四级技巧概说

1、写作的技巧Writing Skills作文评分标准档次档次评评 分分 标标 准准13-15分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。10-12分切题。表达思想清楚，文字较连贯，但有少量语言错误。7-9分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。4-6分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。1-3分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。0分未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或作文与主题毫不相关。A. 记叙文 (Narration)B. 描写文（Description）C. 说

2、明文（Exposition）D. 论说文（Argumentation）E. 应用文（Practical Writing）四级作文的三段式结构（描析表）题型 第一段（引言）第二段（正文）第三段（结论）现象解释型描述现象 说明现象产生的原因 表明个人观点态度或阐述个人做法 对比选择型 表明一方或双方观点 表明一方的观点及理由，或指出双方观点的不足之处及理由 表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做法 问题解决型 提出问题 分析问题，给出解决方案 表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做法 应用文描述事实 阐述事实 表明观点或提出建议 十大功能段落 第一段：1.1.现象/ /现状说明段 2. 2.图画/ /图表描述段 第二

3、段：3.3.对立观点陈述段 4. 4.利弊说明段 5.5.意义阐述段 6. 6.原因列举段 7. 7.举例段 第三段：8.8.归纳结论段 9. 9.趋势预测段 10 10建议措施段 2022-5-56 英语短文写作既然是一种语言创作，就不可能像数学有严格的公式可套用，但却可以找出一定的思路来遵循。第一段：引言句扩展句限制主题句第二段：主题句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句段落小结；第三段：连接词+全文概括总结句扩展句。当然这只是构成短文的基本思路，其中各段扩展句的数量在不同的文章可适当增减，以达到内容清晰，主题突出的目的。7现象解释文模板Nowadays, the number of 某种现象 in

4、某种场合 is on the increase. It is estimated that 相关数据. Why have there been so many 某种现象? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The foremost is 原因一. Besides, 原因二. Whats more, 原因三. To sum up, the main cause of 某种现象 is due to 最主要原因. It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing, 解决

5、办法一. On the other hand, 解决办法二. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of 某种现象. 对比选择型作文模板1. Different people have different views on开门见山直入主体，表明对某事人们的不同看法。2. Some people prefer,.表明一部分人的看法。3. Others tend to, .另一部分的看法。4. As to me, I agree with /to 作者的看法。 5.Of course,.承认自己不赞同的看法有一定的合理性。6.For

6、 example,举例说明支持第五句。7.But,转折指出这种观点的不足。8.The following reasons can account for my preference 启下句过度到下段具体阐述自己所支持的观点理由。 9. The main reason is .支持观点的理由一。10.A good example to illustrate is 举例说明理由一。11.Fur another,理由二。12.From the foregoing,总结全文，从长远看来。问题解决型作文模板1. With the development/improvement of ,.空格一处铺垫，空

7、格二处填写某一问题。2. It is necessary that.关注解决现象引出的问题很必要。3. On the one hand, .解决问题很必要的理由一。4. On the other hand, 解决问题很必要的理由二。 5. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention.承上启下，填要解决的问题。6.Firstly解决办法一。7.Secondly解决办法二。8.For example,举例解释解决办法二。9. Thirdly, .解决办法三。10.In other words,阐明解决办法三。 11.In fact, ways to ar

8、e countless.指出解决问题的办法多种多样。12.Its time that 强调解决问题时不可待。 观点论证型作文模板1. It is true that.提出普遍存在地观点。2. However,.谈不同地观点。3. I think.自己地观点，即文章地论点。4. can be listed as follow.过度句，转折到观点地论证，由题目选择具体的词。 5. First of all, 论证理由一。 6. Secondly 论证理由二。7.For example举例具体说明理由二。 8. Thirdly,论证理由三。9. A case in point is .举例说明理由三

9、。10.It goes without saying that提出执行该观点时应注意的事项。11.There is no doubt that 得出结论。12.In conclusion 总结全文。 现象解释型模板一现象解释型模板一 1) We have witnessed 总体现象. 2) According to 描述图表 , 具体表现一. 3) And 具体表现二 . 4) Many reasons contribute to 过渡句. 5)To begin with, 原因一. 6)Moreover, 原因二. 7) In addition, 原因三. 8) As a result,

10、导致结果. 9) As to me, 作者的看法. 10) First of all, 理由一. 11) Besides, 理由二. 12) To conclude, 总结.描述现描述现象象阐述原阐述原因因表明观表明观点点121 举例句：for example, for instance, such as, as, like2 转折句：although, but, however, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, still, instead3 因果句：because, for, since, the reason

11、is that, result from, so, thus, therefore, so that, thats why, accordingly, as a result, result in, consequently, with the result that4 罗列递进句：also, next, too, in addition, furthermore, besides2022-5-5135 比较句：as as, than, according as, in proportion as, while, whereas,6 表示方式句：as, as if, as though, th

12、e way, how7 让步句：though, although, if, even though, when, while, whereas, granting that, granted that, admitting that, for all that, in spite of8条件句：if, unless, suppose, supposing, assuming, providing, provided, in the event, just so that, given that, in case that, on condition, as long as9表示目的句：so,

13、so that, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that2022-5-5141）There are three reasons for this.2）The reasons for this are as follows.3）The reason for this is obvious.4）The reason for this is not far to seek.5）The reason for this is that.6）We have good reason to believe that.2022-5-5151） It has the

14、 following advantages.2） It does us a lot of good.3） It benefits us quite a lot.4） It is beneficial to us.5） It is of great benefit to us.2022-5-5161) It has more disadvantages than advantages.2) It does us much harm.3) It is harmful to us. 2022-5-5171)It is important (necessary, difficult, convenie

15、nt, possible) for sb. to do sth.2）We think it necessary to do sth.3）It plays an important role in our life.2022-5-5181) We should take some effective measures.2) We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.3) We should do our utmost in doing sth.4) We should solve the problems that w

16、e are confronted（faced）with.2022-5-5191) Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2) A great change will certainly be p r o d u c e d i n t h e w o r l d s communications.3) The computer has brought about many changes in education.2022-5-5201）We cannot ignore the fact that.2）No one can d

17、eny the fact that.3）There is no denying the fact that.4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5）However，thats not the case.2022-5-5211）Compared with A，B.2)A and B has several points in common. 3)It is true that A . , but the chief fault B (obvious defects )are . 4)A and B differ in

18、 several ways. 5)The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 6）I prefer to read rather than watch TV.7）There is a striking contrast between them.2022-5-522 1) A good case in point is . 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an exa

19、mple. 2022-5-5231）It has increased（decreased）from.to.2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January. 2022-5-5241）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.2）People have diffe

20、rent opinions on this problem.3）People take different views of（on）the question.4）Some people believe that.Others argue that.2022-5-5251）In short，it can be said that .2）It may be briefly summed up as follows.3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .29个最经典的替换词1. individ

21、uals, characters, folks 代替 (people ,persons) 2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding 代替 good 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad 29个最经典的替换词4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of , many, if not most) 代替 many. 5: a s

22、lice of, quiet a few , several代替some 6: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think 29个最经典的替换词7:affair, business ,matter 代替 thing 8: shared 代 common 9. reap huge fruits代替get much benefit10: for my part ,from m

23、y own perspective 代替 in my opinion11: Increasingly, growing 代替more and more。29个最经典的替换词12.benefitial rewarding代替helpful13.shopper, client, consumer, purchaser, 代替customer 14.little if anything,或 little or nothing 代替 hardly15.exceedingly,extremely代替very 16.hardly unnecessary, hardly inevitable .代替nece

24、ssary, inevitable 17. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 代替 sb take interest in 29个最经典的替换词18. capture ones attention 代替 attract ones attention. 19. facet, dimension, sphere 代 aspect 20. be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 代indicate, suggest ,fear21.give rise t

25、o, lead to, result in, trigger代替cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth代替.reasons for sth 29个最经典的替换词23.desire 代替 want. 24.pour attention into 代替 pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 代替 remember 26. enjoy, possess 代替 have 27. interaction 代替 communication 28.frown on sth 代替 be against , disag

26、ree with sth 29.to name only a few, as an example 代替 for example阅读技巧Reading Skills快速阅读技巧原则：先看10个句子再看文章文章不需要看懂步骤：看句子，画出每个句子的重点词数字，日期（全部数字化）专名（人名，地名，首字母大写的词）生词，长词比较级和最高级主动词副词快速阅读技巧仔细读文章的第一段和最后一段读每段的第一句（第一句太短读前两句），最后一句。中间的句子扫过。凡是看到数字（倍数，半数等），数字化。double=200%, half=50%.同义词替换如果仅某段出现了某句子重点词，该句属于这段。如果一段中出现了

27、某个句子重点词的3个（包括同义词），该句属于这一段。如果一段中出现了某句子重点词的两次，很有可能该句属于这一段。实在找不到某句属于哪一段，就选最长的一段。重点词标注46. Unlike in the past, a college degree alone does not guarantee （唯一出现）a good job for its holder.52. Young people dont know what to learn because it is hard to predict what skills are most needed or valued ten years （

28、10） from now. （原文：a decade （10）翻译技巧Translation Skills翻译评分标准档次档次评评 分分 标标 准准13-15分译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。10-12分译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。7-9分译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。4-6分译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。1-3分译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。0分未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关。公式法理解原文分析句子把句子公式化（找出主干）填补各个成分2013年12月（3）“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(The Qing Dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。公式化-找句子的主谓宾“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问