专题1冠词和名词学案课案

1、专题一 冠词和名词高考命题聚焦1 （ 全国卷 ）It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fightlikeman.A.a;aB.a;theC.the; theD.a;不填2（全国卷 ）As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.A. the;不填B. a; the C.不填；aD. the; a3. （山东卷 ）Take your timeit's justshort distance from here torestaurant.A.不填；theB.

2、 a; theC. the; aD.不填；a4（. 浙江） People developpreference for a particular style of learning at early age andthese preferences affect learning.A. a; anB. a; 不填 C. 不填 ; theD. the; an5. （课标 ） India stained independence in 1947, after long struggle.A. 不填 ; aB. the; aC. an; 不填D. an; the6. （重庆 ） The parents

3、 were shocked by news that their son needed operation on hisknee. A. a;/B. the; /C. the; anD. a; an7. （山东 ） It wascold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across night sky.A.不填；a B. a; theC. the; aD. the;不填8. （福建）The Chinese Dream”sdream to improve people 'well-being anddream ofharmon

4、y, peace and development.A. the; aB. a; aC. a; theD. the; the不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词分为 a 与 an 两种形式，主要用于单数可数名词前表示类别、数量及一些习惯搭配 之中。 a 用在以 开头的名词之前。 an 用在以 开头的名词之前。（题组训练）用冠词填空： . I earn 10 dollars hour as supermarket cashier on Saturdays. . The teacher asked us to write 800-word-long composition.一、不定冠词的用法1. 表类别。“

5、a/an +单数可数名词”表示类别时，侧重于某一类人或事物中的 。There is a book on the table.2. 表示数量为“ ”。 There is a pen and two books on the desk.3. 表示“ ”等意思，可以与 every， the same， some， any 等互换。 We have meals three times a day.（题组训练）用冠词填空： There'sdictionary on desk by your side. I met Jay, but not one you know. They are twins

6、, so they are of age.4. 用在某些由动词转化来的名词前，如：have a walk， take a rest， make a plan 等。（题组训练）根据需要填上适当的冠词： He hasfine collectio n of short stories. Their affair ispublic kno wledge. You n eedspecial kno wledge to do this job.5. 但当序数词不表示顺序，而表示“ ”时，使用不定冠词。6. 使 。如： The little girl is a help to her mother.7用于

7、之中。如： at a loss， all of a sudden ， in a word 等(题组训练)用冠词填空： I don 'twant to have words with you. I prefer to haveword with you. The power supply was cut off. All ofsudde n the lights went out.(11) China hasrather larger populati on tha n Can ada.(12) I 'll be back inmatter of hours. After all

8、, what you have just mentioned is notmatterof life and death.二、不定冠词的特殊位置1quite，rather 与单数名词连用时，不定冠词只能放在 ；但当 quite ，rather 后有形容词修饰名词时，不定冠词放其 均可。如： quite an in teresti ng story = a quite in terest ingstory 。2what/half/many/such ()可数名词。如： such a clever child，half an apple3as/how/however/so/too 可数名词。如：

9、so interesting a story ， toodifficult a problem典例 1 Is there anyone asking for me this morning?Yes.Mr.Green did， but I've never met him.A ABAnCTheD /典例 2 He told us that he had never seen snake in his life.A a such bigB such big aC a so bigDso big a(题组训练 ) 句型转换(13) What an in teresti ng book I h

10、ave read! book I have read.(14) This dress is twice as expe nsive as that one.This is twice dress as that one.(15) That was a quite extraord inary experie nee.That was experience.定冠词的基本用法英语中，定冠词只有一个the ,但是用法相当复杂。从近几年的高考试题来看，定冠词主要考查其基本用法，因此，我们应该从基础知识入手。定冠词的用法1表类别。(1) the 可数名词，表示一类人或事物。(2) the 表示具有某种特

11、征的一类人或事物。 如： the dead 死者， the deaf 聋子， the young年轻人， the wounded 伤员。(3) the +表示国籍、地域或民族的形容词，表示 概念。如：the Japanese日本人。2表示说话双方都知道的人或事物或特指某(些)人或某 (些)事物。 Close the window, please.3与姓氏复数连用，表示夫妇俩或一家人。the Smiths4用于逢十的年代前表示某个年代。He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.5用在表单位的名词前。the English Department6. the

12、+, the +，表示 越越。7 .用于“主语+动词+宾语+介词+the +表示身体某一部位的名词”的固定结构中。敲打某人的头部抓住某人的手臂 &世界上独一无二的事物前及江河、海洋、山脉、海湾等专有名词前面用定冠词。 如：the sun， the Red Sea红海，the Pacific 太平洋。9. 用于表示的名词之前。如：the east, the right10. 用于或之前。如：the first, the tallest11. 用于名词前。如：play the pia no, play the violin12. 用于发明物前。如：compass was in ve nte

13、d in Chi na.13 某些习语或固定短语中。 一直the air在传播中in the east of在的东部the dark在黑暗中the place of 取代the other hand 在另一方面the sun在阳光下all the same 完全一样the hour按小时计算the distanee 在远处 in the end 最后on the way 在路上the contrary恰恰相反the whole大体上典例 3(2011 年高考陕西卷)As is known to all, People's Republic of Chinaisbiggest devel

14、op ing country in the world.A. the;不填B.不填；theC. the; theD.不填；不填(题组训练)用冠词填空：(16) The diet is measured incalories, while the food is sold bypound.(17) The cost of this product is calculated byweight.(18) Many people are still inhabit of writi ng silly things inpublic places.(19) He was hit by a falli

15、ng tree and killed onspot.不用冠词的情况(零冠词)零冠词其实也就是名词前不用冠词。在英语中的使用非常广泛，我们首先应该了解、掌握它的一些基本用法：1. 表示的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.2. 不含普通名词的 名词前。如： We are studying English.(题组训练)用冠词填空：(1) He likes to talk on the phone while I prefer writingletters. Water is cha nged intoby heat and intoice by cold.W(w) ca

16、me that the preside nt would in spect them.(4)(W) water in the well is sweet.3. 名词前有时。如：I like this picture.I do not have any mon ey.As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.4. 等名词前，一般不用冠词。如： She likes spri ng most.5. 前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?6. 前不用冠词。如：What did you ha

17、ve for lun ch?7. 前不用冠词。如： People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.8. 运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playi ng basketball.9. 在一些的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm); hand in hand(); side by side();day and day(日 日夜夜);young and old();(挨门挨户);(从头到尾);from morning till night( 从早到晚)等。10系动词turn后作表语的单数可数名词前用零冠词，但名词前若有

18、形容词修饰时，则 turn doctor11 零冠词+ + .构成让步状语从句，意为尽管/虽然但是”典例 4as he is, he can't solve such a difficult problem.A. Clever boyB. A clever boyC. The clever boyD. Boy clever(题组训练)用冠词填空： His daughter is always shy in public and she never dares to make a speech topublic.(6) The little girl is very happy,flow

19、er onhead. He turnedpoliticia n many years ago.易错易混点：1. 抽象名词时，被具体化的名词可能会与 连用。如：a heavy rain 场大雨a surprise 一件怪事 a pleasure 一件乐事a success / failure 一个成功的或失败的人，一件成功的或失败的事2. 形容词比较级前用 表示“两者中较的”，而形容词比较级前用 则表示“再/更”。形容词最高级前用 表示“三者或三者以上中最的”，而形容词最高级前用时无比较含义。如：Which islarger coun try, Can ada or Australia?If t

20、here were no exams, we should havemuch_happier_time at school.It ismost_useful book. ( =useful book)He ismost_dilige nt_stude nt in this class.3. “ the +序数词”表示 ,“a/an +序数词"则表示“ 、”之意。序数词修饰事实上已成为 ，这时要用 。如：Can you give mesec on d_cha nce,_please? (=cha nee)He was only 5 years old whe n I first saw

21、 him.4. 表示世界上独一无二的事物时一般用the修饰，但如果此类名词已有 成分，也可能力口。如：all over world,peaceful world 。6.牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：weather, fun, space, advice, word(置于句首相当于), progress, information, news。以上这些词不能与 连用。如：Beyond the stars, the astr on aut saw nothing but space.(题组训练)用冠词填空： I didn ' tink my chances ofsuccess wer

22、e very good. The gift came ascomplete surprise to me. He expressedsurprise that no one had offered to help.(11) Of her play, three were successes and one wasfailure.(12) This pair of shoes is not fit for me. Would you show mebigger one?(13) He ismost dilige nt stude nt in his class.（14）If there were

23、 no exams, we should havemuch happier time at school.高考题组：1（2011 年高考浙江卷 ）Anyway, I can't cheat him it's against all my .AemotionsBprinciplesCregulationsD opinions2（2011 年高考江苏卷 ）Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional.AconsequenceBindependenc

24、eC competenceDintelligence3. （2013 浙江） As the world 'population continues to grow, theof food becomes moreand more of a concern.A. worthB. supplyC. package D. list4. （2013天津） While she was in Paris, she developed a for fine art.A. wayB. relationC. tasteD. habit5. （2013江苏） With inspiration from o

25、ther food cultures, American food culture can take a for the better. A. shareB. chanceC. turn D. lead6. （2013 江西 ） Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with .7. （2013辽宁） The accident caused someto my car, but it'snothing serious.A. harmB. injuryC. ruinD. damage名词的数名词分为 （有单、复数形式

26、 ）和 （只有单数形式 ）。【熟记】1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则；2. 不规则变化形式。（1）形式相同： Chin ese, Japa nese, deer, sheep 等。（2）不规则变化：man men, womanwomen, goose , foot , tooth child t, mouse , ox 等。注意：German t。（3）复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chieft,daughter-in-lawt,grown-upt, woman teacher t , man driver t （题组训练）单项填空：（1） He gained hisby printi

27、ngof famous writers.A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth ; works turn green in spring.A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. LeavesA. many damages The storm has causedto the regi on.B. much damages C. few damages D. much damage Whatit is!A. a fine weatherB. fine weatherC. fine weathers

28、D. the fine weather名词的所有格英语中，名词所有格有下列三种情形。一、 一般情况下在名词末尾加s,形式为"N's+ n.”，意为"N的n.”1在这一结构中， N 主要为有 的名词，但是在现代英语中， 也可以是 、 、 、 、 等无生命的名词。如： Mike's shirt ， today's paper ， China's policy 等。2. 在这一结构中，当n.为home, shop, office表示家、店铺、办公室的名词时常被 。如： at the barber's()， at the doctor'

29、;s()， in Mr.Smith's()等。3. 当N为以s或es结尾的复数名词，则直接在其后加''。女口： students'books， teachers' desks 等。4. 当 N 为 and 连接的两个名词时，所有格有两种形式，但意义不同。(1)若为“ N1 + and + N2's+ n.”，表示“ N1 和 N2n.”。如： 杰克和贝蒂的家。若为“ N1's+ and + N2's+ n.”，表示“ 属于N1的n和N2的n.”。如： 玛丽的书和爱丽丝的书。二、由of构成的所有格形式为"n. + of +

30、 N”，意为"N的n.”N 主要为 的名词， 但有时可以是 的名词。 如： the cover of the book ， the branch ofthe tree ， the children of the old man who died last year 等。三、双重所有格形式为“ n.ofN's 或代词”，意为“ N 的 n.”n 可以是人，也可以是物，而 N 一般是人。 n 前常用 a， two， many， such， some， few 等来 修饰，表示“部分”概念；或用指示代词 this， that， these， those 修饰，表示“感情色彩” 。

31、如： a friend of my brother's ， this book of his 等。典例 1 They told us that it was about twenty walk to house.A. minutes' ；Mike's and Mary'sB. minutes' ； Mike and Mary'sC. minute's ；Mike's and Mary'sD. minute's ； Mike and Mary's典例 2 Last night we went to the ，

32、 where I met a friend of .A. barber's；my brotherB. barber's；my brother'sC. barbers'；my brotherD. barbers'；my brother's(题组训练 ) 完成句子：( 三英里的距离 ) is not a long way to walk.( 我爸爸的一位老朋友 ) is a well-informed man . He can tell youanything you want to know.( 人类的 ) knowledge of space d

33、evelops rapidly.Li Ming 'handwriting is better than( 其他任何人 )in the class.名词作定语名词作定语名词作定语既是名词的一种重要用法， 也是高考的一个重要考点。 根据近几年的高考试题来 看，我们应着重掌握名词作定语的意义和形式。名词作定语时，主要有三种形式，即名词的普通格、名词的所有格和名词的 ed 形式。一、名词的普通格作定语1 .所用的形式(1) 名词作定语时一般用单数形式，如：pencil case 等。(2) man 和 woman 修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时用复数形式。如：a manteacher

34、， three men teachers 等。(3) 有些名词作定语时总是用复数形式，常见的有： sports， clothes， goods 等。如： a sports meet，a goods train 等。2所表示的意义（1）表示材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是 制成的。如： a diamond necklace（ 一条钻石项链）,silk books（丝绸书）等。表示的名词作定语。如：light waves（光波）,sports shoes（运动鞋）等。（3）如果两个名词构成部分与整体的关系，则表整体的名词可以作定语（常指物 ）。如： animalbones（动物骨头），ciga

35、rette ends（烟头）等。（4）表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方。表性别或身份的名词作定语。如：a female elephant（母象）等。表示泛指的时间名词作定语。女口： evening dress（晚礼服），rooster year stamp（鸡年邮票）等。二、名词的所有格作定语一般来说，名词所有格作定语时表示 关系。如： students' book ， a friend of Tom's 等。三、名词的 ed 形式作定语名词的 ed 形式作定语时常表示名词的 。如：atable 一张三条腿的桌子，aspaceship 一艘载人的宇宙飞船，

36、 典例 3 She went into a clothing shop and bought a shirt and a pair ofshoes for her son.Acotton ；sportBcottons；sportCcotton ；sportsDcottons；sports易错易混点：注意以下几组名词单复数问题：1. 物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示，如：fishes（）， fruits（） ， steels（）。2. 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的 来表示。如：a of tea, three of apples, four of bread 。3

37、. 有些抽象名词的 表示不同的含义。如：work（工作 尸 works（）arm（手臂）宀 arms（）glass（玻 璃）t glasses（） cloth（布尸 clothes（）4. 定冠词加上姓氏的 形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前 冠词，则表示若干个姓xx的人。如： the Smith史密斯夫妇或史密斯一家，three Wangs5. 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如： physics, mathematics, news, the United States。6. 有些名词形似单数，但实为 。如： police, people, cattle 。7. 有些名词如被看作整体

38、时就作 用，如被看作组成该集体的 时就作复数用。如： class, family, couple, audience, government, public 。8. 几组常考名词的辨析：1）cause, reason, excuseCause 是造成一种事实或现象的 “原因， 起因 ”， 后接介词 ; reason 是说明一种 或的 “理由 ”； excuse 意为“借口，辩解”Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.You must tell him the reason why you won 'taccept his offer.Late

39、again! What'syour excuse this time/2）mistake, error, faultMistake 几乎等于 error, 只不过 error 更正式， 更常用语书面语。 此外 error 强调道德方面 的过失，而 fault 则强调（性格上的） 小缺点。但以上三个词在一些固定搭配中不能混用。 如：Anof judgment ,判断错误 by,错误的 findwith 找茬儿，挑剔It is someone 's . 是某人的过错(题组训练 )单项填空： I'm sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I

40、 was very tired.There is no for this while you are on duty.A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation “I don'tthink it 'smythat the TV blew up. I just turned it on. That 'sall,”said the boy.A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty3) journey, trip, travel, voyageJourney 可指海陆空的旅行，常指 的旅行。 Trip

41、 指的旅行，常与其搭配的动词有 make, take , go on. Travel 泛指旅游， 一般不加冠词， 复数形式 travels 多指旅游 或到国外旅游， 前面不能用 many 或其他数词修饰。 通常 journey 和 trip 强调往返性， 而 travel 不侧重往返性， 可以使单程旅行。 Voyage 指 (题组训练 )用 journey, trip, travel, voyage 填空： It 'a longfrom here to Hong Kong.(4) It 'only three hours 'from here.(5) He wrote

42、a book about hisin South Africa.(6) When I give up work, I shall make a longat sea.4) sight, view, scene, scenery还可以表示风景画，sight: 目光，视力；景物；情景，景象view: 从某个特定点观看到的东西，景物，尤其是美丽的自然风景。风景照片的意思We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.Various views of the coast hang on the wall.scene : 局部的风景，景中更有可

43、能包括人或反映运动状态。 “场景，情景” scenery: 自然风景，是总称，不可数名词(题组训练 )用 sight, view, scene 填空：(7) There is nofrom this win dow except for some factory chi mn eys. The white sailboats in the blue water make a pretty.(9) The earthquake caused many deaths. It was a terrible.5) award, reward二者既可以作名词也可作动词。 Award 用作名词时，意思为“

44、奖品，奖金” ；用作动词时， 常用于 award sth to sb. reward 作名词时，意思为“报酬，奖励，报答” ；用作动词时， 常用于 reward sb for sth.题组训练： 用 award,reward 填空10) He showed us the athletiche had won.11) What will you give me in for help?12) The prizes for physics and chemistry are to the Swedish Academy of Sciences.6) accident, event, inciden

45、t, affairaccident: 通常指不愉快的，意外的事，常导致不良后果。 event: 既可以指重大事件，也可以指日常事件，还可以指运动比赛项目 iIncident: 不太重要的事情，有时指引起战争，争端的突发事件。affair: 国家大事，暧昧 题组训练：用 accident,event,affair,incident 的适当形式填空：13) He was killed by the traffic.14) That was one of the chief that year.15) He could remember every in great detail.16) The m

46、inister is busy with important of the state.实践操作：1泛指与特指的易错点What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.A a； /B the ；/Cthe；anDa； the2独一无二的事物前冠词的易错点We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world.A a； aBa； theCthe；aD the； the3抽象名词具体化的冠词应用失误It will make big difference wheth

47、er the opening ceremony becomes successor not.A/；/Ba； aCa； theDa； /4固定习语中冠词的误用Let's go to cinema that'll take your mind off the problem for while.A the ； theB the；aCa； theDa；a15练习：单项选择1 My of this weekend' s activity is going out with some good friends.A. ideaB. opinion C. mindD. thought

48、2 The bad policy of the new government has put the economy of the country into a moredifficult. _A. occasi onB. situatio nC. caseD. backgro und3. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up hisA. abilityB. force C. stre ngthD. mind4 He likes music so much that I think it right to buy him M

49、P3 asbirthday prese nt.A. the; an; aB./; an; the C./; an; aD. the; a;a5 Thank you for sending us fresh vegetables of many kin ds. You have done usgreat service.A./;aB. the; a C./;/D. the;/6 The adverbial phrase "every day" has space betweentwowords.A. the; theB. a; the C./; theD./; /7. He

50、lost the chanee to be employed asmarketing manager because he lacked ork experie nee.A./; theB. a; a C. the; aD.a; /8 Scarlett Johnasson developed interest in acting and has made herself into perhapsin est actress of her gen erati on.A. an; aB./; the C. an ;theD./;a9 is withoutdoubt the most magnifi

51、cent of the big cats.A. The tiger; aB. The tiger;/ C. Tiger; /D. A tiger; thel10 Cherries are sold byweight, and books can be mailed bydoze n.A. / ; aB. the; theC. the ; aD. / ; the11 Charlely Oakley, NBA star, has n' t lostgame in the past mon th.A. an;aB.a; the C. the; aD./; the12 I won der wh

52、at it feels like to be one of really rich. The Jenkinsons already have twoRolls Royces and now they are buyingthird!A. the; aB. the; theC./; aD./; the13 Whatbeautiful weather ! Great forholiday.A. a; aB. the ; theC. the; aD./; a14 The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden todrive f

53、or speed ing.A.a; /B.a; theC. the ; theD. / ; /15 The explorer got a disease in blood for theof fresh vegetables and fruit.A. sakeB. lackC. ig noranceD. ben efit16 Man' s first walk on the moon was a stra nge tech no logical A. successB. achievementC. successionD.accomplishme nt17 Every one'

54、 s applicati on for the job must be sent in one weekA. before handB. ahead of timeC. in advaneeD. as early as possible18 Have you made out your for a passport?A. appo in tme ntB. applicati onC. appositi onD. appreciati on19 They considered the plan in all its A. appeara nces20 I' m in myA. behavior21 Now we can pick