32.05=0.25/0.0078=预计的单位FO 预计单位直接人工工时=749,970/23,400=Budgeted FO budgeted DL hours总数 = $32.05*(23,400 21,450

21、)9 -34 Financial Accounting for VariancesAppendix 9 -35 The actual price is $0.0069 per ounce of corn and standard price is $0.0060, and 780,000 ounces of corn are purchased.The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandise and to control the payment. Materials I

22、nventory 4 680 00Materials Price Variance702 00 Accounts Payable5 382 009 -36 During the period 780,000 ounces of corn is placed into production. The standard quantity is 873,000 ounces, and standard price is $0.006.The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the merchandi

23、se and to control the payment. Work in Process 5 238 00 Materials Usage Variance 558 00 Materials Inventory 4 680 00 9 -37 During the period the firm has 360 actual inspection hours, while the standard hours for the units produced is 339.5 hours. The actual rate is $7.35 per hour while the standard rate is $7.00 per hour.The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the rece