英语词汇学第六章解析

1、词汇：Polysemyn.一词多义peculiarn.特权；特有财产adj.特殊的Diachronic历时性Synchronic共时性Radiation放射法garmentsn.服装服装，衣着Concatenationn.串联，连结tern三个一组的candidaten.候选人precedingv.在.之前Homonymsn.语同形同音异义词identicaladj.同一的；完全相同的Homographs同形异义词Homophones同音异形异义Rhetoric修辞punsn.双关语sarcasmn.讽刺ridiculen.嘲笑embracevt.拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含connotationn

2、.内涵Antonymy反义词predecessor前任viceversa反之亦然Hyponymy上下位关系要点一.1.Polysemypolysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguages.Whenawordsisfirstcoined,italwaysmonosemic,butinthecourseofdevelopment,thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.e.g.Theword"flight"maymean"passingthroughtheair&q

3、uot;,"powerofflying","airofjourney",etc.2. Twoapproaches1) .(Diachronicapproach一Diachronically,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage,ittookonmo

4、reandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.E.g.faceTheprimarymeaninggavebirthtonewmeaning.TheprimarymeaningbecomeeitherabsoluteordisappearedaltogetherE.g.harvesttimeofcuttingreapingandgatheringthecropsaseasonsyieldofgrainorfruitPainpenaltyorpunishmentpainsandpenaltyupon/underpaino

5、fsuffering2) .Synchronicapproach一synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistentofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Thebasicmeaningofawordisthecoreofwordmeaning.Thecoreofwordmeaningcalledthecentralmeaning(secondarymeaning).Thecentralmeaninghasgraduallydimishedincurrencywitht

6、hechangesandoneofthederivedmeaningshasbecomedominant.E.g.gay3. Twoprocessofdevelopment1).Radiation-asemanticprocesswhichshowsthattheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandeachofthederivedmeaningsproceedoutofineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetrackedbacktothecentralm

7、eaning.e.g.Neck1) Thatpartofamanoranimaljointingtheheadtothebody2) Thatpartofthegarments3) Theneckofananimalusedasfood4) Anarrowpartbetweentheheadandbodyorbaseofanyobject5) ThepartofanythingOfthe5meanings1)istheprimaryandalltherestarederivedbuteachoftheotherfourisdirectlyrelatedto1).Therefore,wesayn

8、eckhasdevelopedthroughtheprocessofradiation.2) .Concatenation一meaninglinkingtogether,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmanycases,thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebegining.

9、e.g.candidate1) White-robedadj.穿白色长袍的2) Officeseekerinwhitegouns3) Apersonwhoseeksanoffice4) Apersonproposedforaplace,award,etc.Ofthe4meanings,1)istheprimarymeaningandtheotherthreearederived,buteachofthederivedmeaningisonlydirectlyrelatedtotheprecedingoneandthereisnodirectconnectionbetween1)and4).Th

10、erefore,wesaycandidatehasdevelopedthroughtheprocessofconcatenation.3) .DifferenceRadiationandconcatenationiscloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Radiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Concatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytot

11、heprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetrackedtotheoriginal,therensodirectconnectioninbetween.Thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.Radiationprecedesconcatenation.1.Homonyms-aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyins

12、oundorspelling.2.1) .PerfectHomonyms-arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.e.g.bank/bank,bear/bear,date/date2) .Homographs-arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.e.g.Bow/bow,Sow/sow3) .Homophones(mostcommon)-arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspel

13、lingandmeaning.e.g.Dear/dear,Right/rite,Son/sun3.OriginsofHomonyms1) .Changeinsoundandspelling(homonymsarenativebyorigin,derivedfromdifferentearlierformsinOldEnglish.ThechangeinsoundandspellinggraduallymadethemidenticalinmodernEnglish.)e.g.ear/ear,long/long2) .Borrowing(manywordsofforeignorigincoinc

14、ideinsoundand/orspellingwiththoseofnativeoriginwiththoseofotherforeignorigin.)e.g.fair/fair,ball/ball3) .Shortening(manyshortenedformsofwordshappentobeidenticalwithotherwordsinspellingorsound)e.g.ad/add,rock/rock,NOW/now4. DifferentiationofHomonymsandpolysemants(Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefully

15、identicalregardtospellingandpronunciation.)Homonymsrefertodifferentword,whichhappentosharethesameforms.Polysemantistheoneandsomeword,whichhasseveralmeanings.1) .Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology.Homonymsarefromdifferentsources.Apolysemantisfromthesamesource,whichhasacquireddifferentmeaningi

16、nthecourseofdevelopment.2).Thesecondprincipleissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtosomecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlessdegree.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.5. RhetoricfeatureTheycreatepunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humour,sarcasmorridicu

17、le.1.Synonymsarewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.Synonymssharealikenessindenotationandinpartofspeech.2.TypesofSynonyms1) .Absolute(Complete)Synonyms-arewords,whichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconcep

18、tualandassociativemeanings.Absolute(Complete)Synonymsarerestrictedtohigh-specializedvocabulary.Forinstance,composition/compounding.TheyhavetheperfectsamemeaninginLexicology.2) .Relative(Near)synonyms-aresimilarornearlythesameindenotationbutembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenqua

19、lity.e.g.Change/alter/varyTakestagger/reel/totterforexample.Staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharacterizedbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.E.g.staggerunderaheavyload;Reelsuggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.E.g.Thedrunkenmanreeleddownthehall;Totterindicatestheuncert

20、ain,falteringstepsofafeebleoldpersonorofaninfantlearningtowalk.3.SourcesofSynonyms1) .Borrowing:(themostimportantsource)2) .DialectsandregionalEnglish:eg.Railway(BrE)railroad(AmE)Mother(BrE)minny(ScotE)Charm(BrE)glamour(ScotE)Ranch(AmE)run(AusE)Job(StandE)gig(BlackE)Jim(BlachE)malperson(StandE)3) .F

21、igurativea.比喻的，象征的andeuphemistica.委婉的useofwords:Occupationwalkoflife(fig.)Dreamerstar-gazer(fig.)Drunkelevated(euph.)Liedistortthefact(euph.)4) .Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions:WingaintheupperhandDecidemakeuponesmindFinishgetthroughHesitatebeintwomindsHelplendoneahand4.DiscriminationofSynonyms1)

22、Differenceindenotation:differintherangeandintensityofmeaning.Range(somewordshaveawiderrangeofmeaningthanothers)e.g.timid-timorousTimidisappliedtothestateofmindsinwhichapersonmayhappentobeatthemoment,anttothehabitualdisposition.Timorousisonlytothedisposition.Comprehend/understandextendincreaseexpandT

23、heowneroftherestaurantisgoingtoextendthekitchenbytenfeetthisyear.Thecompanyhasdecidedtoincreaseitssalesbytenpercentnextyear.Themetalwillexpandifheated.ExtentincreaseexpandDifferindegreeofintensitye.g.wealthrichThewealthpersonistopossesmoremoneyandpropertythanarichman.worktoilWorkisageneraltermhaving

24、nospecialimplicationsas=lightor=heavy，and=mentalor=physical1.Toilsuggests=heavyandtiringwork,associatedwithmorewithmanualthanmentallabor.wantwishdesireWantisthemostgeneralandhasthewidestrangeofmeaning.Wishanddesirearemuchnarrowinsense2)Differenceinconnotation:differinthestylisticandemotivecoloring.S

25、omewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness.E.g.ThewordsborrowedfromFrenchandLatinaremoreformalthannativewords.Theseborrowingsaremoreappropriateformalandtechnicalwriting.policeman-constable一bobby一coppoliceman(neutral)一constable(neutral)-bobby(colloquial)-cop(slangy)ask-beg

26、-requestask(neutral);beg(colloquial);request(formal)archaicandpoetic,whichareself-suggestive.e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow/enough,save/expect,mere/lakeandsuchlikeareallsynonyms,butineachthesecondisstandardinusagewhereasthefirstoneisold-fashionedandar

27、chaic,onlyfoundinpoetry,earlierwriting,etc.Manysynonymshaveclearaffectivevaluesresult一consequeneeresult(neutral)一consequence(negativeimplication)big-greatbig(thebignessofsize,volumeandsoon,withoutanyemotivecoloring)-great(suggestdistinguished,eminent,outstanding)little-small-tinylittle(attractivenes

28、s,pleasantness)-small(notbig),tiny(abnormalgrowthofthechild)3) Differenceinapplication:differinusage.Manywordsaresynonymsinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferentsentencepatterns.E.g.allow-letallowsbtososth.-letsb.dosth.answer-replyanswer(transitivev.

29、)theletter-reply(intransitivev.)tothelettersense-meaningHeisamanofsense.empty-vacantemptybox/street/room(nooneornothinginside)vacantseat/chair/apartment(notoccupied)lump-slice-chunk-sheet-cakealumpsugar-asliceofmeat-achunkofwood-asheetofpaper-acakeofsoap四.1. Antonymy-isconcernedwithsemanticoppositio

30、n.Antonyms-arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.2. TypesofAntonyms(accordingtothesemanticopposition)1) Contradictoryterms一theseantonymsaretrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theyassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.E

31、.g.alivedead,present-absent,male-female,boy一girl,true一false,samedifferent,imperfect-perfectSuchantonymsarenongradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbslikeverytoqualifythem.(single/married)特点:对立的/不可分级2) Contraryterms-ascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregra

32、dableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.E.g.rich-(well-to-do)-poor;old-(middle-aged)-young,open-(ajar)close,beautiful-(good-looking)-(plain)-ugly,hot-(warm,cool)-coldverbs.E.g.love-(attachment)-(liking)-(indifferent)-(antipathy)-hate3) Relativeterms-consistofrelationaloppositeness.Thepairsofwordsi

33、ndicatesuchasocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother,thetypeisalsoreverseterms.Thetwowordsofeachpairinterdependent.E.g.parent-child;husband-wife;predecessor-successor,employer-employeesellbuy,give-receive3. differencebetweenrelativetermsandcontradictorytermsthereisanabsol

34、uteoppositebetweenrelativetermsandcontradictoryterms.Inthecaseofrelativeterms,theoppositionisonlyrelational.contradictoryterms-e.g.iftheadultisnotaman,thentheadultmustbeawoman.4. thecharacteristicsofantonyms1) .Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.形容词(most)-动词名词(least)Thereareagreatma

35、nymoresynonymsthanantonyms.Wordsdenotingnature,qualityorstateofthingshavemanyantonyms.Thisaccountsforthelargenumberofantonymsareadjectives.2) .Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.e.g.fast-firm/secureloosequickslowpleasure-seeking/wildsoberdull-boringinterestingShebecamedullandsi

36、lentduringthelastpartofthejourney.livelydullweathersunny,dullnoisesharp,dullpainacutethesefactorsaffectbothintelligentanddullchildren.Intelligent3) .Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.Pairsofantonymsareseenasmarkedandunmarkedterms.Onememberismorespecificthantheotherandthemeaningofthespecificisinclude

37、dinthatofthegeneral.e.g.man-womanTherehasbeennomanintheisland.(mansignifieshumanbeing,includingwomen,butnotviceversa).dog-male/femaledogtallshortHowtallishisbrother?(includesthemeaningofnextone)Howshortishisbrother?(morerestrictedinsense)4) .Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintens

38、ity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposition.e.g.hot-cold,warm-cool,rich-poor,destitute-opulentSomewordscanhavetwodifferenttypesofantonymsatthesametime,onebeingnegativeandtheotheropposite.e.g.happyunhappy-sad,productiveunproductivedestructivefree-unfree-enslaved5.theuseofantonymsAntonymshavevariouspracticalusesandhavelongprovedhelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningsofwords.freshbread-stalebread,freshair-stuff