2011江苏夜大普雷班计算机专业英语综合练习

1、计算机专业英语词和词组Chapter 1 The History and Future of ComputersNew Words & Expressionscomputerlike a. 计算机似的electromechanical a. 机电的，电机的vacuum tubes 真空管Census Bureau 人口普查局thousands of 成千上万的known as 通常所说的，以著称result in 导致，终于造成结果air conditioning 空调take delivery of 正式接过high-level language 高级语言mainframe n. 主

2、机，大型机range from to 从到multiprogramming n. 多道程序设计time-share n 分时，时间共享virtual 'vtul memory 虚拟内存from scratch 从头开始compatible km'pætb! a. 兼容的；compatibility n. 兼容性outnumber vt. 数目超过，比多start off v. 出发，开始proliferate pr'lf,ret v. 增生，扩散glean glin vt., vi. 搜集（情报或事实）MD abbr. Maryland（马里兰）archite

3、cture n. 体系机构terabit n. 兆兆位factor n. 倍数on the order of 大约bandwidth n. 带宽Terabyte n. 兆兆（1012）字节Petabyte n. 千兆兆（1015）字节microprocessor n.计微处理器contemplate 'kntm,plet v. 凝视，沉思order n. 阶，次turbulence 'tbjlns n. 扰动GB=GigaBit, 千兆位；=GigaByte，吉字节cognitive 'kgntv adj. 认知的，识的， 有感知的prioritize pra'

4、r,taz vt. 把区分优先次序collaborative k'læbrtv adj. 合作的，协作的，协力完成的solicit s'lst v. 恳求multimodal 'mod! adj. 多重的Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.因此，随着第二代计算机的出现，计算机的体积和成本降低、速度

5、提高，且它们对空调的需要减少。First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors.首先，出现了一个芯片上具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路（LSI），接着出现了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路（VLSI）。

6、First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky（ blk庞大的；笨重的）and produce a lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large and required extensive（ k'stnsv大量的；广泛的）air conditioning to keep them cool. In a

7、ddition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow.第一代计算机的特色是使用真空管为其主要电子器件。真空管体积大且发热严重，因此第一代计算机体积庞大，并且需要大量的空调设备保持冷却。此外，因为真空管运行速度不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming

8、language in 1957. 在第一代计算机期间，其他的软件发展包括在1957年，FORTRAN语言的设计。In the second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they o

9、perate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在第二代计算机中，晶体管取代了真空管。虽然发明于1948年，但第一台全晶体管计算机直到1959年才成为现实。晶体管比真空管体积小、价格低，而且运行快而发热少。因此，随着第二代计算机的出现，计算机的体积和成本降低、速度提高，

10、且它们对空调的需要减少。Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. 在这期间软件也在继续发展。许多新的编程语言被发明，包括1960年发明的COBOL。The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computer

11、s. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous （'njumrs许多的,很多的）transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and re

12、duced need for air conditioning.作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片（芯片）。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计算机体积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive natur

13、e.BASIC语言发明于1964年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代计算机期间大为流行。The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and

14、 thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today.第四代计算机比其他三代更难以定义。这一代计算机的特征是一个芯片上包含越来越多的晶体管。首先，出现了一个芯片上具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路（LSI），接着出现了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路（VLSI）。这个趋势在今天仍在

15、持续。Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased （'pts 买,购买）, not developed from scratch （skræt起跑线）.用于微型计算机的软件包随处可得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得，而不需从头开始开发。Its also interesting to contemplate（ 'kntm,plet注视,沉思；期待,仔细考虑）that, if this growth continue

16、s over the next 50 years, then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1, computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops!设想一下也很有趣，如果在未来50年间仍以这样的速度持续增长，到UNIVAC-1诞生的100周年，计算机将会大约每秒1023次的浮点运算速度运行。Chapter 2 Organization of Computersinstruction cycle 'sak! 指令周期decode vt. 解码，译解bus n.

17、总线pins n, 插脚，管脚uppermost adj. 最高的；adv. 在最上address bus 地址总线data bus 数据总线via 'va prep. 经，通过，经由multibit 多位bidirectional 双向的unidirectional 单向的hierarchy 'ha,rrk n. 层次，层级microprocessor n. 微处理器register 'rdst n. 寄存器timing n. 定时；时序；时间选择synchronize 'skrnaz vt. 使同步assert 'st vt. 主张，出发deasse

18、rt vt. 撤销trigger vt. 引发，引起，触发map v. 映射port port n. 端口latch læt v. 闭锁，锁存program counter 'kaunt 程序计数器instruction register 指令寄存器operand n. 操作数increment 'nkrmnt n. 增量，加1flag register 标志寄存器pipe pap line n. 流水线microsequenced 'sikwns 微层序的local bus 局部总线multibyte n. 多字节shut off n. 切断，关闭enabl

19、e n. 使能tri-state 三态tri-stated 高阻态dimension d'mnn n. 尺度，维（数）configuration kn,fgj'ren n. 构造，结构，配置as far as 尽；就；至于hign-order 高位low-order 低位interleaving n. 交叉，交错contiguous kn'tgjus adj. 邻近的，接近的assign 'san vt. 分配，指派big endian 高位优先little endian 低位优先hexadecimal 'hks,dsm! adj. 十六进制的；n.十六

20、进制alignment 'lanmnt n. 对齐方式leftmost adj. 最左边的rightmost adj. 最右边的，最右面的consecutive kn'skjutv adj. 连续的，连贯的cache kæ n. 高速缓冲virtual memory 虚拟存储器buffer 'bf n. 缓冲器homogeneous ,hom'dins adj. 同类的，均一的circuitry 'sktr n. 电路，线路head n. 磁头wait state 等待状态DMA=Direct Memory Access 直接存储器访问inte

21、rrupt 中断The input/output, or I/O, subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices, such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer, or the keypad and digital display of a microwave oven.输入输出或I/O子系统允许CPU与I/O设备如个人计算机的键盘和显示器或微波炉的键区与数字显示交互作用。These signals indicate whether data

22、 is to be read into or written out of the CPU, whether the CPU is accessing memory or an I/O device, and whether the I/O device or memory is ready to transfer data.这些信号用来指示数据是要读入CPU还是要从CPU写出，CPU是要访问存储器还是要访问I/O设备，是I/O设备还是存储器已就绪要传送数据等等。In this chapter, we examine the organization of basic computer sys

23、tems. A simple computer has three primary subsystems. The central processing unit, or CPU, performs many operations and controls the computer. A microprocessor usually serves as the computers CPU. The memory subsystem is used to store programs being executed（ 'ks,kjut实施,实行;执行）by the CPU, along w

24、ith（和一起）the programs data. The input/output, or I/O, subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices, such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer, or the keypad and digital display of a microwave oven.本章介绍基本计算机系统组成，一个简单的计算机包括三个主要子系统：中央处理器或CPU执行许多运算并控制计算机，微处理器一般充当计算机的CP

25、U；存储器子系统用于存储由CPU运行的程序以及程序的数据；输入输出或I/O子系统允许CPU与I/O设备如个人计算机的键盘和显示器或微波炉的键区与数字显示交互作用。Most computer systems, from the embedded（嵌入的）controllers fund in automobiles and consumer（ kn'sjum消费者;消耗者）（appliances 'plans器具,用具;装置,设备）to personal computers and mainframes, have the same basic organization. Thi

26、s organization has three main components: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. We discuss each of these components in more detail later in this chapter. The generic organization of these components is shown in Figure 2-1.大多数计算机系统，从汽车和日用电器中的嵌入式控制器到个人计算机和大型主机，都具有相同的基本组成。其基本组成包括三个主要部件：

27、CPU、存储子系统和I/O子系统。这些部件的一般组成如图2-1所示。Physically, a bus is a set of wires. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. To send information from one component to another, the source component outputs data onto the bus. The destination component then inputs this data from the bus. As the co

28、mplexity（ km'plkst 1.复杂性 2.复杂度）of a computer system increases, it becomes more efficient (in terms of minimizing（ 'mn,maz使减至最小限度，最小化）connections) at using buses rather than direct connections between every pair of devices. Buses use less space on a circuit board and require less power than a

29、 large number of direct connections. They also require fewer pins （pn插头） on the chip or chips that comprise the CPU.从物理上来说，总线就是一组导线。计算机的部件就是连在总线上的。为了将信息从一个部件传到另一个部件，源部件先将数据输出到总线上，然后目标部件再从总线上接受这些数据。随着计算机系统复杂性的不断增长，使用总线比每个设备对之间直接连接要有效得多（就减少连接数量而言）。与大量的直接连接相比，总线使用较少的电路板空间，耗能更少，而且在芯片或组成CPU的芯片组上需要较少的引脚。T

30、he system shown in Figure 2-1 has three buses. The uppermost bus in this figure is the address bus.图2-1所示的系统包括三组总线。最上面的是地址总线。Data is transferred via the data bus. When the CPU fetches data from memory, it first outputs the memory address on its address bus. Then memory outputs the data onto the data

31、 bus; the CPU can then read the data from the data bus. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the address onto the address bus, then outputs the data onto the data bus. Memory then reads and stores the data at the proper location. The processes for reading data from and writing data to

32、the I/O devices are similar.数据是通过数据总线传送的。当CPU从存储器中取数据时，它首先把存储器地址输出到地址总线上，然后存储器将数据输出到数据总线上，这样CPU就可以从数据总线上读取数据了。当CPU向存储器中写数据时，它首先将地址输出到地址总线上，然后把数据输出到数据总线上，这样存储器就可以从数据总线上读取数据并将它存储到正确的单元中。对I/O设备读写数据的过程与此类似。The control bus is different from the other two buses. The address bus consists of n lines, which

33、combine to transmit one n-bit address value. Similarly, the lines of the data bus work together to transmit a single multibit value. In contrast, the control bus is a collection of individual control signals. These signals indicate whether data is to be read into or written out of the CPU, whether t

34、he CPU is accessing memory or an I/O device, and whether the I/O device or memory is ready to transfer data.控制总线与以上两种总线都不相同。地址总线由n根线构成，n根线联合传送一个n位的地址值。类似地，数据总线的各条线合起来传输一个单独的多位值。相反，控制总线是单根控制信号的集合。这些信号用来指示数据是要读入CPU还是要从CPU写出，CPU是要访问存储器还是要访问I/O设备，是I/O设备还是存储器已就绪要传送数据等等。The instruction cycle （'sak! 周期

35、，环，循环）is the procedure （pr'sid程序，手续，步骤）a microprocessor goes through to process an instruction. First the microprocessor fetches, or reads, the instruction from memory. Then it decodes the instruction, determining which instruction it has fetched. Finally, it performs the operations necessary to

36、 execute( 'ks,kjut执行，实行；完成)the instruction. 指令周期是微处理器完成一条指令处理的步骤。首先，微处理器从存储器读取指令，然后将指令译码，辨明它取的是哪一条指令。最后，它完成必要的操作来执行指令。Each of these functions-fetch( ft提取, 存取), decode, and execute-consists of a sequence ('sikwns 1.序列顺序 2.次序 3.数列（数组）)of one or more operations.每一个功能读取、译码和执行都包括一个或多个操作。Chapter 3

37、 Organization of Computershexa'hksdecimal adj. 十六进制；n. 十六进制octal 'kt! adj. 八进制的；n. 八进制alphabet 'ælf,bt n. 字母表radix 'redks n. 根，基数fractional 'frækn! daj. 分数的，小数的whole number n. 整数remainder r'mend n. 余数significant figure n. 有效数字quotient 'kwont n. 商algorithm n. 算法c

38、omplement n. 补码，余角carry n. 进位Boolean algebra 布尔代数intersection 交set algebra 'ældbr 集合代数finite set 有限集empty set 空集infinite set 无限集universal set 全集exclusion k'sklun“异”运算subset 子集associative 'so,etv 结合律complement 补commutative k'mjuttv 交换律distributivity 分配律idempotency 同一律absorption b

39、'srpn Law 吸收律correspond to 相应于arise from 起因于，由引出together with 和，加上component km'ponnt wise adv. 按照分量retrieval r'triv! n. 检索extrapolation k,stræp'len n. 数外推法，推断nanometer 'mit n. 毫微米，纳米unambiguous ,næm'bgjus adj. 不含糊的，明确的postulate 'pst,let vt. & n. 假定rigorously

40、 'rgrsl adv. 严密地，严厉地derive vt. 从得到，异出microfluid 'flud ic 微流体caveat 'kev,æt n. 防止误解的说明；要求停止某些行动的警告Early in our education, we learned that a decimal, or base 10, number was constructed with 10 digits: 0 through 9.在早期教育中，我们已学习了十进制数，或以10为基数的数，它由10个数字组成：0到9。The prior examples have shown

41、that to convert from any number base to decimal, determine the weights or values of each position of the number, and then sum the weights to form the decimal equivalent.前面的例子说明了将任何其他计数的数转换为十进制数时，十进制数的值取决于该数每个位上的权或值，它们的和就是等效的十进制数值。Before numbers are converted from one number base to another, the digi

42、ts of a number system must be understood. Early in our education, we learned that a decimal, or base 10, number was constructed with 10 digits: 0 through 9. The first digit in any numbering system is always a zero. For example, a base 8 (octal) number contains 8 digits: 0 through 7; a base 2 (binary

43、) number contains 2 digits: 0 and 1. If the base of a number exceeds 10, the additional digits use the letters of the alphabet, beginning with an A, For example, a base 12 number contains 12 digits: 0 through 9, followed by A for 10 and B for 11. Note that a base 10 number does not contain a 10 digi

44、t, just as a base 8 number does net contain an 8 digit. The most common numbering systems used with computers are decimal, binary, and hexadecimal. Each system is described and used in this section of the chapter.将数从一种数制向另一种数制转换之前，必须了解数的计数系统。在早期教育中，我们已学习了十进制数，或以10为基数的数，它由10个数字组成：0到9。任何计数制的第一个数字总是零，这

45、种规则适用于任何其他数制。例如，以8为基数（八进制）包含8个数字：0到7，而以2为基的数（二进制）包含2个数字：0到1。如果基数大于10 ，其余数字用从A开始的字母表示，例如，以12为基的数包含12个数字，0到9，之后用A代表10，B代表11。注意，以10为基的数不包含数字10，如同以8为基的数不包含数字8一样。计算机中最通用的计数制是十进制、二进制、八进制和十六进制（基为16）。每种计数制都将在本节中进行说明和应用。The prior examples have shown that to convert from any number base to decimal, determine

46、the weights or values of each position of the number, and then sum the weights to form the decimal equivalent. Suppose that a 125.78 octal is converted to decimal, To accomplish this conversion, first write down the weights of each position of the number. This appears in Example 3-2. The value of 12

47、5.78 is 85.875 decimal, or 1×64 plus 2×8 plus 5×1 plus 7×.125.前面的例子说明了将任何其他计数的数转换为十进制数时，十进制数的值取决于该数每个位上的权或值，它们的和就是等效的十进制数值。假定要将125.78（八进制）转换为十进制。为了完成这个转换，首先写出该数每一位数的权，如例3-2所示，125.78的值是十进制的85.875，即1×64+2×8+5×1+7×0.125。Conversions from decimal to other number sy

48、stems are more difficult to accomplish than conversion to decimal. To convert the whole number portion of a number to decimal, divide by the radix('redks基，基数，根值).To convert the fractional portion, multiply by the radix.Whole Number Conversion from Decimal. To convert a decimal whole number to an

49、other number system, divide by the radix and save the remainders as significant digits of the result. An algorithm for this conversion is as follows;1.Divide the decimal number by the radix (number base).2.Save the remainder（ r'mend差数;余数,余项）(first remainder is the least significant digit),3.Repe

50、at steps 1 and 2 until the quotient is zero.For example, to convert a 10 decimal to binary, divide it by 2. The result is 5, with a remainder of 0. The first remainder is the units position of the result (in this example, a 0).Next,divide the 5 by 2. The result is 2, with a remainder of 1, The 1 is

51、the value of the twos (21) position. Continue the division until the quotient( 'kwont .商；商式)is zero. Example 3-4 shows this conversion process. The result is written as 10102, from the bottom to the top.Converting from a Decimal Fraction（ 'frækn分数；分式）. Conversion from a decimal fraction

52、 to another number base is accomplished with multiplication by the radix. For example, to convert a decimal fraction into binary, multiply by 2. After the multiplication, the whole number portion of the result is saved as a significant digit of the result, and the fractional remainder is again multi

53、plied by the radix. When the fraction remainder is zero, multiplication ends. Note that some numbers are never-ending. That is, a zero is never a remainder. An algorithm for conversion from a decimal fraction is as follows:1.Multiply the decimal fraction by the radix (number base).2. Save the whole

54、number portion of the result (even if zero) as a digit. Note that the first result is written immediately to the right of the radix point.3.Repeat steps 1 and 2, using the fractional part of step 2 until the fractional part of step 2 is zero.Suppose that a .125 decimal is converted to binary. This i

55、s accomplished with multiplications by 2, as illustrated in Example 3-6. Notice that the multiplication continues until the fractional remainder is zero. The whole number portions（结果） are written as the binary fraction (0.001) （二进制小数） in this example.由十进制转换成其他进制比由其他进制转换成十进制困难。转换十进制整数部分时，要用基数去除，转换分数部

56、分时，要用基数去乘它们。转换十进制整数部分 将十进制整数转换成其他数制时，要用基数去除，并且保存余数作为结果的有效数字。这种转换的算法如下：1用基数除十进制数2保存余数（最先得到的余数是最低有效位数字）。3重复步骤1和2，直到商为零。例如，将十进制的10转换成二进制，要用2去除，结果为5，余数为0。第一个余数是结果的个位（此例中是0）。接下来用2去除5，结果为2，余数为1，则1是第二位（21）的值。继续做除法，直到商为零。例3-4给出了这个转换过程。从下向上读，这个结果为10102。转换十进制小数部分 转换10进制小数部分是用基数乘来完成的。例如，要将十进制小数转换成二进制，要用2乘。乘法之后

57、，乘积的整数部分保存起来作为结果的一个有效位，剩余的小数再用基数2去乘。当剩余的小数部分为0时，乘法结束。有些数可能永远不会结束，即余数总不为0.转换十进制小数部分的算法如下：1用基数乘十进制小数。2保存结果的整数部分（即使是零作为一位数）。注意，第一个得到的结果写在紧挨着小数点的右边。3用步骤2的小数部分重复步骤1和2，直到步骤2的小数部分是零。假如要将十进制的.125转换成二进制。完成这个转换要用2来乘，如例3-6所示。注意，乘法直到小数部分为0时才停止。在本例的结果为二进制小数（0.001）。Chapter 4 Organization of Computersharsh table 杂

58、凑（哈希）表priority pra'rt queue kju s 优先队列reusability n. 复用性binary tree 二叉树trave trev rsing 遍历，走过context-free 与上下文无关inviting n'vat adj. 引人动心的，有魅力的contiguous kn'tgjus adj. 邻近的，接近的，毗边的stack stæk n. 堆栈insertion n. 插入deletion n. 删除，删除部分pop pp 退栈push 进栈backtrack v. 回溯pseudo 'sudo code n. 计伪代码retrieve r'triv v. 重新得到；n. 找回pointer n. 指针pertinent 'ptnnt