中考英语客观型阅读理解

1、考点归纳就具体命题而言,阅读理解题的考查内容应主要集中在以下几个方面：1 .理解主旨和要义2 .理解文章的具体细节进行简单的判断和推理根据上下文推测生词的意义理解文章中具体信息包括图文转换的信息细节理解题细节理解题是中考阅读理解中主要考查的类型,通常占50%以上的分值.其宗旨是考查学生对文章中的细节和具体事实的把握水平,内容涉及询问事实,原因,结果和目的等,属于浅层次的理解题,难度较低.同学们往往需要在有限的时间内运用略读,扫读,跳读等技巧快速阅读,发现文章中的细节信息,然后遵循由整体到细节的原那么,把握作者的思路,按全文-段落-词语的步骤来解题.主要考法有：列举信息处常考文中first,se

2、cond,tobeginwith,inaddition,ononehand,ontheotherhand等出现的地方,常会要求学生从所列举的内容中选择符合题干要求的选项举例和打比方处常考要注意那些引出例子或比喻的标志词,如：as,suchas,forexample,forinstance等,由于这些词是作者为了使自己的观点更具有说服力而引用的具体事实的,这些事例就是常考的细节之处.指示代词出现处常考常用来考查学生是否真正的了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据,常会引用某些权威人士的论断或其重要发现.特殊标点符号后的内容常考标点符号后的内容往往

3、是对前面内容的进一步说明或解释,因此注意到这些标点也就注意到了细节,这些标点符号有：破折号,括号,冒号,引号等另外,细节理解题的选项也有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬原文,而干扰选项正好相反.有的来自原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容.有的符合常识,但不符合原文内容.有的与原句内容很相似,只是在程度上有些变动,有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反,也有的是局部正确或局部错误的.推理判断题推理判断题是根据材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知信息.推理不是凭空推测,是在信息的根底上对未知的内容作出的推测.选项的特点是：正确选项的特点正确答案一般含义比拟丰富,具有一定的综合性和概括性正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对,而会用

4、一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇,如：often,usually,sometimes,some,any,can,possibly,probably等.正确答案有时与通过常识判断得出的结论相反,要特别注意.干扰选项的特点只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理看似从原文推断出来的结论,实际上与原文不符根据常识判断是正确的,然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑根底上推论而得出的观点虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中的重点和难点,是中考的必考题型之一.它主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文章深层理解的程度及在速读中把握文章主旨大意

5、的水平.主旨大意题往往针对段落或短文的subject主题,mainidea中央思想,title题目,或purpose目的来命题.这类题目要求学生能把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题句,要求能较好的运用概括,判断,归纳等逻辑思维方法.常见的提问方式有：大意类：What'sthepassagemainaboutThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyabout标题类WhatisthebesttitleforthepassageThebesttitleforthispassagemightbeThebestheadlineforthispassage

6、couldbe目的类：Theauthor'smainpurposeistoThepassageismeanttoThepurposeofthisarticleisto猜想词义题英语阅读理解题中,常出现一定数量的生词,并且每年中考总会有猜想词义的题目,其特点是对生词,短语,指示代词和句子的意思进行猜想.目的是在考查学生根据上下文推测生词,短语含义的水平,突出考查对语境的分析和把握水平,猜想词意的提问方式：Theunderlinedword""referto/meansAccordingtothepassage,thephrase""suggests

7、Bysaying",theauthormeansTheexpression""isclosestto方法指导解题思路点拨细节理解题解题方法跳读查找法这种方法的要点在于先看题干,然后带问题读文章.以what,who,where,when,why,how等提问的问题,可以从文章中直接找到答案.同学们做这类题目可以边读边做记号,能增强阅读的针对性,提升做题的准确性,节省珍贵时间.同时特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的转换.根据近几年的中考情况来看,很少有直接能用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的,通常是要进行语义转换,包括同义变换,概念解析,归纳事实等例：Acitywithou

8、tcarswouldbeverystrange,rightButVeniceissuchacity.VeniceisinthenortheastofItaly.Itwasn'tbuiltonland,likeBeijingorShanghai,butonmorethan110islands.Seawateriseverywherearoundthecity.Evenso,travelisntdifficult.Thewaterwayshavealwaysbeenthebestwaytogetaround.Thereare117waterwaysandmorethan400bridges

9、thatcanguideyouwhereyouwanttogo.PeopleinVenicemovefromplacetoplacebyboat.Theyliketoenjoythescenery风光andcoolsummernightswhiletakingboattrips.Theycantalktootherpeopleastheygoalong.VenicegrewoutofsmallislandsinsaltwaterlakeswhensomeItaliansescapedfromawarover1500yearsago,andbuilthomethere.Venicesmallis

10、landsinsaltwaterlakesmorethan1500yearsago.A.changeintoB.UsedtobeC.BecameD.Developedfrom排除法排除法常用于排序题型中,也属于事实细节题的一种题型,它通常出现在说明文中.这类文章有明显的信息词,如：first,tobeginwith,afterthat,afterwards,later,next,second,third,then,finally等词.在做细节排序题的时候,首先要确定首尾的答案,通常的四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似,正确的答案往往在这两个选项中选择,找到两者的不同之处,回到原文,进行核对.Bo

11、rninGhana,WestAfrica,in1989,FreddyAduhasbecomeoneofthemostpromisingyoungsoccerplayersintheworld.Soccerfanshavebeencrazyabouthimsince2003,whenhebecametheyoungestplayertojoinaprofessionalsportsteamintheUnitedStates.Asachild,AdudidwhatmanychildreninGhanalovetodo-playsoccer.Hismotherrecognizedherson'

12、;stalentandencourageditbyprovidingsoccerballs,whichwereexpensiveforthem.EducationwasveryimportanttoAdu'smother,andshewasn'tsurethathersoncouldreceiveagoodeducationinGhana.SoshetriedhardandmovedtoMaryland,USin1997whenhewas8yearsold.Hisnewschoolfriendssoonnoticedhistalentforsoccer,andtheparent

13、sofonefriendencouragedhimtojoinasoccerclub.Adudidfinishhighschoolattheageof14.Nowadays,heisplayingprofessionalsoccerandlivingwithhismotherinahouseheboughtforher.Hissalarywith.Unitedteamis$500000ayear,andAduisalsopaidtoadvertisesuchassportsshoesanddrinks.WhichisthecorrectorderofthefollowingeventsAdub

14、ecametheyoungestprofessionalsoccerplayerintheUSA.Adu'sfamilymovedtotheUnitedStates.Adusmothernoticedhisspecialabilitytoplaysoccer.Aduispaidtoadvertisesportsandshoes.A.b-c-d-aB.a-c-b-dC.d-c-a-bD.c-b-a-d简单计算法解答这类题目时,首先要弄清楚题干的要求是什么,然后再找到相关的数字,在对他们进行分析,整合,最后得到正确答案.IfLiYingandherparentstakeK471backto

15、Xiangtan,howmuchwilltheyhavetopayfortheticketsA.570yuan,B.594yuan,C.540yuan细节题阅读时要特别注意：阅读时利用这类关键词和词组thatistosay,aboveall,especially,mainly等,把握文章的思路和脉络.另外,在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词least,always,never,all,none,any和表示唯一性的词汇only,just,往往是命题的陷阱.必须以原文提供的事实,细节和逻辑关系为依据,切记把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点,看法混为一谈.文章中的文字,日期,时间都是设题的重点,此类

16、提问很少是文章中表层出现的文字和日期,通常是要做简单的计算推理判断题的提问方式和解题方法推测隐含含义常见的设问方式 thewritersuggeststhat thestoryimpliesthat wecaninferfromthepassagethat accordingtothestory,whatwillprobablyhappennext技巧点拨全面分析忠实原文不要选择表层信息Weseemtobelievethatpeoplewithsimilarhabitsorhobbieswillsharesimilarattitudeandwearemorelikelytobeaccepted

17、bypeoplelikeourselvesoreven,wethinkwemaybesaferwithpeoplewholooklikeus.Sometimesthat'struebutit'sapityifwealwayssticktothesamepeople,thesamegroup.Thedangerinalwaysstayinginourcomfortzone(舒适区)isthatwejustrecyclethesameopinions,thesametastesandthesameideas.Welosethechancetolearnsomethingnew,fi

18、ndoutaboutinterestingthings,hearfunnystoriesanddiscoverdifference.PeoplelikestayingintheircomfortzonebecausetheymayRemaincomfortableandspecialBeacceptedeasilyandfeelsafeFindoutmoreinterestingthingsDiscoverdifferencesamongthemselves推测作者的观点和态度(1)常见的设问方式 whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards theauthor&#

19、39;saimis intheauthor'seyes, theauthorbelieves/suggeststhat(2)技巧点拨注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词,副词,动词及所举的例子,推断出作者的弦外之意.I'vebeenworkingasaprofessionalclown小丑)fornearlytwoyears.IchangedjobsbecauseIwantedtodomoreinlifethanmakepeoplelaugh.WhatifIcouldhelppeople,tooAsaclown,Itrytoencouragesickpeopleinhospitalto

20、laughandsmile.Idon'tearnmuchmoneyasaclown,butIfeelveryluckytoworkwithsuchbrave,wonderfulpatients.Ibecamealaughteryogateachermorethantwoyearsago.NowIstillimprovepeople'shealth,bieverythingelseiscompletelydifferent.Everyonehasfuninalaughteryogaclass,includingtheteacher!.Butdidyouknowthatit'

21、;sanexcellentkindofexerciseYoumoveyourwholebodywhenyoulaugh!SometimesIworkedwithfamouspeople.It'stritedaattbestgessful!Somefamouspeoplecanbeunpleasantattimes,butItrytochangetheirbadfeelings.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatbothwritersthinkoftheirjobsas.HappymomentstolearnfromotherpeopleGreatchanc

22、estomakethemselveswell-knownRichexperiencesofactingonthestageGoodwaysofmakingpeoplehappyandhealthy推断写作目的(1)常见的设问方式考查整篇文章的写作目的Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthepassageisto.考查某处细节或某段的写作意图Thewriterusestheexampleofthatshow.(2)技巧点拨不同的文章有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种： toentertainreaders,tomakepeoplelaugh,totellani

23、nterestingexperience娱乐读者,让人发笑,常见于故事类文章 topersuadereaders,tosellaproductoraservice,toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience说服读者接受某种观点,常见于广告类文章toinformreaders告知读者某些信息,常见于科普类,新闻报道类,文化类或社会类文章Hereisacasethatshowsthebenefitsofanimals.Johnwasasix-year-oldmute.Hehadnophysicalproblems.Hejustrefusedtotalk.Hisol

24、dcousin,Ned,hadaparrotcalledSally,andJohnusedtovisitit.Whenhearrived,Nedusedtosay,Hi,John!Weallknowparrotscopywhattheyhear.Afterafewvisits,SallybegansayingHi,John!whenJohncameintotheroom.Then,oneday,Johnturnedtotheparrotandrepliedhisally.StayingwiththeparrotencouragedJohntobegintalking.ThepurposeofP

25、aragraph3isto.ShowhowanimalscanhelpwithillnessDiscusstheproblemsofkeepingpetsDescribeshowtotrainanimalhelpersIntroducesomenewmedicalresearch推断文章出处1常见的设问方式 thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom. wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear thepassageismostlikelyapartof.2技巧点拨 有survey等字眼的文章,一般体裁都是新闻报道newsrepo

26、rt,多数出现在newspaper中 广告也多出现在newspaper或magazine中 科普类文章多出现在sciencebook或sciencemagazine中一些说明书或有关tips的文章大量出现在guidebook中 文章中带有"wwwcomclickhere,update等词；暗示这是个网站 其他经常出现的文章出处还包括TV/Radioprogram,astorybook,amenu等等.例1,2021年天津卷主题句在开头HowgreenareyouDoyouknowhowtobegreenHerearesomeideasforyou.ReduceReducemeansu

27、seless.ReuseReusemeansuseagain.RecycleRecyclemeanschangethingsintosomethingelse.Sopleaserememberthesethreewords:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Thepassagemaycomefrom.A.MenuB.AdictionaryC.AstorybookD.Amagazine主旨大意题解题方法每篇文章都有它的写作结构,如果我们能够找到主题句,就能轻而易举的把握文章的中央大意了1,寻找主题句,一般来说,文章的主题句有以下几种位置,atthebeginning,attheend

28、,atthebeginningandattheend,inthemiddleofthepassage,topicsen悔nneclear2.排除干扰项,一般来说,干扰项有以下特点,主观臆测,并非作者的观点,范围过大,过于笼统,范围过小,以偏概全,文中未提及,仍找不到出处例1,2021年天津卷主题句在开头HowgreenareyouDoyouknowhowtobegreenWeallneedahealthyenvironment,butweproducewasteverydayanditdoesharmtoourenvironment.Thoughweareyoung,wecanstilldos

29、omethingtohelp.Infact,eventhesimplesteverydayactivitiescanmakearealdifferencetotheenvironment.Herearesomeideasforyou.ReduceReducemeansuseless.ReuseReusemeansuseagain.RecycleRecyclemeanschangethingsintosomethingelse.Sopleaserememberthesethreewords:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Thepassagemaycomefrom.A.MenuB.

30、AdictionaryC.AstorybookD.Amagazine例2:2021年北京卷主题句在结尾HaveyoueverwonderedwhatgoesthroughyourmindwhenyouchoosewheretositinanewclassroomOrinawaitingroomfullofstrangersOronabusResearchershavefoundoutsomeinterestingfacts.Perhapsunsurprisingly,weprefertositclosertopeoplelikeourselves.Weseemtobelievethatpeop

31、lewithsimilarhabitsorhobbieswillsharesimilarattitudeandwearemorelikelytobeacceptedbypeoplelikeourselvesoreven,wethinkwemaybesaferwithpeoplewholooklikeus.Whenwealwayssticktothesamepeople,howcanweeverbreakdownthebarrierswhichpreventusfromgettingtoknowpeoplewithdifferentideasMoveoutofyourcomfortzone.Go

32、andsitnexttosomeonedifferent.Anddon'tjustsitthereinsilence.Sayhello.Askaquestion.Startaconversation.That'showwemakefriends.That'showwelearnaboutpeople.That'showweopenourmindstonewideas.That'showweliveanexcitinglife.WhatisthepurposeofthepassageTotellusjusttobeourselvesinsociallife

33、TointroducewaystolearnabouttheworldToexplainhowpeoplecommunicatewithothersToencourageustomeetpeopleofdifferentkinds例3:2021年北京卷主题句在开头和结尾Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobeginbuildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethemne

34、ededloveandsupport.Teenswanttobesurethatnothingcanpreventparentsfromshoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem-nottheirgrowingmaturity,misbehavior,notangeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemtomakesomedecisions.Theyaresomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructurea

35、ndremainclose.Themostimportantthingstorememberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesandoffersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.WhatisthebesttitleofthepassageTrainingteenstobecomeresponsibleadultsHelpingteenstobuildreasonablestructureImprovingtherelationshipwithy

36、ourteensSteppingintoyourteens'secretworld例4:2021年山东烟台卷无明显主题句ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworldmightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectriclightwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinventedthemotionpicturecameraandover1200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreatedso

37、methingnew.ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaughthimathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedidexperimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedi

38、dnotendwell.Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfiveyearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirstpatentin1868foravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtofhisd

39、eafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemoretimeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhimtosleepandeat.ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthequalityoflifeallovertheworld.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalka

40、boutThefunctionoftheelectriclightEdisonandhisexperimentsTheimportanceofinventionsThewholelifeofEdison.猜想词义解题方法1 .定义法一般指通过理解分析定义,定语从句或同位语从句来确定词义,常见的谓语动词有：be,becalled,beconsidered,dealwith,define,mean,referto,represent,signify,thatis,tobe等例1:2021年四川宜宾卷Sometimeswesternersmaytakeyououttodinnerinarestaur

41、antanditdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatheisgoingtopaythebillattheendofthemeal.HemightwantyoutooDutch,whichmeanseachpersonpayshisownbill.TheunderlinedpartgoDutch"means"inChinese.A.去荷兰B.去Dutch这家餐厅C.实行AA制D.请客2 .复述推测法根据复述内容来猜想生词的大致意义范围.复述局部可以是词,短语或从句.在复述中两局部之间常用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号和括号等,常有：or,simi

42、larly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等例：2021年山东泰安卷HarishChaturvedi,alawyer,teachespeoplewateryogaforfree-eventhepoorpeoplecanlearnfromhim.Theunderlinedphrasefbrfree"inthepassagemeans"A.快乐地B.自由地C.免费地D.规律地3 .替代,说明,举例推测法在阅读中,前后文中会对生词,短语和句子进行一定的解释说明,或者会用其他词汇代替,挥着举例进行阐述说明,可由此推断出其所指含

43、义例：2021年黑龙江哈尔滨卷Itcouldbemostlytransparent.Thatmeanslightcanpassitdirectlytoreachtheearth,withlandsandoceansclearlyinviews.Theunderlinedwordtransparent"hereprobablymeans"A.透明的B.透气的C.透风的4 .相似法根据同义,近义,并列等关系猜想词义,通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分,并且有前后两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,甚至推

44、知它的大致词义.例：2021年浙江杭州卷Ibecamealaughteryogateachermorethantwoyearsago.Beforethat,Iwasadentist!Myjobwasverydifferent,andIusedtofeelfedup.NowIstillimprovepeople'shealth,buteverythingelseiscompletelydifferent.Everyonehasfuninalaughteryogaclass,includingtheteacher!Theunderlinedpartfedup"isclosesti

45、nmeaningto.A.interestedB.satisfiedC.disappointedD.bored5 .转折,因果关系法在句子或段落中,如果有两个事物,现象之间构成转折或因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义.在表示比照转折关系时,通常会用一些信号词：although,but,comparedto,eventhough,however,inspiteof尽管,不管,不顾,insteadof,otherwise,ratherthan,though,unlike,while,yet等,根据因果关系猜想词义,从原因推测结果,从结果推测原因的信号词有：because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等例：2021年重庆卷RachelCarson'smostfamousbook.SilentSpring,cameoutin1962.Inthisbook,shepointedoutthattheuseofsomekindsofpesticideslikeDDTwouldcausethenumberofbirdstodeclinebecauseitwouldkillthemaswell.Finally,inNovember1969,theUnitedSta