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1、Unit1AnotherSchoolYearWhatForLetmetellyouoneoftheearliestdisastersinmycareerasateacher.ItwasJanuaryof1940andIwasfreshoutofgraduateschoolstartingmyfirstsemesterattheUniversityofKansasCity.Partofthestudentbodywasabeanpolewithhairontopwhocameintomyclass,satdown,foldedhisarms,andlookedatmeasiftosay"

2、;Allright,teachmesomething."TwoweekslaterwestartedHamlet.Threeweekslaterhecameintomyofficewithhishandsonhiships."Look,"hesaid,"Icameheretobeapharmacist.WhydoIhavetoreadthisstuff"Andnothavingabookofhisowntopointto,hepointedtominewhichwaslyingonthedesk.NewasIwastothefaculty,Ic

3、ouldhavetoldthisspecimenanumberofthings.Icouldhavepointedoutthathehadenrolled,notinadrugstore-mechanicsschool,butinacollegeandthatattheendofhiscoursemeanttoreachforascrollthatreadBachelorofScience.Itwouldnotread:QualifiedPill-GrindingTechnician.Itwouldcertifythathehadspecializedinpharmacy,butitwould

4、furthercertifythathehadbeenexposedtosomeoftheideasmankindhasgeneratedwithinitshistory.Thatistosay,hehadnotenteredatechnicaltrainingschoolbutauniversityandinuniversitiesstudentsenrollforbothtrainingandeducation.Icouldhavetoldhimallthis,butitwasfairlyobvioushewasn'tgoingtobearoundlongenoughforitto

5、matter.Nevertheless,IwasyoungandIhadahighsenseofdutyandItriedtoputitthisway:"Fortherestofyourlife,"Isaid,"yourdaysaregoingtoaverageouttoabouttwenty-fourhours.Theywillbealittleshorterwhenyouareinlove,andalittlelongerwhenyouareoutoflove,buttheaveragewilltendtohold.Foreightofthesehours,m

6、oreorless,youwillbeasleep.""Thenforabouteighthoursofeachworkingdayyouwill,Ihope,beusefullyemployed.Assumeyouhavegonethroughpharmacyschoolorengineering,orlawschool,orwhateverduringthoseeighthoursyouwillbeusingyourprofessionalskills.Youwillseetoitthatthecyanidestaysoutoftheaspirin,thatthebul

7、ldoesn'tjumpthefence,orthatyourclientdoesn'tgototheelectricchairasaresultofyourincompetence.Theseareallusefulpursuits.Theyinvolveskillseverymanmustrespect,andtheycanallbringyoubasicsatisfactions.Alongwitheverythingelse,theywillprobablybewhatputsfoodonyourtable,supportsyourwife,andrearsyourch

8、ildren.Theywillbeyourincome,andmayitalwayssuffice.""Buthavingfinishedtheday'swork,whatdoyoudowiththoseothereighthoursLet'ssayyougohometoyourfamily.WhatsortoffamilyareyouraisingWillthechildreneverbeexposedtoareasonablypenetratingideaathomeWillyoubepresidingoverafamilythatmaintainsso

9、mecontactwiththegreatdemocraticintellectWilltherebeabookinthehouseWilltherebeapaintingareasonablysensitivemancanlookatwithoutshudderingWillthekidsevergettohearBach"ThatisaboutwhatIsaid,butthisparticularpestwasnotinterested."Look,"hesaid,"youprofessorsraiseyourkidsyourway;I'll

10、takecareofmyown.Me,I'mouttomakemoney.""Ihopeyoumakealotofit,"Itoldhim,"becauseyou'regoingtobebadlystuckforsomethingtodowhenyou'renotsigningchecks."FourteenyearslaterIamstillteaching,andIamheretotellyouthatthebusinessofthecollegeisnotonlytotrainyoubuttoputyouintou

11、chwithwhatthebesthumanmindshavethought.IfyouhavenotimeforShakespeare,forabasiclookatphilosophy,forthecontinuityofthefinearts,forthatlessonofman'sdevelopmentwecallhistorythenyouhavenobusinessbeingincollege.Youareonyourwaytobeingthatnewspeciesofmechanizedsavage,thepush-buttonNeanderthal.Ourcollege

12、sinevitablygraduateanumberofsuchlifeforms,butitcannotbesaidthattheywenttocollege;ratherthecollegewentthroughthemwithoutmakingcontact.Noonegetstobeahumanbeingunaided.Thereisnottimeenoughinasinglelifetimetoinventforoneselfeverythingoneneedstoknowinordertobeacivilizedhuman.Assume,forexample,thatyouwant

13、tobeaphysicist.Youpassthegreatstonehallsof,say,M.I.T.,andtherecutintothestonearethenamesofthescientists.Thechancesarethatfew,ifany,ofyouwillleaveyournamestobecutintothosestones.Yetanyofyouwhomanagedtostayawakethroughpartofahighschoolcourseinphysics,knowsmoreaboutphysicsthandidmanyofthosegreatscholar

14、softhepast.Youknowmorebecausetheyleftyouwhattheyknew,becauseyoucanstartfromwhatthepastlearnedforyou.Andasthisistrueofthetechniquesofmankind,soitistrueofmankind'sspiritualresources.Mostoftheseresources,bothtechnicalandspiritual,arestoredinbooks.Booksareman'speculiaraccomplishment.Whenyouhaver

15、eadabook,youhaveaddedtoyourhumanexperience.ReadHomerandyourmindincludesapieceofHomer'smind.ThroughbooksyoucanacquireatleastfragmentsofthemindandexperienceofVirgil,Dante,Shakespearethelistisendless.Foragreatbookisnecessarilyagift;itoffersyoualifeyouhavenotthetimetoliveyourself,andittakesyouintoaw

16、orldyouhavenotthetimetotravelinliteraltime.Acivilizedmindis,inessence,onethatcontainsmanysuchlivesandmanysuchworlds.Ifyouaretoomuchinahurry,ortooarrogantlyproudofyourownlimitations,toacceptasagifttoyourhumanitysomepiecesofthemindsofAristotle,orChaucer,orEinstein,youareneitheradevelopedhumannorausefu

17、lcitizenofademocracy.IthinkitwasLaRochefoucauldwhosaidthatmostpeoplewouldneverfallinloveiftheyhadn'treadaboutit.Hemighthavesaidthatnoonewouldevermanagetobecomehumaniftheyhadn'treadaboutit.Ispeak,I'msure,forthefacultyoftheliberalartscollegeandforthefacultiesofthespecializedschoolsaswell,w

18、henIsaythatauniversityhasnorealexistenceandnorealpurposeexceptasitsucceedsinputtingyouintouch,bothasspecialistsandashumans,withthosehumanmindsyourhumanmindneedstoinclude.Thefaculty,byitsveryexistence,saysimplicitly:"Wehavebeenaidedbymanypeople,andbymanybooks,inourattempttomakeourselvessomesorto

19、fstorehouseofhumanexperience.Weareheretomakeavailabletoyou,asbestwecan,thatexpertise."Unit2MaheegunMyBrotherTheyearIfoundMaheegun,springwaslateincoming.Thatday,IwasspearingfishwithmygrandfatherwhenIheardthefaintcryingandfoundtheshiveringwolfcub.AsIbentdown,hemovedweaklytowardme.Ipickedhimupandp

20、uthiminsidemyjacket.LittleMaheegungainedstrengthafterIgotthefirstfewdropsofwarmmilkinhim.Hewiggledandsoonhewasfullandwarm.Mygrandfatherfinallyagreedtoletmekeephim.Thatyear,whichwasmy14th,wasthehappiestofmylife.Notthatwedidn'thaveourtroubles.Maheegunwasthemostmischievouswolfcubever.Hewascuriousto

21、o.LikelookingintoGrandma'ssewingbasketwhichheupset,scatteringthreadandbuttonsalloverthefloor.Atsuchtimes,shewouldchasehimoutwithabroomandMaheegunwouldpokehisheadaroundthecorner,waitingforthingstoquietdown.ThatsummerMaheegunandIbecamehuntingpartners.Wehuntedthegrasshoppersthatleapedaboutlikelittl

22、erockets.Andinthefall,afterthefirstsnowourgamestookustothenearestmeadowsinsearchoffieldmice.Bythen,Maheegunwashalfgrown.Gonewasthepuppy-woolcoat.Initsplacewasahandsomeblackmantle.ThewintermonthsthatcamesoonafterwerethehappiestIcouldremember.TheybelongedonlytoMaheegunandmyself.Oftenwewouldmakeafirein

23、thebushes.Maheegunwouldlayhisheadbetweenhisfrontpaws,withhiseyesonmeasItoldhimstories.ItallservedtofogmymindwithpleasuresothatIforgotmyGrandpa'srepeatedwarnings,andonenightleftMaheegununchained.ThefollowingmorninginsailedMrs.Yesno,wildwithanger,whodemandedMaheegunbeshotbecausehehadkilledherroost

24、er.Thenextmorning,mygrandpaannouncedthatweweregoingtotakeMaheeguntothenorthshack.Bythetimewereachedthelakewherethetrapper'sshackstood,Maheegunseemedtohavebecomerestless.Oftenhewouldsitwithhisnosetothesky,turninghisheadthiswayandthatasiftocheckthewind.Thewarmthofthestovesoonbroughtsleeptome.Butso

25、methingcausedmetowakeupwithastart.Isatup,andinthemoon-floodedcabinwasmygrandfatherstandingbesideme."Comeandsee,son,"whisperedmygrandfather.Outsidethemoonwasfullandtheworldlookedallwhitewithsnow.Hepointedtoarockthatstoodhighattheedgeofthelake.Onthetopwastheclearoutlineofagreatwolfsittingsti

26、ll,earspointed,alert,listening."Maheegun,"whisperedmygrandfather.Slowlythewolfraisedhismuzzle."Oooo-oo-wow-wowoo-oooo!"Thewholewhiteworldthrilledtothatwildcry.Thenafterawhile,fromthedistancecameasoftercallinreply.Maheegunstirred,withthedeeprumbleofpleasureinhisthroat.Heslippeddow

27、ntherockandheadedoutacrosstheice."He'sgone,"Isaid."Yes,he'sgonetothatyoungshe-wolf."Mygrandfatherslowlyfilledhispipe."Hewilltakeherforlife,huntforher,protecther.ThisisthewaytheCreatorplannedlife.Nomancanchangeit."Itriedtotellmyselfitwasallforthebest,butitwashard

28、tolosemybrother.ForthenexttwoyearsIwasasbusyasasquirrelstoringnutsforthewinter.ButonceortwicewhenIheardwolfcriesfromdistanthills,IwouldstillwonderifMaheegun,inhisbattleforlife,foundtimetorememberme.ItwasnotlongafterthatIfoundtheanswer.EastercameearlythatyearandduringtheholidaysIwenttovisitmycousins.

29、Myunclewastobringmehomeinhistruck.Buthewasdetainedbysomeurgentbusiness.SoIdecidedtocomebackhomeonmyown.AmiledowntheroadIslippedintomysnowshoesandturnedintothebush.Thestrongsunshinehaddimmed.Ihadnotgonefarbeforebigflakesofsnowbegandriftingdown.Thesnowthickenedfast.Icouldnotlocatethetallpinethatstoodo

30、nthenorthslopeofLittleMountain.Icircledtomyrightandstumbledintoasnow-filledcreekbed.Bythenthesnowhadmadeablanketofwhitedarkness,butIknewonlytoowellthereshouldhavebeennocreekthere.Itriedtotravelwestbutonlytohitthecreekagain.IknewIhadgoneinagreatcircleandIwaslost.Therewasonlyonethingtodo.Campforthenig

31、htandhopethatbymorningthestormwouldhaveblownitselfout.Iquicklymadeabedofboughsandstartedafirewiththebarkofanolddeadbirch.ThefirstnightIwascomfortableenough.ButwhenthefirstgraylightcameIrealizedthatIwasindeeptrouble.Thestormwasevenworse.Everythinghadbeensmotheredbythefiercewhiteness.Thelightofanother

32、daystillsawnoendtothestorm.Ibegantogetconfused.Icouldn'trecallwhetherithadbeenstormingforthreeorfourdays.Thencamethecleardawn.Agreatwhitestillnesshadtakenoverandwithit,bitingcold.Mysupplyofwoodwasalmostgone.Theremustbemore.Slashingoffgreenbrancheswithmyknife,Icutmyhandandbloodspurtedfreelyfrommy

33、wound.Itwassometimebeforethebleedingstopped.IwrappedmyhandwithapieceofclothItoreofffrommyshirt.Aftersometime,myfingersgrewcoldandnumb,soItookthebandageoffandthrewitaway.HowlongIsquattedovermydyingfireIdon'tknow.ButthenIsawthegrayshadowbetweenthetrees.ItwasatimberwolfHehadfollowedthebloodspotsont

34、hesnowtotheblood-soakedbandage."Yap.yap.yap.yoooo!"Thehowlseemedtofreezetheworldwithfear.Itwasthefoodcry.Hewascalling,"Come,brothers,Ihavefoundmeat."AndIwasthemeat!Soonhishuntingpartnercametojoinhim.Anytimenow,Ithought,theirteethwouldpiercemybones.Suddenlytheworldexplodedinsnarls

35、.Iwasthrownagainstthebranchesoftheshelter.ButIfeltnopain.Andagreatsilencehadcome.SlowlyIworkedmywayoutofthesnowandraisedmyhead.There,about50feetaway,crouchedmytwoattackerswiththeirtailsbetweentheirlegs.ThenIheardanoisetomysideandturnedmyhead.Therestoodagiantblackwolf.ItwasMaheegun,andhehaddrivenofft

36、heothers."Maheegun.Maheegun.,"Isobbed,asImovedthroughthesnowtowardhim."Mybrother,mybrother,"Isaid,givinghimmyhand.Hereachedoutandlickedatthedriedblood.Igotmylittlefiregoingagain,andasIsquattedbyit,Istartedtocry.MaybeitwasrelieforweaknessorbothIdon'tknow.Maheegunwhimperedtoo.M

37、aheegunstayedwithmethroughthelongnight,watchingmewiththosebigeyes.Thecoldandlossofbloodweretakingtheirtoll.ThesunwasmidwayacrosstheskywhenInoticedhowrestlessMaheegunhadbecome.Hewouldrunawayafewpacesheadup,listeningthenrunbacktome.ThenIheard.Itwasdogs.Itwasthesearchingparty!Iputthelastofmybirchbarkon

38、thefireandfanneditintolife.Thesoundofthedogsgrewlouder.Thenthevoicesofmen.Suddenly,asifbymagic,thepolicedogteamcameupoutofthecreekbed,andamancamerunningtowardmyfire.Itwasmygrandfather.Theoldhunterstoppedsuddenlywhenhesawthewolf.Heraisedhisrifle."Don'tshoot!"Iscreamedandrantowardhim,fal

39、lingthroughthesnow."It'sMaheegun.Don'tshoot!"Heloweredhisrifle.ThenIfellforwardonmyface,intothesnow.Iwokeupinmybedroom.Itwasquitesometimebeforemyeyescameintofocusenoughtoseemygrandfathersittingbymybed."Youhavesleptthreedays,"hesaidsoftly."Thedocsaysyouwillbeallrighti

40、naweekortwo.""AndMaheegun"Iaskedweakly."Heshouldbefine.Heiswithhisownkind."Unit3MoreCrimeandLessPunishmentIfyouarelookingforanexplanationofwhywedon'tgettoughwithcriminals,youneedonlylookatthenumbers.EachyearalmostathirdofthehouseholdsinAmericaarevictimsofviolenceortheft.

41、Thisamountstomorethan41millioncrimes,manymorethanweareabletopunish.Therearealsotoomanycriminals.Thebestestimatessuggestthat36millionto40millionpeople(16to18percentoftheU.S.population)havearrestrecordsfornontrafficoffenses.Wealreadyhave2.4millionpeopleundersomeformofcorrectionalsupervision,412,000oft

42、hemlockedawayinaprisoncell.Wedon'thaveroomforanymore!Thepainfulfactisthatthemorecrimethereisthelessweareabletopunishit.Thisiswhythecertaintyandseverityofpunishmentmustgodownwhenthecrimerategoesup.CountrieslikeSaudiArabiacanaffordtogiveoutharshpunishmentspreciselybecausetheyhavesolittlecrime.Butc

43、anweaffordtocutoffthehandsofthosewhocommittedmorethan35millionpropertycrimeseachyearCanwesendthemtoprisonCanweexecutemorethan22,000murderersWeneedtothinkabouttherelationshipbetweenpunishmentandcrimeinanewway.Adecadeofcarefulresearchhasfailedtoprovideclearandconvincingevidencethatthethreatofpunishmen

44、treducescrime.Wethinkthatpunishmentdeterscrime,butitjustmightbetheotherwayaround.Itjustmightbethatcrimedeterspunishment:thatthereissomuchcrimethatitsimplycannotbepunished.Thisisthesituationwefindourselvesintoday.Justasthedeclineinthenumberofhigh-schoolgraduateshasmadeiteasiertogainadmissiontothecoll

45、egeofone'schoice,thegradualincreaseinthecriminalpopulationhasmadeitmoredifficulttogetintoprison.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthemost"exclusive"prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.O

46、urcurrentcropofprisonersisanelitegroup,onthewholemuchmoreseriousoffendersthanthosewhowereonceimprisonedinAlcatraz.Thesefeaturesshowthatitmakeslittlesensetoblamethepolice,judgesorcorrectionalpersonnelforbeingsoftoncriminals.Thereisnotmuchelsetheycando.Thepolicecan'tfindmostcriminalsandthosetheydo

47、findaredifficultandcostlytoconvict.Thoseconvictedcan'tallbesenttoprison.Thesocietydemandsthatwedoeverythingwecanagainstcrime.Thepracticalrealityisthatthereisverylittlethepolice,courtsorprisonscandoaboutthecrimeproblem.Thecriminaljusticesystemmustthenbecomeaspowerlessasaparentwhohaschargeofhundre

48、dsofteenagechildrenandwhoisnonethelessexpectedtoanswertheTVmessage:"It's10o'clock!Doyouknowwhereyourchildrenare"AfewstatisticsfromtheJusticeDepartment'srecent"ReporttotheNationonCrimeandJustice"illustratemypoint.Ofevery100seriouscrimescommittedinAmerica,only33areactua

49、llyreportedtothepolice.Ofthe33reported,aboutsixleadtoarrest.Ofthesixarrested,onlythreeareprosecutedandconvicted.Theothersarerejectedordismissedduetoevidenceorwitnessproblemsoraresentelsewhereformedicaltreatmentinsteadofpunishment.Ofthethreeconvicted,onlyoneissenttoprison.Theothertwoareallowedtolivei

50、ntheircommunityundersupervision.Oftheselectfewsenttoprison,morethanhalfreceiveamaximumsentenceoffiveyears.Theaverageinmate,however,leavesprisoninabouttwoyears.Mostprisonersgainearlyreleasenotbecauseparoleboardsaretooeasyoncrime,butbecauseitismuchcheapertosuperviseacriminalinthecommunity.And,ofcourse

51、,prisonofficialsmustmakeroomforthenewprisonerssentalmostdailyfromthecourts.Wecould,ofcourse,gettoughwiththepeoplewealreadyhaveinprisonandkeepthemlockedupforlongerperiodsoftime.Yetwhenmeasuredagainstthelowercrimeratesthiswouldprobablyproduce,longerprisonsentencesarenotworththecosttostateandlocalgover

52、nments.Besides,thosestatesthathavetriedtogainvoters'approvalforbondstobuildnewprisonsoftendiscoverthatthepublicisunwillingtopayforprisonconstruction.Andifitwerewillingtopay,longprisonsentencesmaynotbeeffectiveinreducingcrime.In1981,124,000convictswerereleasedfromprison.Ifwehadkepttheminjailforan

53、additionalyear,howmanycrimeswouldhavebeenpreventedWhileitisnotpossibletoknowthetrueamountofcrimecommittedbypeoplereleasedfromprisoninanygivenyear,wedoknowtheextenttowhichthoseunderparolearejailedagainformajorcrimeconvictions.Thisnumberisasurprisinglylow6percent(afterthreeyearsitrisestoonly11percent)

54、.Evenifreleasedprisonerscommitanaverageoftwocrimeseach,thiswouldamounttoonly15,000crimesprevented:adropinthebucketwhenmeasuredagainstthe41millioncrimescommittedeachyear.Moretimespentinprisonisalsomoreexpensive.Thebestestimatesarethatitcostsanaverageof$13,000tokeepapersoninprisonforoneyear.Ifwehadapl

55、acetokeepthe124,000releasedprisoners,itwouldhavecostus$billiontoprevent15,000crimes.Thisworksouttomorethan$100,000percrimeprevented.Butthereismore.Withtheaveragecostofprisonconstructionrunningaround$50,000perbed,itwouldcostmorethan$6billiontobuildthenecessarycells.Thefirst-yearoperatingcostwouldbe$1

56、50,000percrimeprevented,worthitifthevictimwereyouorme,butmuchtooexpensivetobefeasibleasanationalpolicy.Facedwiththerealityofthenumbers,Iwillnotbesofoolishastosuggestasolutiontothecrimeproblem.Mycontributiontothepublicdebatebeginsandendswiththissimpleobservation:gettingtoughwithcriminalsisnottheanswe

57、r.Unit4TheNightingaleandtheRose"ShesaidthatshewoulddancewithmeifIbroughtherredroses,"criedtheyoungStudent,"butinallmygardenthereisnoredrose."FromhernestintheoaktreetheNightingaleheardhimandshelookedoutthroughtheleavesandwondered."Noredroseinallmygarden!"hecried,andhisbe

58、autifuleyesfilledwithtears."Ah,Ihavereadallthatthewisemenhavewritten,andallthesecretsofphilosophyaremine,yetforwantofaredrosemylifeismadewretched.""Hereatlastisatruelover,"saidtheNightingale."NightafternighthaveIsungofhim,andnowIseehim."ThePrincegivesaballtomorrownight,

59、"murmuredtheyoungStudent,"andmylovewillbethere.IfIbringheraredroseshewilldancewithmetilldawn.Ishallholdherinmyarms,andshewillleanherheaduponmyshoulder.Butthereisnoredroseinmygarden,soIshallsitlonelyandmyheartwillbreak.""Here,indeed,isthetruelover,"saidtheNightingale.Surelylo

60、veisawonderfulthing.Itismorepreciousthanemeraldsandopals."Themusicianswillplayupontheirstringedinstruments,"saidtheyoungStudent,"andmylovewilldancetothesoundoftheharpandtheviolin.Shewilldancesolightlythatherfeetwillnottouchthefloor.Butwithmeshewillnotdance,forIhavenoredrosetogiveher,&

61、quot;andheflunghimselfdownonthegrass,andburiedhisfaceinhishands,andwept."Whyisheweeping"askedagreenLizard,asheranpasthimwithhistailintheair."Why,indeed"saidaButterfly,whowasflutteringaboutafterasunbeam."Why,indeed"whisperedaDaisytohisneighbor,inasoft,lowvoice."Heisweepingforaredrose,"saidtheNightingale."Foraredrose"theycried,"howveryridiculous!"andthelittleLizard,whowassomethingofacynic,laughedoutright.ButtheNightingaleunderstoodtheStudent'ssorrow,andsatsilentintheOak-tree.Suddenlyshespreadherbrownwi

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