工学化工英语马正飞版

1、CONTENTSCharacteristicsofSpecialpurposeEnglish:1LESSON15MaterialsScience5LESSON16ChemicalProcessSafety7LESSON17PlantDesignandGeneralConsiderations9LESSON19ProcessReactorDesign11LESSON21Bioengineering13LESSON22GeneticEngineering16LESSON23HowWeDigestCarbohydrates18LESSON26GreenHouseEffect20LESSON28Nom

2、enclatureofChemicalCompounds23LESSON1ChemicalEngineering25LESSON3UnitOperations29LESSON5Filtration31LESSON6HeatTransfer33LESSON7AbsorptionofGases36LESSON8DistillationOperations38LESSON9SolventExtraction41LESSON10DryingofSolids43LESSON11PackedTowers45CharacteristicsofSpecialpurposeEnglish:1: Language

3、词汇意义比较单一，不具有情感内容，很少使用比喻，排比，夸张等修辞手法。常会出现难看,难念，难听的词。2: Vocabulary国际性强：很多从拉丁语或希腊语中派生出来。很少口语词汇，常用单个动词代替动词短语：Absorbtakein;discover-findout;assemble-puttogether.利用前缀后缀派生的词很多。专业，科技词汇占1/4。3: Grammar大量使用名词和名词词组beveryimportant-beofgreatimportance大量使用被动语态大量使用非谓语动词词组长句结构多HeyJudeBeatlesHeyJude,dontmakeitbad.嘿！Ju

4、de,不要沮丧Takeasadsongandmakeitbetter唱首悲伤的歌曲来舒缓自己的心情Remembertoletherintoyourheart请将她存放于心Thenyoucanstarttomakeitbetter.生活才会更美好HeyJude,dontbeafraid嘿Jude不要害怕Youweremadetogooutandgether.你生来就是要得至U她Theminuteyouletherunderyourskin,在将她深藏于心的那一亥UThenyoubegintomakeitbetter.你已经开始过的更好Andanytimeyoufeelthepain,无论何时，当

5、你感到痛苦heyJude,refrain,嘿Jude停下来Dontcarrytheworlduponyourshoulders.不要把全世界者B扛在肩上Forwellyouknowthatitsafoolwhoplaysitcool你应该懂得傻瓜才会假装才会把自己的世界变得冷漠坚强Bymakinghisworldalittlecolder.HeyJudedontletmedown嘿Jude别让我失望Youhavefoundher,nowgoandgether.Remembertoletherintoyourheart,Thenyoucanstarttomakeitbetter.Soletito

6、utandletitin,heyJude,begin,振作起来Yourewaitingforsomeonetoperformwith.你已遇见她现在就去赢得她芳心请将她深藏于心生活才会更美好遇事要拿得起放得下嘿！Jude,你一直期待有人同你一起成长Anddontyouknowthatitsjustyou,heyJude,youlldo你不明白?只有你Jude嘿你行的Themovementyouneedisonyourshoulder未来肩负在你身上HeyJude,dontmakeitbad.嘿不要消沉JudeTakeasadsongandmakeitbetterRemembertolether

7、underyourskinThenyoullbegintomakeitbetter唱首忧伤的歌曲让自己振作些记得心中常怀有她生活才会变得更美好更美好Betterbetterbetterbetterbetterbetter,Oh.Someonelikeyou另寻沧海Adele阿黛尔Iheardthatyouresettleddown.已闻君，诸事安康。Thatyoufoundagirlandyouremarriednow.遇佳人，不久女昏嫁。Iheardthatyourdreamscametrue.已闻君，得偿所想。Guessshegaveyouthings,Ididntgivetoyou.料得

8、是，卿识君望。Oldfriend,whyareyousoshy?旧日知己，何故张皇？Aintlikeyoutoholdbackorhidefromthelie.遮遮掩掩，欲盖弥彰。Ihatetoturnupoutoftheblueuninvited.客有不速，实非我所想。ButIcouldntstayaway,Icouldntfightit.避之不得，遑论与相抗。Idhopedyoudseemyface&thatyoudbereminded,异日偶遇，识得依稀颜。Thatforme,itisntover.再无所求,涕零而目下。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋须

9、烦恼，终有弱水替沧海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.抛却纠缠，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑。“Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜。”Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜，然。欢笑仍如咋，今却孤影忆花繁。彼时初执手，夏雾郁郁湿衣衫。自缚旧念中，诧喜荣光永不黯。客有不速，实非我所想。避之不得，遑论与

10、相抗。dbereminded,异日偶遇，识Youknow,howthetimeflies,光阴常无踪，词穷不敢道荏苒。Onlyyesterday,wasthetimeofourlives.Wewerebornandraisedinasummeryhaze.Boundbythesurpriseofourglorydays.Ihatetoturnupoutoftheblueuninvited.ButIcouldntstayaway,Icouldntfightit.Ihadhopedyoudseemyfaceandthatyou得依稀颜。Thatforme,itisntover.再无所求,涕零而目下

11、。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋须烦恼，终有弱水替沧海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.抛却纠缠，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑。“Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜。”Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜，然。Nothingcompares,noworrieso

12、rcares.无可与之相提，切莫忧心同挂念。Regretsandmistakestheyrememoriesmade.糊涂遗恨难免，白璧微瑕方可恋。Whowouldhaveknownhowbittersweetthiswouldtaste?止匕中酸甜苦咸,世上谁人堪相言？Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋须烦恼，终有弱水替沧海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.抛却纠缠，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑。“Sometimesitlastsinlovebu

13、tsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜。”Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜，然。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋须烦恼，终有弱水替沧海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.抛却纠缠，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑。“Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情

14、堪隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜。”情堪Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.隽永，也善心潮掀狂澜，然。LESSON15MaterialsScienceMaterialsscienceisthestudyofthenpropertiesofsolidmaterialsandhowthosepropertiesaredeterminedbyamaterialcsmpositionandstructure.Thestudyencompassestheentirerangofproperties,includingmechanic,ther

15、mal,chemical,electric,magnetic,andopticalbehavior.Itgrewoutofamalgamofsolid-statephysics,metallurgy,andchemistry,sincetherichvarietyofmaterialspropertiescannotbeunderstoodwithinthecontextofanysingleclassicaldiscipline.Theoptionaluseofmaterialsinapplicationssuchaspackaging,construction,magnets,batter

16、ies,engines,automobilebodies,insulation,catalyticcracking,electrics,andcomputersdependsontheintelligentexplosionoftheseproperties.Withabasicunderstandingoftheoriginalsofproperties,materialscanbeselectedordesignedforanenormousvarietyofapplications,rangingfromstructuralsteelstocomputermicrochips.Mater

17、ialsScienceisthereforeimportanttomanyengineeringactivitiessuchaselectronics,aerospace,telecommunications,informationprocessing,nuclearpower,andenergyconversion.Thepropertiesofmaterialsaredeterminedarebytheirinternalstructurethatis,thewayinwhichthefundamentalpartsofthematerialsareputtogether.Thus,the

18、atomicstructureisthearrangementoftheatomsinspace,theelectronstructureisthedistributionoftheelectronsinspaceandinenergy,thedefectstructureisthedistributionofcrystalflaws,(suchasimpurities,vacantatomicsites,anddislocation),andthemicroscopicstructureisthesizeandarrangementofmicroscopicgrainsandprecipit

19、ates.Thesestructures,andtheirinteractions,areresponsibleforthebehaviorofmaterials.Forexample,thecombinationofatomicandelectricstructurecontrolstheeasewithwhichelectioncanmoveinorthroughasolidandthereforedetermineswhetheritwillbeaninsulator,aconductor,orasemiconductor;theatomicanddefectstructurecontr

20、oltheeasewithwhichamechanicaldisturbancecanmovethroughasolidandthereforedetermineitsdegreeofductilityorbrittleness;andthedistributionofspinningelectronsgivesrisetomagneticproperties.AfterWorldWarH,economicprogressandnationaldefenseneedsrequiredthedevelopmentofsophisticatedmaterials,anditwassoonappar

21、entthatanintegrationoftheknowledgeandmethodsofmetallurgy,chemistry,andphysicswasessentialfortheirdevelopment.Thefieldofsemiconductorelectronicswasaprimeexampleofthis.Thebasicworkwasdonebyphysicists,whowereorientedtowardtheanalysisofelectronicpropertiesofpure,samplesolids.Butthesuccessfulproduction,o

22、fgoodsemiconductordevicesrequiredaknowledgeofdefectstructure,traditionallytheprovinceofthemetallurgist,andtheimportanceofimpuritycontrolwasinmanyrespectsaproblemofchemistry.By1960theintegrationofthethreefieldsintoanewactivitywaswellunderway.Inthelate1950stheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyoftheU.S.Dep

23、artmentofDefense,incooperationwithresearchuniversities,sponsoredanopencompetitiontoestablishgovernment-supportedresearchlaboratoriesatalimitednumberofuniversitytopursuetheintegratedstudyofmaterialsandtoeducategraduatestudentsinthenewfield.AdozensuchfacilitiesweresetupintheUnitedSates.Themethodsofmat

24、erialssciencehavebeenextendedtothestudyofpolymers,glasses,ceramics,amorphousmetals,andevenbiologicalmaterialssuchasbone.Thesimpleconceptofrelatingpropertiestostructurehasresultedinanastonishingvarietyofadvancedmaterialsofgreatutility.LESSON16ChemicalProcessSafetyIn1978,RobertM.Solow,aneconomistatthe

25、MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,receivedtheNobelPrizeineconomicsforhisworkindeterminingthesourceofeconomicgrowth.ProfessorSolowconcludedthatthebulkofaneconomysgrowthistheresultoftechnologicaladvances.Itisreasonabletoconcludethatthegrowthofanindustryisalsodependentontechnologicaladvances.Thisisesp

26、eciallytrueinthechemicalindustry,whichisenteringaneraofmorecomplexprocesses:higherpressure,morereactivechemicals,andexoticchemistry.Morecomplexprocessesrequiremorecomplexsafetytechnology.Manyindustrialistsevenbelievethatthedevelopmentandtheapplicationofsafetytechnologyisactuallyaconstraintonthegrowt

27、hofthechemicalindustry.Aschemicalprocesstechnologybecomesmorecomplex,chemicalengineerswillneedamoredetailedandfundamentalunderstandingofsafety.H.H.Fawcetthassaidthattoknowistosurviveandtoignorefundamentalsidtocourtdisaster.Since1950,significanttechnologicaladvanceshavebeenmadeinchemicalprocesssafety

28、.Today,safetyisequalinimportancetoproductionandhasdevelopedintoascientificdisciplinewhichincludesmanyhighlytechnicalandcomplextheoriesandpractices.Examplesofthetechnologysafetyinclude:(a) Hydrodynamicmodelsrepresentingtwo-phaseflowthroughavesselrelief.(b) Dispersionmodelsrepresentingthespreadoftoxic

29、vaporthroughaplantafterarelease.(c) Mathematicaltechniquestodeterminethevariouswaysthatprocessescanfail,andtheprobabilityoffailure.Recentadvancesinchemicalplantsafetyemphasizetheuseofappropriatetechnologicaltoolstoprovideinformationformakingsafetytodecisionwithrespecttoplantdesignandoperation.Thewor

30、dsafetyusedtomeanstheolderstrategyofaccidentpreventionthroughtheusedofhats,safetyshoes,andavarietyofrulesandregulations.Themainemphasiswasonworkersafety.Muchmorerecently,safetyhasbeenreplacedbylossprevention.Thistermincludeshazardidentification,technicalevaluation,andthedesignofnewengineeringfeature

31、stopreventloss.Thewordssafetyandlosspreventionwillbeusedsynonymouslythroughoutforconvenience.Safety,hazard,andriskarefrequently-usedtermsinchemicalprocesssafety.Theirdefinitionsare:(a) Safetyorlosspreventionisthepreventionofaccidentsbytheuseofappropriatetechnologiestoidentifiersthehazardofachemicalp

32、lantandtoeliminatethembeforeanaccidentoccurs.(b) Ahazardisanythingwithpotentialforproducinganaccident.(c) Riskistheprobabilityofahazardresultinginanaccident.Chemicalplantscontainalargevarietyofhazards.Fires,therearetheusualmechanicalhazardsthatcauseworkerinjuriesfromtrippingfailing,ormovingequipment

33、.Second,therearechemicalhazards.Theseincludefireandexplosionhazards,reactivityhazards,andtoxichazards.Aswillbeshownlater,chemicalplantsarethesafestofallmanufacturingfacilities.However,thepotentialalwaysexistsforanaccidentofcatastropheproportions.Despitesubstantialsafetyprogramsbythechemicalindustry,

34、headlinesofthetypeshowninFigurecontinuetoappearinnewspapers.Asuccessfulsafetyprogramrequiresseveralingredients.Theseingredientsarea) Safetyknowledgeb) Safetyexperiencec) Technicalcompetenced) Safetymanagementsupporte) CommitmentLESSON17PlantDesignandGeneralConsiderationsThegeneraltermplantdesignincl

35、udesallengineeringaspectsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofeitheranew,modified,orexpandedindustrialplant.Inthisdevelopment,thechemicalengineerwillbemakingeconomicevaluationsofnewprocesses,designingindividualpiecesofequipmentfortheproposednewventure,ordevelopingaplantlayoutforcoordinationoftheoveralloperatio

36、n.Becauseofthesemanydesignduties,thechemicalengineerismanytimesreferredtohereasadesignengineer.Ontheotherhand,achemicalengineerspecializingintheeconomicaspectsofthedesignisoftenreferredtoasacostengineer.Inmanyinstances,theprocessengineeringisusedinconnectionwitheconomicevaluationandgeneraleconomican

37、alysesofindustrialprocesses,whileprocessdesignreferstotheactualdesignoftheequipmentandfacilitiesnecessaryforcarryingouttheprocess.Similarly,themeaningofplantdesignislimitedbysomeengineerstoitemsrelateddirectlytothecompleteplant,suchasplantlayout,generalservicefacilities,andplantlocation.Thepurposeof

38、thetextistopresentthemajoraspectofplantdesignasrelatedtotheoveralldesignproject.Althoughonepersoncannotbeanexpertinallthephasesinvolvedinplantdesign,itisnecessarytobeacquaintedwiththegeneralproblemsandapproachineachofthephases.Theprocessengineermaynotbeconnecteddirectlywiththefinaldetaileddesignofth

39、eequipmentandthedesigneroftheequipmentmayhavelittleinfluenceonadecisionbymanagementastowhetherornotagivenreturnonaninvestmentisadequatetojustifyconstructionofacompleteplant.Nevertheless,iftheoveralldesignprojectistobesuccessful,closeteamworkisnecessaryamongthevariousgroupsofengineersworkingonthediff

40、erentphasesoftheproject.Themosteffectiveteamworkandcoordinationofeffortsareobtainedwheneachoftheengineersinthespecializedgroupsisawareofthemanyfunctionsintheoveralldesignproject.Thedevelopmentoftheoveralldesignprojectinvolvesmanydifferentdesignconsiderations.Failuretoincludetheseconsiderationsintheo

41、veralldesignprojectmay,inmanyinstances,altertheentireeconomicsituationsodrasticallyastomaketheventureunprofitable.Someofthefactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofacompleteplantdesignincludeplantlocation,plantlayout,materialsofconstruction,structuraldesign,utilities,buildings,storage,materialshandling,safe

42、ty,wastedisposal,federal,state,andlocatelawsorcodes,andpatents.Recordkeepingandaccountingproceduresarealsoimportantfactorsingeneraldesignconsiderations,anditisnecessarythatthedesignengineerbefamiliarwiththegeneralterminologyandapproachusedbyaccountantsforcostandassetaccounting.Thedevelopmentofadesig

43、nprojectproceedsinalogical,organizedsequencerequiringmoreandmoretime,effort,andexpenditureasonephaseleadsintothenext.Itisextremelyimportant,therefore,tostopandanalyzethesituationcarefullybeforeproceedingwitheachsubsequentphase.Manyprojectsarediscardedassoonasthepreliminaryinvestigationorresearchonth

44、eoriginalideaiscomplete.Theengineerworkingontheprojectmustmaintainarealisticandpracticalattitudeinadvancingthroughthevariousstagesofadesignprojectandnotbeswayedbypersonalinterestsanddesireswhendecidingiffurtherworkonaparticularprojectisjustifiable.Remember,iftheengineersworkiscontinuedonthroughtheva

45、riousphasesofadesignproject,itwilleventuallyendupinaproposalthatmoneybeinvestedintheprocess.Ifnotangiblereturncanberealizedfromtheinvestment,theproposalwillbeturneddown.Therefore,theengineershouldhavetheabilitytoeliminateunprofitableventuresbeforethedesignprojectapproachesatafinal-proposalstage.LESS

46、ON19ProcessReactorDesignEverychemicalengineershouldknownotonlytheprocessesofmanufacturingchemicalsbutalsothedesignandoperationoftheequipmentneededtocarryouttheprocesses.Thisequipmentcanbedividedintotwomaingroups.Thefirstgroupconsistsoftheequipmentusedtopurifyorseparaterawmaterialtotheextentnecessary

47、toobtainoptimumyields.Inasmuchasthepropertiesofthesubstancesafterprocessingremainthesameasthoseoftherawmaterials,theseseparationsareessentiallyphysicaltreatmentsteps;thedesignandoperationofthephysicalseparationequipmentarestudiedinunitoperations.Thesecondgroupconsistsofchemicalreactorsinwhichtheproc

48、essedrawmaterialsreacttocreateproductswithentirelynewphysicalandchemicalproperties.Thisisachemicaltreatmentstep.Whenwelookatchemicalprocesses,weseethateveryprocessbehavesasshowninFig.1.Thatistosay,therawmaterialsgothroughaseriesofphysicalseparationdevicesandthenenterthechemicalreactorsinwhichthetran

49、sformationiscarriedout.Fromthereactors,thereactionmixtureswhichcontainthenewdesiredproducts,sideundesiredproducts,andunreactedreactantswillbeoncemorepurifiedorseparatedtoobtainproductsofhighquality,torecoverthepotentiallyvaluableunreactedrawmaterials,andtodestroyorseparatethesideproducts.Inmostcases

50、,recyclingthereactionmixturesfromthelastgroupstothefirstgroupofthephysicalseparationdevicesincreasedtheyieldofthereaction.Here,weareprimarilyconcernedwiththechemicaltreatmentstep.Wewilldiscussthetypeofthereactorneeded,provisionsforexchangeofenergywithsurroundings,andoperationconditionssuchastemperat

51、ure,pressure,flowrates,andcompositions.Someeconomicconsiderationsofimportantinprocessreactorsystemsaretheoptimumoperatingconditions,costanalysisandprofitability,thestabilityofthereaction,thecontrolofthereaction,thematerialconstruction,andscale-upproblems.Whenevernecessary,someofthesefactorswillbebri

52、eflydescribed.Inthedesignofaprocessreactor,achemicalengineermustconsiderthefollowing:1. Whatreactorwilloccurinthereactor?2. Howfastcouldthereactiongo?3. Whattypeandsizeshouldthereactorbe?Whatoperatingtemperature,pressure,compositions,andflowratesshouldbeselected?4. Istheproductioneconomical?Thefirst

53、questiondealswiththethermodynamicsfromwhichtheequilibriumcompositionofthereactionmixturecanbeestimated.Thesecondconcernstheprocesskineticsfromwhichtherateconstantofareactioncanbepredicted.Thethirdaccountsformassandenergybalancesinthereactionsystem.Theincorporationofthesecondandthirddeterminesthetype

54、andsizeofthereactorrequiredforcertainreactions.Thefourthquestionconsiderstheeconomicsoftheprocessfromwhichtheoptimumoperatingconditionscanbeobtained.Inordertofulfilltheserequirements,weneeinformation,knowledge,andexperiencefromavarietyofareas:thermodynamics,chemicalkinetics,fluidmechanics,heattransf

55、er,masstransfer,andeconomics.LESSON21BioengineeringBioengineeringistheapplicationofengineeringknowledgetothefieldsofmedicineandbiology.Thebioengineermustbewellgroundedinbiologyandhaveengineeringknowledgethatisbroad,drawinguponelectrical,chemical,mechanical,andotherengineeringdisciplines.Thebioengine

56、ermayworkinanyofalargerangeofareas.Oneoftheseistheprovisionofartificiallimbs,andsupportiveorsubstituteorgans.Inanotherdirection,thebioengineermayuseengineermethodstoachievebiosynthesisofanimalsorplantproductssuchasforfermentationprocesses.BeforeWorldWarHthefieldofbioengineeringwasessentiallyunknown,

57、andlittlecommunicationorinteractionexistedbetweentheengineerandthelifescientist.Afewexceptions,however,shouldbenoted.Theagriculturalengineerandthechemicalengineer,involvedinfermentationprocesses,havealwaysbeenbioengineersinthebroadestsenseofthedefinitionsincetheydealwithbiologicalsystemsandworkwithb

58、iologists.Thecivilengineer,specializinginsanitation,hasappliedbiologicalprinciplesinthework.Mechanicalengineershaveworkedwiththemedicalprofessionformanyyearsinthedevelopmentofartificiallimbs.Anotherareaofmechanicalengineeringthatfallsinthefieldsofbioengineeringistheair-conditioningfield.Intheearly1920sengineersandphysiologistswereemployedbytheAmericanSocietyofHeatingandVentilatingEngineerstostudytheeffectsoftemperatureandhumidityonhumansandtoprovidedesigncriteriaforheatingandair-conditioningsystems.Todaythereareman