2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习科普知识阅读理解II

1、2019-2020 年高考英语二轮复习科普知识阅读理解（3）（II）科普知识（阅读理解）由（xx 四川，E）改编Plantsarefloweringfasterthanscientistspredicted（预测）inreactiontoclimatechange,whichcouldhavelongdamagingeffectsonfoodchainsandecosystems.Globalwarmingishavingagreateffectonhundredsofplantandanimalspeciesaroundtheworld,changingsomelivingpatterns,

2、scientistssay.Increasedcarbondioxide（CO2）intheairfromburningcoalandoilcanhaveaneffectonhowplantsproduceoxygen,whilehighertemperaturesandchangeablerainfallpatternscanchangetheirpatternsofgrowth.aPredictingspeciesreactiontoclimatechangeisamajorchallengeinecology,“saidtheresearchersofseveralU.S.univers

3、ities.Theysaidplantshadbeenthekeyobjectofstudybecausetheirreactiontoclimatechangecouldhaveaneffectonfoodchainsandecosystemservices.Thestudy,publishedontheNaturewebsite,usesthefindingsfromplantlifecyclestudiesandexperimentsacrossfourcontinentsand1,634species.Itfoundthatsomeexperimentshadunderestimate

4、d（低估）thespeedoffloweringby8.5timesandleafingby4times.“Acrossallspecies,theexperimentsunder-predictedthespeedoftheadvanceforbothleafingandfloweringthatresultsfromtemperatureincreases,“thestudysaid.Thedesignoffutureexperimentsmayneedtobeimprovedtobetterpredicthowplantswillreacttoclimatechange,itsaid.P

5、lantsarenecessaryforlifeontheEarth.Theyarethebaseofthefoodchain,usingphotosynthesis（光合作用）toproducesugarfromcarbondioxideandwater.Theyletoutoxygenwhichisneededbynearlyeveryorganismontheplanet.Scientistsbelievetheworldsaveragetemperaturehasrisenbyabout0.8Csince1900,andnearly0.2Ceverytenyearssince1979.

6、Sofar,effortstocutemissions（NE 放）ofplanet-warminggreenhousegasesarenotseenasenoughtopreventtheEarthheatingupbeyond2Cthiscenturyapointscientistssaywillbringthedangerofachangeableclimateinwhichweatherextremesaremon,leadingtodrought,floods,cropfailuresandrisingsealevels.1 .Whatisthekeyinformationtheaut

7、horwantstogiveinParagraph1?()A.Plantsreactiontoweathercouldhavedamagingeffectsonecosystems.B.Theincreasingspeedoffloweringisbeyondscientistsexpectation.C.Climatechangeleadstothechangeoffoodproductionpatterns.D.Foodchainshavebeenseriouslydamagedbecauseofweather.2 .Wecanlearnfromthestudypublishedonthe

8、Naturewebsitethat.A.plantsfloweringis8.5timesfasterthanleafingB.thereare1,634plantspeciesonthefourcontinentsC.scientistsshouldimprovethedesignoftheexperimentsD.theexperimentsfailedtopredicthowplantsreacttoclimatechange3.Scientistspayspecialattentiontothestudyofplantsbecause.A.theycanprovetheclimatec

9、hangeclearlyB.theyareveryimportantinthefoodchainsC.theyplayaleadingroleinreducingglobalwarmingD.theyaregrowingandfloweringmuchfasterthanbefore4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsabouttheworldstemperature?()A.Ithasrisennearly0.2Csince1979.B.Itschangewillleadtoweatherextremes.C.Itis0.8Chigherin

10、1979thanthatof1900.D.Itneedstobecontrolledwithin2Cinthiscentury.语篇解读：本文为说明文，题材为科普知识类。温室效应已经影响了植物的生长类型，由于植物在食物链和生态系统中有着重要影响，科学家们正致力于研究其生长变化。答案及剖析：1.B 主旨大意题。根据第一段 Plantsarefloweringfasterthanscientistspredicted(预测)inreactiontoclimatechange.可知本题应选择 B 项。2.C 事实细节题。根据文章第五段最后一句话 Itfoundthatsomeexperimentsh

11、adunderestimated(低估)thespeedofflowering.以及第七段Thedesignoffutureexperimentsmayneedtobeimprovedtobetterpredict.可知本题应选择 C 项。3.B 事实细节题。文章第四段最后一句Theysaidplantshadbeenthekeyobjectofstudybecausetheirreactiontoclimatechangecouldhaveaneffectonfoodchains.由此可知本题选择 B 项。4.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段.beyond2thiscentury-apoin

12、tscientistssaywillbringthedangerofachangeableclimate.leadingtodrought,floods.可知必须将上升温度控制在 2c 以内才可能不会出现危险状况，故选择 D 项。【长难句子分析】toeutemiiJLfofplanet:-warrains定咨fadingdr口ugliLHcjadsfailuresandrisingEoa1即：elf定号句到目前为止，为减少导致全球变暖的温室气体排放的努力还不足以阻止地球在本世纪气温上升不超出 2c科学家认为这个数据会带来气候变化的危险，在这样的气彳 g 变化中，极端天气会经常发生，会导致干旱、

13、洪涝、庄稼歉收和海平面上升。.阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项。【xx 山东省潍坊市五校联合高三下学期期中考试】Attimesmymomhasbeenunfortableseeingthesequalitiesinme.Forexample,whenIwas12,IwenttoPuertoRicoallbymyselftostaywithmygrandmotherforthesummer.Mymomwasextremelynervousaboutit.ShekepttellingmehowthingsweredifferentinPuertoRico

14、,toalwaysputonsunscreen,nottowanderawayfrommygrandmother,andotherwarnings.Shehelpedmepackanddidnotleavetheairportuntilshesawmyplanetakeoff.Butdespiteherworries,sheletmegoonmyown.AsImovedintomyteens,shecontinuedtogivemespacetogrowandlearn,evenwhenitmighthavebeendifficultforher.WhenIreachedmysenioryea

15、r,Idecidedtomoveawayforcollege.OnceagainIfoundthatLnhi匚hvJEatkeremtremesireconunan.至果上考Idifferedfrommypeers:WhilemanyofthemwantedtostayclosetohomeIcouldntwaittobeoutintheworldonmyown.Whilemymommaynothavebeenhappyatthethoughtofmygoingaway,shewassupportiveandexcitedforme.OnebigthingIrealizedduringmyse

16、nioryear,asmymomgrantedmemorefreedomwasthatsheactuallybelievesinmeandtrustsme.Thatmeansalot.MostofmylifeandespeciallywhenIwaslittle，themainpersonItriedtoimpressinmyschoolworkorotherthingswasmymother.Iknewsheexpectednothingbutthebestfromme.Sometimesitwashardtoliveuptoherstandards;gettingasingleBonmyr

17、eportcardwouldmakemefeelbadbecauseIknewshewantedmetohaveallAs.Iknowthatherhighstandardshavehelpedmestayfocusedonwhatsimportant,likeeducation,andmademewhoIam.Iamthankfulforhersupportandinvolvementinmylife.MostofallIrespecther.SheisthestrongestwomanIknowandthatswhyIhaveturnedoutsostrongandindependent.

18、1.WhentheauthordecidedtogotoPuertoRico,hismother.A. wantedtogowithhimB. worriedabouthissafetyC. didntallowhimtodosoD. askedhisgrandmotherforadvice2.Theauthordecidedtomoveawayforcollegeto.A. bedifferentfromhispeersB. keepawayfromhismotherC. beindependentintheoutsideworldD. makehismotherunhappy3.Wecan

19、learnfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthorsmother.A. hadahighexpectationofhimB. wastoostrictwithhimC. usedtoexpectnothingfromhimD. caredlittleabouthislearning4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthor.A. isquitegratefulforhismotherstrustB. stilldoesntquiteunderstandhismothersattitudeC. doesntlikehis

20、mothersinvolvementinhislifeD. wishestohavemorefreedomfromhismother5.Inthepassage,theauthormainlywantstotellus.A. hislongwaytobeingindependentB. hisgoodrelationshipwithhismotherC. theimportanceofamotherstrustandsupportD. hismothersdeeploveforhim语篇解读作者做每一次决定时，母亲都会给予信任和支持，使作者最终变得强大、独立。1 .解析：考查细节理解。从文章第

21、一段母亲的诸多叮嘱和警告可知，母亲为作者的安全担O答案：B2 .解析：考查细节理解。从文章第二段倒数第二句中的Icouldntwaittobeoutintheworldonmyown”可知，作者是想在外独立。答案：C3 .解析：考查细节理解。从文章第三段中的Iknewsheexpectednothingbutthebestfromme.”可知，母亲对作者期望很高。答案：A4 .解析：考查推理判断。从文章最后一段最后三句话可知，作者对母亲给予自己的信任十分感激。答案：A5 .解析：考查推理判断。综合全文可知，母亲的信任和支持使作者能够独立而强大，因此可知，本文的主要目的是说明母亲对孩子信任和支持

22、的重要性。答案：Co阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从给的四个选项(A、B、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【xx 山东省泰安市高三第一轮复习质量检测】MorethanoneinfourchildrenaliveinBritaintodaywillcelebratetheir100thbirthday,officialfiguresshowed.Thespecialfiguresshowahugesocialchange,withtodayschildrenlikelytosurvivefarlongerthantheirparentsorgrandparents.Ofthe12.4millionchi

23、ldrenaged16andunder,3.3million(27%)willbeesomeonewhoisahundredyearsoldorolder.Inaclassof30children,eightcanlivetobe100.Andtherestofthechildrenarelikelytogettoanoldage,eventhoughtheywillnotmakeittothreefigures.Expertswarnedthatchildrenmayliveto100,butthattheywillnotgettheirstatepensionuntiltheyare70o

24、rbeyond.Thestatepensionageisrisingto66forbothmenandwomenby2020,andtheGovernmenthaswarneditwillcontinuetorise.LaithKhalaf,apensionexpert,said,“Livingtoanoldageisluckyifyoucanaffordit,butanuisanceifyoucant.Thosewithoutenoughsavingswillbedependingonthestatepensionwhichwillbechanged.”Italsoincreasesthep

25、ossibilityofmillionsofpeoplesurvivinguntiltheir100thbirthdaywithapoorqualityoflifebecauseofpoorhealthandlittlemoney.Millionsofolderpeoplehavenopensions,nosavingsandnoplansabouthowtheyaregoingtopayfortheirretirementotherthantocarryonworking.Iftheolderpopulationdemandsmoreresources,thentheyhavetoefrom

26、theirownwealthorthegovernment.Laithsaid,“Millionsofpeoplewillbespendingoverathirdoftheirlivesinretirement.Itishightimethatwereformedthestatepensionsystem.Wewanttomakeitfairforfuturegeneration.”1.Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat.A. todayschildrenprobablylivelongerthantheirparentsB. fewofBritishchi

27、ldrenareexpectedtolivetoanoldageC. morethan30%ofchildrenaged16canlivetobe100D. 20%ofBritishchildrenwillcelebratetheir100thbirthday2.Theunderlinedword“nuisanceinParagraph2probablymeans.A. somebodywhoisdisabledB. somebodywhoisdishonestC. somethingthatcausestroubleD. somethingthatisincorrect3.Whatkindo

28、flifewillpeoplelivingto100probablyface?A. Ahighqualityoflifebecauseofthedevelopmentoftechnology.B. Alowqualityoflifebecauseofbadhealthandlimitedmoney.C. Ahighqualityoflifebecauseoftheincreaseinfoodprice.D. Alowqualityoflifebecauseofthepresentgovernment.4.Whyshouldthegovernmentatpresentreformthestate

29、pensionsystem?A. Thepresentpensionsystemisntquiteuseful.B. Peoplenowadaysdontneedthepensionatall.C. Moreandmorepeopleaskthegovernmenttodoso.D. Thepresentpensionsystemisunfairforfuturegeneration.5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A. Theretirementagewillberaisedto70orbeyond.B. Thegovernmentwillprovidejobc

30、hancesfortheretired.C. Thestatepensionageformenisdifferentfromthatforwomen.D. Itwillincreasethegovernmentspressureifmorechildrenliveto100.语篇解读官方数据表明，现在的英国儿童会比他们的长辈活得更久。令人担心的是，这将会给政府带来巨大的养老负担。1 .解析：考查细节理解。根据文章第一段的第二句Thespecialfiguresshowahugesocialchange,withtodayschildrenlikelytosurvivefarlongerthan

31、theirparentsorgrandparents.可知，现在的英国儿童可能会比他们的长辈活得更久，故选 A。答案：A2 .解析：考查词义猜测。根据上下文可知，画线词所在句表示“如果你能够承担养老的费用，长寿是一种幸运，但如果承担不起，那就会是一种麻烦，故 nuisance=somethingthatcausestrouble,答案为C答案：C3 .解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句Italsoincreasesthepossibilityofmillionsofpeoplesurvivinguntiltheir100thbirthdaywithapoorqualityoflifebeca

32、useofpoorhealthandlittlemoney.”可知，活到 100 岁的人可能会面临因身体差、资金有限而造成生活质量降低的问题，即 B 项正确。答案：B4 .解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段的最后一句Wewanttomakeitfairforfuturegeneration.”可知，目前的养老金制度对于后代来说是不公平的，因此政府要改革养老金制度，故 D 项正确。答案：D5 .解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段的最后一句Iftheolderpopulationdemandsmoreresources,thentheyhavetoefromtheirownwealthorthegover

33、nment.”可知答案。答案：D.2019-2020 年高考英语二轮复习科普知识阅读理解（3）科普知识（阅读理解）由（XX 全国 n,B）改编it.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.First,youmustaskyourself,“Whereisthewindingfrom?Isitingfromaheadorbehindorfromtheside?”Youmustthinkaboutthisallthetimeontheboat.Thewin

34、ddirectiontellsyouwhattodowiththesail.Letsstartwiththewindblowingfrombehind.Thismeansthewindandtheboataregoinginthesamedirection.Thenyoumustalwayskeepthesailoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata90angle(角度)totheboat.Thenitwillcatchthewindbest.Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat.Inthiscase,y

35、oumustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.Itshouldbeata45angletotheboat.Jtneedstobeoutfarenoughtocatchthewind,butitshouldntflap(摆动).Itshouldntlooklikeaflagonaflagpole.Ifitisflapping,itisprobablyouttoofar,andtheboatwillslowdown.Sailingintothewindisnotpossible.Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop.Y

36、oumaywanttogointhatdirection.Itispossible,butyoucantgoinastraightline.Youmustgofirstinonedirectionandtheninanother.Thisiscalledtacking.Whenyouaretacking,youmustalwayskeepthesailinsidetheboat.1 .Whatshouldyouconsiderfirstwhilesailing?()A.Sailorsstrength.B.Wavelevels.C.Winddirections.D.Sizeofsails.2 .

37、WhatdoesthewordItunderlinedinParagraph4referto?()A.Theboat.B.Thewind.C.Thesail.D.Theangle.3 .Whatdoyouhavetodowhensailingagainstthewind?()A.Moveinastraightline.B.Allowthesailtoflap.C.Lowerthesail.D.Tacktheboat.4 .Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?()A.Inapopularmagazine.Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficul

38、tsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnB.Inatouristguidebook.C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.语篇解读：本文为科普说明文。介绍了帆船运动与风向的关系。答案及剖析：1.C 事实细节题。根据第二段尤其是最后一句可知在做帆船运动时首先应该考虑“风向”。2 .C 猜测词义题。从第四段Inthiscase,youmustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat.”可知答案。3 .D 事实细节题。根据最后一段中.butyoucantgoinastraightline.可知 A 项错

39、误。根据第四段可知C 项错误。根据末段Ifyoutry,thesailwillflap.”可知 B 项错误。4.A 推理判断题。本文主要介绍的是帆船运动与风向的关系，由此可推知本文应出自杂志，而不是出自旅游指南、物理教科书，更不可能出自官方报告。【疑难词汇解读】1 .flap(away/off)v.拍打；拍击Iflappedthefliesawaybutsoontheyflewback.我把苍蝇赶走，但一会儿又飞回来了。2 .tackv.抢风航行Thesailingshipwastacking.帆船一路抢风航行。阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从给的四个选项(A、B、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【x

40、x 山东济宁模拟】Analcoholbreathtest(ABT)isoftenusedbythepolicetofindoutwhetherapersonisdrunkwhiledriving.IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.Aapositive“testresult,aresultoverthelegallimit,al

41、lowsthepolicetoarrestthedriver.However,manypeoplewhotestedpositiveonthetesthaveclaimedthattheyonlydrankaanon-alcoholic”energydrink.CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissourisetupanexperimenttofindout.First,theamountofalcoholin27differentpopularenergydrinks

42、wasmeasured.Allbutonehadanalcohollevelgreaterthan0.005%.Innineofthe27drinks,thealcohollevelwasatleast0.096%.ThescientiststheninvestigatedthepossibilitythatthesesmalllevelsofalcoholcouldbediscoveredbyanABT.TheyaskedtestsubjectstodrinkafullcanorbottleofanenergydrinkandthengaveeachsubjectanABToneminute

43、and15minutesafterthedrinkwasfinished.For11ofthe27energydrinks,theABTdidfindthepresenceofalcoholifthetestwasgivenwithinoneminuteafterthedrinkwastaken.However,alcoholcouldnotbediscoveredforanyofthedrinksifthetestwasgiven15minutesafterthedrinkwasconsumed.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantr

44、oleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetestisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.1. Whatisthelegalalcohollevelfora20-year-olddriverintheUS?A.0.000%.B.0.005%.C.0.080%.D.0.096%.2. WhatisthepurposeoftheMissouriexperiment?A. Tointroduceanewmethodofcalcula

45、tingbloodalcohollevels.B. TodiscovertherelationbetweenenergydrinksandABTtestresults.C. Towarnpeopleofthedangersofdrinkingenergydrinks.D. TochangethecurrentlegalalcohollimitfordriversintheUnitedStates.3. TheunderlinedwordasubjectsinParagraph2refersto.A. thethingsthatarebeingdiscussedB. areasofknowled

46、gestudiedinschoolC. theparticipantsinanexperimentD. thepeoplewhobelongtoacountry4. WhichofthefollowingaffectstheABTtestresultmostforenergydrinkconsumers?A.Theageofthepersonwhotakesthetest.B. Theplacewherethetestisgiven.C. Theequipmentthatthetestuses.D. Thetimewhenthetestistaken.5. Whichofthefollowin

47、gistrueaccordingtothepassage?A. Adriverwhosebloodalcohollevelisfoundtobe0.1%willbearrested.B. NoenergydrinksreallycauseanyonetotestpositiveonanABT.C. Fewpopularenergydrinkscontainalcoholinthem.D. ThosetakinganABT15minutesafterdrinkingalcoholcannotbefoundout.语篇解读本文是一篇科研报告。主要研究了能量饮料和测试血液中酒精浓度之间的关系。1 .

48、解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.“可知，答案 A符合文意。答案：A2 .解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段倒数第二句：CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissouri

49、setupanexperimenttofindout.可知，答案 B 符合文意。答案：B3 .解析：词义猜测题。根据语境可知，文章中画线句子的意思是：他们要求参加测试的实验者喝下一满听或一瓶能量饮料，然后在一分钟和十五分钟后对其 ABT 进行测试。由此可推知，此处的 subject 是指参与实验的人。答案：C4 .解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的thetestwasgivenwithinoneminute.15minutes.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantroleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetes

50、tisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.”可知，在饮用功能性饮料多久之后进行测试会影响测试效果。答案：D5 .解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，合法的血液酒精浓度最高值应该是 0.08%,如果超过这个浓度，司机就会被警察逮捕。由此可推知，答案 A 符合文意。答案：A.阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项。【xx 山东省潍坊市高考模拟考试】Successisoftenmeasuredbytheabili

51、tytoovereadversity.But,itisoftenthebeliefofothersthatgivesusthecouragetotry.J.K.Rowling,authoroftheHarryPotterbookseries,beganwritingattheageof6.1 nherbiography,sherememberswithgreatfondnesswhenhergoodfriendSeanwhomshemetinsecondaryschool,becamethefirstpersontoencourageherandhelpbuildtheconfidenceth

52、atonedayshewouldbeaverygoodwriter.“HewasthefirstpersonwithwhomIreallydiscussedmyseriousambitiontobeawriter.HewasalsotheonlypersonwhothoughtIwasboundtobeasuccessatitwhichmeantmuchmoretomethanIevertoldhimatthetime.”Despitemanysetbacks，Rowlingperseveredinherwriting，particularlyfantasystories.Butitwasnt

53、until1990thatshefirstconceivedtheideaaboutHarryPotter.Assherecalls,itwasonalongtrainjourneyfromLondontoManchesterthattheideaofHarryPottersimplyfellintoherhead.Tomyimmensefrustration（沮丧），Ididnthaveafunctioningpenwithme,andIwastooshytoaskanybodyifIcouldborrowone.Ithink，nowthatthiswasprobablyagoodthing，becauseIsimplysatandthought，forfour（delayedtrain）hours，andallthedetailsbubbledupinmybrain,andthisscrawny,black-haired,bespectacled（戴眼镜的