考研英语翻译历年真题

1、1、 1994 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Accord ing to the new school of scie ntists, tech no logy is an overlooked force in expa nding the horiz ons of scie ntific kno

2、wledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the in sights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tools. 一(72)" In short" , a leader of the new school conten ds, "the scie ntific revoluti on, as we call it, was lar

3、gely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of scie nee in innu merable direct ion s."(73) Over the years, tools and tech no logy themselves as a source of fun dame ntal inno vati on have largely bee n ignored by historia ns and philosophers of

4、scie nee. The moder n school that hails tech no logy algues that such masters as Galileo, Newt on, Maxwell, Ein ste in, and inven tors such as Edis on attached great importa nee to, and derived great ben efit from, craft in formatio n and tech no logical devices of differe nt kinds that were usable

5、in scie ntific experime nts.The cen terpiece of the argume nt of a tech no logy-yes , genius-no advocate was an an alysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astr ono mer of the sec ond cen tury, whose elaborate system

6、of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first pers on to turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns to prove that the pla nets revolve around the sun rather tha n around the Earth. But the real hero of the st

7、ory, accord ing to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .Federal policy is n ecessarily in volved in the tech no logy vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Gover nment should in crease the financing of pure scie nee at the expe nse

8、 of tech no logy or vice versa (反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.精美译文新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。(71)他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。(72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。(73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学

9、 思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯 坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺 信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密；了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。(74)伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在 1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空， 以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正 重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技

10、术与天才之争中去。(75)政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。题目解析：(71 )、Scie nee moves forward, they say, not so much through the in sights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tools.结构分析：宾语从句的主句 Science / moves forward,/主句 插入结构 they say,/并歹U

11、结构 1not so much 原因状语结构 through / 多重定语 the in sights / of great men / of genius / 并歹U结构 2 as 原因状语结构 because of / more ordinary things /举例 like /improved tech niq ues and tool.词义推敲：move forward :向前发展。they say :间接引语作插入结构前置。they :指代 the new school of scientists技巧： 单复数对应：according to- saynot so much. as.

12、是as , as , (和” 一样多)的否定形式，理解为："与其”倒不如”。through 因为技巧：not so much. as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于 because of因为，由于。the in sights / of great men / of genius:天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语一后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。in sights : the capacity to discer n the true n ature of a situati on; pen etrati on洞察力；心智

13、的敏锐一一真知灼见，远见卓识genius :天才more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tool这是结构是介词 like 短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。like : such as参考译文：新学派科学家们说，科学之所以发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。得分重点：插入结构，并列结构，原因状语结构(72)、 "In short" , a leader of the

14、 new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, waslargely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of scie nee in innu merable direct ion s."结构分析：直接引语作宾语从句介词短语作状语"In short, ” / 主句a leader / of the new school/ contends,

15、/"直接引语中的主语 the scientificrevolution,/ 插入结构 as wecallit,直接弓I语中的谓语 / was largely / 多重定语 the improvement and invention anduse of / a series of / instruments / 定语从句 主语 that / 谓语 expanded / the reach / of scie nee /介词短语作方式状语in innu merable direct ion. ” 词义推敲：in short简而言之a leader of the new school co

16、ntends:新学派的一位领导人物说/认为school 学派。contend : to maintain or assert主张或声称the scie ntific revoluti on:科学革命revolution : A sudden or momentous change in a situation大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的largely : for the most part; mainly大部分地；主要地the improveme nt and inven ti on and use of / a series of /i

17、n strume nts系歹 U器具的改进、发明和使用。a series of一系歹 Uexpand扩大，张开reach range or scope of in flue nee or effect.影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域参考译文：“简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而（这些改进、发明和使用 /这）（使科学发展的范围无所不及 /使科学发展无所不及 /在无数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”得分重点：插入结构，定语从句，方式状语(73 )、Over the years, tools and tech no logy thems

18、elves as a source of fun dame ntal inno vati on have largely bee n ignored by historia ns and philosophers of scie nee.结构分析：73)介词短语作时间状语Over the years, / 主语tools and technology /反身代词themselves /后置定语 as / 多重定语 a source of / fun dame ntal inno vati on谓语 /被动结构 have largely been ignored /方式状语 by histori

19、ans / and philosophers ofscie nee.词义推敲：over the years 多年来基础的基础fun dame ntal : of or relat ing to the foun dati on or base; eleme ntary或基本的或与此有关的；根本的革新介绍新东西的行为很大程度上被忽视innovation: the act of introducing something newtools and tech no logy.have largely bee n ignored by . philosophers of scie nee科学思想家们参

20、考译文：（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家和多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉 科学思想家们忽视了。得分重点：反身代词，被动结构（74）、 Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first pers on to turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns to prove that the pla nets revolve around the sun rather tha n around the Earth.结构分析：74）主句专有名词 Galil

21、eo's greatest glory / was / 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 / 从句主句 he / was / the first pers on /多重定语 to turn the n ewly inven tedtelescope on the heave ns / 目的状语to prove /宾语从句that 并列结构1主语theplanets / 谓语 revolve / around the sun / rather than并列结构 2 省略结构（revolve ） around the earth.词义推敲：Galileo 伽利略专有名词greate

22、st glory was that:最伟大的成就是glory : a highly praiseworthy asset引以为豪的东西成就，业绩，贡献that :引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn , on 转向对准，观察to prove that :用以证明，去证明that引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。rather tha n 而不是the pla nets revolve around the sun

23、rather tha n around the earth行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转revolve :绕转，旋转参考译文：伽利略的最（光辉业绩/伟大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新 发明的望远镜对准天空，以（证实 /证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。得分重点：表语从句，宾语从句，专有名词，并列结构(75) 、Whether the Government should in crease the financing of pure scie nee at the expe nse of tech no logy or vice versa (反之)of

24、te n depe nds on the issue of which is see n as the drivi ng force.结构分析:(75)、并列结构 1 主语从句 Whether / 主语 the Governme nt /谓语 should in crease/ 多重定语 the financing of / pure scienee介词短语作状语结构 / at the expense of/ tech no logy/并列结构 2 or / 固定短语 vice versa /状语结构 ofte n /谓语depends on / the issue / of宾语从句 whic

25、h /(指代关系)被动结构 is seen / asthe drivi ng force.词义推敲：whether , or , 究竟是”还是”the Government :特指 Federal Government 。in crease the fi nancing of:增加对”的资金投入finance : to supply funds to 给,提供资金pure scie nee纯理论科学at the expense of 由,，付费，以”为代价vice versa反之亦然 relations being reversedin crease the financing of pure

26、 scie nee at the expe nse of tech no logy viceversa(还是通过/以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入/ 还是相反)the issue of :,问题issue : a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute争议，辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件of which :它们中的（pure science 和 tech no logy 中的）哪一个引导宾语从句，因为：1、which是宾语从句的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句；3、which不等

27、于issue ,不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代?词。is seen as :被动结构，可以翻译成主动结构"把哪一方看成”the drivi ng force驱动力参考译文：政府究竟是以（减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。得分重点：主语从句，并列结构，宾语从句，被动结构2、 1995 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your tran

28、slation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The sta ndardized educati onal or psychological test that are widely used to aid in select ing, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magaz in es, the daily

29、 press, and even in con gress. (71) The target is wrong, for in att acking the tests, critics divert a卄 ention form the fault that lies with ill-informedor in compete nt users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reas on able precisi on un der speci

30、fied con diti ons. Whether the results will be valuable , meanin gless, or even misleadi ng depe nds partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All in formed predict ions of future performa nee are based upon some kno wledge of releva nt past performa nee: school grades, research product

31、ivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predict ions will be validated by later performa nee depe nds upon the amount , reliability , and appropriate ness of the in formatio n used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score kn

32、ows that the information available is always in complete and that the predict ions are always subject to error.Stan dardized tests should be con sidered in this con text. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has devel

33、oped, or the kind of pers on he is. The in formatio n so obta ined has, qualitatively, the same adva ntages and shortco mings as other kinds of in formatio n.(73)Whether to use tests, other kindsof information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidenee from experie nee

34、concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)1 n gen eral, the tests work most effectively whe n the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they

35、 provide a rapid means of getti ng comparable in formatio n about many people Sometimes they ide ntify stude nts whose high pote ntial has not bee n previously recog ni zed, but there are many things they do not do. (75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social in equality, and thus do no

36、t tell how able an un derprivileged youn gster might have bee n had he grow n up un der more favorable circumsta nces.精美译文：标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员；这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时， 批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结

37、果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的， 部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的：学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72）这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息 的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。 方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从

38、性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的 经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。（74） 一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用,就能提供一种快 速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的

39、环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。题目解析：71 ）、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-i nformed or in compete nt users.结构分析：71）主句 The target / is / wrong, / 原因状语从句 for / 状语结构 in / attacking / the tests, /从句的主句 critics / divert atte ntion from / the faul

40、t /定语从句 主语 that / 谓语 固定短语 lies with / ill-i nformed/ or in compete nt users.词义推敲：The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试for in attacki ng the tests:因为在抨击测试的过程中for :因为in :在，过程中attack :攻击，抨击。critics : one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value,or truth of a matter评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的

41、判断的人divert atte ntion from原义是引开，引申为没有注意到，忽略lies with 在于ill-i nformed不甚了解，消息不灵通的参考译文：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有（注意到/忽略了）（测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当/批评家没有注意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的使用者造成的）。得分重点：插入结构，原因状语从句，定语从句72 ）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount ,

42、reliability , and appropriate ness of the in formatio n used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is in terpreted.结构分析：/从句的谓语被动结构will be72）主语从句 How well / 从句的主语the predictionsvalidated / by later performa nee /谓语并列结构1 固定短语 depends upon /（74） 一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预/ of the informat

43、ion / used and wisdom / 定语从句 with重定语 the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness / 并列结构 2 and 省略结构（depends）on / the skill /which /（指代关系）it / 被动结构 is interpreted.词义推敲:How well the predictions will be validated by:在多大程度上为”所证实be validated by :为”所证实。被动结构最好少用“被”字。validate : to establish the soundnes

44、s of; orroborate证实建立,的正确性；确证depends upon 取决于the amount, reliability, and appropriate ness of the in formati on used: 所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性amount: a number 数字； 数量reliability 可靠性，信度validity 效度appropriate : suitable for a particular person,condition, occasion, or place;fitting 适合于，的适合于某特定的人，条件，事件或地点的；适宜的wit

45、h which it is in terpreted定语从句Which 指代 the skill and wisdom 。it 指代 the information。参考译文：这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。得分重点：主语从句，被动结构，并列结构，省略结构，定语从句73）、Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidenee f

46、rom experienee concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.结构分析：73）主语 并列结构 1 Whether / to use / tests, / other kinds of information, /并列结构2 or省略结构（to use ）指代关系 both / 方式状语in a particular situation /谓语 固定短语 并列结构11depends,/插入结构therefore, / upon /多重定语the evidenee / fr

47、om experienee / concerning comparative validity / 并歹U结构 22 and 省略结构（depends） upon / 举例 such factors / as cost / and availability.词义推敲：Whether to use ., or （to use）究竟是使用”还是（使用）”or both :或是两者兼用both :指代前句的 tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situati on在某一特定情况下particular : separate and dist

48、inet from others of the same group, category, ornature特定的，个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分离和区分出来的the evide nee from experie nee concerning comparative validity:多重后置定语一后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：“关于相对效度的来自经验的证据”such factors as.诸女口,等因素参考译文：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据），也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素

49、。得分重点：并列结构，省略结构，插入结构74）、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defi ned and least effectively whe n what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defi ned.结构分析：74）介词短语作状语结构In general, / 主句 并列结构 1 the tests / work / mosteffectively / 时

50、间状语从句 whe n /从句的主语the qualities /非谓语作后置定语to be measured / 谓语 被动结构 can be most precisely defined /并列结构 2 and 省略结构（the tests work ）least effectively /时间状语从句 when / 从句中的主语从句 what /（指代关系） is to be measured or predicted /谓语 被动结构 can not bewell defi ned.词义推敲：In general 般的说，大体上work most effectively最为有效the

51、qualities to be measured:所要测定的特征qualities:特征，特性，品质，品德。作"质量”解时，是抽象名次，没有复数。measure :测量，测度，估量，分派，权衡，调节be most precisely defi ned:很精确界定。precisely 精确地，恰好地，明确地definite : to specify distinctly清楚地规定and least effectively:测试效果最差。省略了前面的 the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defi ne

52、d:当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地定义时参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。得分重点：并列结构，时间状语从句，被动结构，省略结构，主语从句75）For example, they do not compe nsate for gross social in equality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable cir

53、cumsta nces.结构分析：75）状语结构 举例 For example,/ 主语 they /并列结构 1 do not compensate for/gross social in equality, / 并列结构 2 and thus / do n ot tell / 宾语从句 how able / 从句的主语 an underprivileged youngster /谓语 might have been /虚拟条件句的倒装结构 had he grown up / 介词短语作状语结构 under more favorable circumstances. 词义推敲：they指代&

54、quot;测试”compe nsate for弥补compensate : to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalanee补偿，弥补作为代替品或平衡物使用或提供gross social in equality明显的/巨大的社会不公gross : glaringly obvious; flagrant公然的十分明显的；罪恶昭著的in equality:不公平，不平等tell :说明，表明underprivileged youngster:物质条件差的/处于社会底层的/没有特权的年轻人had he grow n up = if he ha

55、d grow n up(虚拟语气中条件句的倒装)grow up :成长，兴起，形成un der more favorable circumsta nces在较好的环境下circumstanee : the sum of determining factors beyond willfulcontrol客观形势，情况除意志控制外的决定因素的总和favorable :有利的，赞成的，讨人喜欢的参考译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明(如果)一个物质条件差的年轻人，(如果)在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。得分重点：并列结构，宾语从句，虚拟语气的倒装

56、结构3、1996 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The differe nces in relative growth of various areas of scie ntific research have several causes.(71) Some of these causes are

57、completely reas on able results of social n eeds. Others are reas on able consequences of particular advances in scienee being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reas on able processes of differe nt growth in which prec on cepti on of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet un avoidable; but it is a frighte