专八翻译视频课程讲义

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专八翻译主讲老师：聂磊概况一、题型：汉-英(划线) 英-汉(划线)；各150字二、时间：各30分钟三、分值：各10分四、考纲要求：汉-英：我国报刊上的文章、国情介绍和一般文学作品；译文忠实、流畅。 英-汉：英美报刊杂志上的文章和文学原著；译文忠实、流畅。面临的问题一、词汇：词汇积累不够，活跃词汇量低。二、阅读：质低、量小、面偏。三、课堂教学：违反翻译的认知与实践规律；练习密度差、强度小。四、学习：练习密度差、强度小；欣赏有余、对比、分析、思考、总结不足。备考策略一、坚持扩大词汇量。二、加大练习力度，以练促学、代学，拒绝赏析。三、练习即模考。四、语篇练习为主。五、以真题

2、为本，反复练习。六、对比、分析、思考、总结四合一。时间规划22周一、第1-6周：熟悉翻译技巧，每周练2篇。二、第7-14周：熟悉考试及考场，每周3篇。三、第15-20周：应试强化练习，每周4篇。四、第21周：总结应试技巧、经验。五、第22周：继续总结，模考1-2次。时间规划14周一、第1-2周：熟悉翻译技巧，每周练2篇。二、第3-8周：熟悉考试及考场，每周3篇。三、第9-12周：应试强化练习，每周4篇。四、第13周：总结应试技巧、经验。五、第14周：模考3篇。应试策略一、开头与结尾要多分配时间。二、英译汉多注意理解，汉译英多注意表达。三、英语译文必须语法正确。四、英汉语表达多用有把握的词句。五

3、、谨慎对待考场灵感。六、对待难点宜“软”不宜“硬”。七、在试卷上做适当的勾划。推荐书目一、英语专业八级考试(单项突破)系列书目之翻译与写作(上海外语教育出版社，邹申)二、大学英语翻译教程(上海外语教育出版社,蔡基刚)三、汉英翻译技巧示例(外文出版社，唐义均)四、灵活与变通英汉翻译案例讲评(外文出版社，叶子南)五、说词解句英汉语言对比与翻译(大连理工大学出版社 仝益民)汉译英概况一、体裁：哲理、故事、描写散文为主。二、来源：读者、Shanghai Daily网站、著名文人的散文作品。做题步骤2分钟快速阅读原文，进行大致意群分析。2分钟细读原文，进行精细意群分析。3分钟划出意群信息主干、翻译难点。

4、23分钟全文翻译并检查错误。故事类来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德 国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。大致意群分析1. 我的导师是亚

5、裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德 国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生 2. 他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”3. 这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。精细意群分析1. 我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。2. 但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。3. 因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德 国外，其余5位均是亚

6、裔学生4. 他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”5. 这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，6. 在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。划分信息主干1. 我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。2. 但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。3. 因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德 国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生4. 他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”5. 这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的

7、，6. 在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。翻译：1.我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。译文1：My supervisor is of Asian origin. He is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp/irritable temper.译文2：My advisor, an Asian American, was addicted to smoking and drinking. Despite his hot temper,译文3：My advisor, an Asian A

8、merican, who was addicted to smoking and drinking, was hot-tempered.2.但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。译文1：Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into what Asian students have on their mind. 译文2：Des

9、pite his hot temper, he highly appreciated Asian students diligence and good mastery of basic knowledge, and understood their psychology extraordinarily well. 译文3：Nevertheless,/However,/But he greatly/fully appreciated Asian students diligence and good command of basic knowledge, and understood them

10、 well. 3.因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生译文1：All the five students enrolled in his lab, except one from Germany, were from Asia. 译文2：Hence, of all the students recruited into his laboratory, except for one German, the other five were all from Asia. 译文3：Therefore，among all the students enrolled in

11、 his lab, five were from Asia-only one from Germany. 4.他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”译文1： “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Nothing but work during the working hours.”译文2：On the door of his lab the

12、re was even an eye-catching notice which read, “Lab assistants must work with devotion from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m., 7 days a week.5.这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，译文1：This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness. 译文2：Harsh and demanding, the tutor had earned a campus-wide reputation

13、for his strictness with students. 译文3：He enjoyed a campus-wide reputation for his strictness. 6. 在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。译文1：During the 3 and a half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed until they graduated with

14、 their Ph.D. degrees. 译文2: During my three and a half years stay at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 got their doctors degrees.译文3: During my 3 and a half years at the lab, a total of 14 students were enrolled in his lab, and only 5 of them got their doctors degr

15、ee.总结：1.分清主次。2.直译为主，转换为辅。3.用词平实。国情介绍类加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世闻名的港口城市，(背景)温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地

16、出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 大致意群分析1. 温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。2. 加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。 3. 温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。 4. 而25万

17、华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。  精细意群分析1. 温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。2. 加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。 3. 吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。4. 可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。 5.温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。6.现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。 7.而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定

18、性的作用。8.他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。划分信息主干1. 温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。2. 加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。 3. 吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。4.可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。 5.温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。6.现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。 7.而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。8.他们其中有一半是近5年才来到

19、温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。翻译：1. 温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。译文1：The glory of Vancouver has resulted from the wisdom and industriousness of the people in this city, including the contribution made by the multinationals there. 译文2：Vancouvers prosperity owes to the wisdom and diligence o

20、f local people, as well as to that of others ethnic groups. 译文3：The glory/prosperity of Vancouver, to which different ethnic groups have contributed, owes much to its peoples wisdom and hard work. 2. 加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。译文1:Canada enjoys a vast but sparsely populated land, and have an area

21、larger than that of China, but a population less than 30 million.译文2：A sparsely-populated big country, Canada has a territory larger than that of China, but a population less than 30 million. 译文3: Canada is a vast, sparsely-populated country with its area larger than that of China, and a population

22、less than 30 million.3. 吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。译文1：Therefore, Canada has adopted a strategy which allows Canada to receive lots of immigrants. 译文2： Since the intake of immigrants has long been the countrys national policy, you can say that译文3: Therefore, drawing immigrants has become the long-term natio

23、nal policy pursued by Canada. 4.可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。译文1：That is to say, except the Indian people, all the other people have come and settled down in Canada, with the arrival time their only difference. 译文2：Since, you can say that all Canadians, except Indians, are from other countrie

24、s though they came to this land in differing years.译文3: Canadians, except its native Indians, are almost all immigrants, who are only different in term of residence. 5.温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。译文1: Canada is also a multi-ethnic city which makes it typical around the world.译文2: Vancouver is one of the few

25、 multinational cities in the world.译文3: Vancouver is one of the few multi-ethnic cities in the world.6.现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。译文1：Of 1.8 million inhabitants, half were born outside Vancouver. One in four residents would come from Asia. 译文2: Among the 1.8 million residents inhabitant

26、s in Vancouver today, half are not native-born, and of every four residents one comes from Asia. 译文3: Half of the 1.8 million residents today were not born in Vancouver, and one in four of them is from Asia.7-8.而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地译文1: Of 250 thousand Chin

27、es Canadians who play a decisive role in Vancouvers economic transition, half have come to Vancouver just 5 years before, which enable Vancouver, with the exception of Asia, to become the largest Chines community.译文2: The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic tr

28、ansformation of Vancouver. Half of the Chinese people have come to the Vancouver area within the recent five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside Asia.译文3: The Chinese in Vancouver, totaling 250,000, have been playing a decisive role in the economic transformation in this ci

29、ty, for half of them have arrived just over the last five years, making the place the biggest Chinese community outside Asia.译文4: The 250,000 Chinese in Vancouver have been playing a decisive role in its economic transformation. Half of them arrived in this city only five years ago, making the place

30、 the biggest Chinese community outside Asia.总结：1.提高警惕,切记分清主次，谨防原文句式的干扰。2.谨防原文用词的干扰。3.用词宁可平庸一些，也不要自找麻烦。4.切忌炫耀长句，根据自己的能力对原文进行断句。随感类第一篇近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒

31、暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。大致意群分析1. 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。2. 在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。3. 然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。4. 只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。精细意群分析1. 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。2. 在这种场合陌生人相识，如果

32、是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。3. 然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片。4. 双方见面寒暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。5. 只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。6. 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。信息主干分析1. 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。2. 在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。3. 然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片。4. 双方见面寒暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。5. 只有当双方谈话

33、投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。6. 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。翻译1、在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。译文1：In Paris, all the wine parties and buffet receptions held on various occasions provide optimum opportunities to make friends with all varieties of people.译文2:Paris offers great opportunities for making friends in various kinks of

34、 cocktail parties and buffet receptions where strangers may get acquainted each other.译文3: In Paris, various cocktail parties and buffet receptions offer great opportunities for making a wide range of friends.2. 在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。译文1：When encountering a stran

35、ger on such an occasion, an Asian would invariably hand over his name card to the newly-met stranger with full reverence, with both of his hands, even before he starts to converse with the stranger. Such an act seems to have become an indispensable ritual/formality/courtesy.译文2：On such occasions, st

36、rangers may get to know each other. If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts. This seems to be the required courtesy on their part.译文3：When meeting a stranger/introduced to a stranger on su

37、ch an occasion, an Asian tends to/will politely present his/her name card with both hands before a conversation is started, which seems to be an indispensable courtesy. 3. 然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，译文1:By contrast, an average Frenchman seldom takes the initiative to present/offers his name card.E.g. Why do

38、n't you take the initiative and ask him out?译文2: The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality.译文3：on such an occasion, the French, however, seldom do that./On such an occasion, the French, however, will not observe this ritual.4. 双方见面寒暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。译文1: Instead, he w

39、ould simply walk away after an exchange of routine greetings or even some aimless/random/casual chat.译文2: Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves.译文3: They will greet each others and even have a casual chat, and then they will excuse themse

40、lves.5. 只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。译文1: Only when both sides become deeply engrossed in their conversation and have the intention to make further acquaintance with each other will they offer to give their name cards.译文2: Only when they find they like each other and hope to further/continue the relat

41、ionship will they exchange cards.译文3: Only when they find their chat agreeable and hope to keep in contact with each other, will they present their name cards.6. 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。译文1:It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation is under way.译文2: Presenting cards without talking se

42、ems somewhat embarrassing. 译文3: It seems quite unnatural if a person presents his name card before any conversation really starts.随感类第二篇现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛盾，许多时候你却别无选择。匆忙与休闲是截然不同的两种生活方式。但在现实生活中，人们却在这两种生活方式间频繁穿梭，有时也说不清自己到底是“休闲着”还是“匆忙着”。譬如说，当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工作

43、方面出了麻烦现代便捷先进工具在此刻显示出了它狰狞阴郁的面容搞得人一下子兴趣全无，接下来休闲只是徒有其表，因为心里已是火烧火燎了。翻译：1、匆忙与休闲是截然不同的两种生活方式。译文1：Being in haste and at leisure are two distinct lifestyle.译文2：Hurry and relaxation are two totally opposite life style.译文3：Being busy and being slow paced are two life styles distinct from each other.译文4：To us,

44、 being hasty and being leisurely are two distinct life styles.2、但在现实生活中，人们却在这两种生活方式间频繁穿梭。有时也说不清自己到底是“休闲着”还是“匆忙着”。译文1：But in real life, people have to shuttle between these two lifestyles frequently, without knowing whether they are “at leisure” or“ in haste.”译文2：Yet in reality people must frequently

45、 switch back and force between them. Sometimes they are not clear whether they are at leisure or in haste.译文3：In reality, however, people always commute between the two life styles, having no clear idea whether their life is slow paced or rather occupied.译文4：In real life, however, shuttling between

46、these two lifestyles frequently, we are not clear whether we are “in haste” or “at haste”.3、譬如说，当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工作方面出了麻烦。译文1：For instance, when we are enjoying our holidays in a tourist attraction, a phone call from the boss tells us contingencies have happened with our clients or wo

47、rk.译文2：For instance, while we were enjoying our attraction in a travel resort, our boss called suddenly and told us that either our customers or our works appeared in trouble.译文3：For instance, we receive a sudden call from the boss when enjoying the holiday at a tourist resort, informed that somethi

48、ng has gone wrong with our clients or our work. 译文4：For instance, when we are enjoying our holidays in a tourist attraction, there is a phone from the boss for us, saying that the job or the clients we have been looking after to be in need of our care.4、现代便捷先进工具在此刻显示出了它狰狞、阴郁 面容译文1：At this very momen

49、t the advanced and convenient modern instrument revealed its hideous and grim face, which译文2：The advanced convenient modern tool, in this case, turns into a monstrous and gloomy image.译文3：The modern, convenient and advanced devices shows its vicious and gloomy features.译文4：-at this moment, the phone

50、, though a convenient hi-tech tool, reveals its oppressive self-5、搞得一下子兴趣全无，接下来的休闲只是徒有其表，因为心里已是火烧火燎了。译文1：which immediately made us displeased and bored. The remaining leisure time can only be an external appearance because we are already restless with anxiety deeply in our hearts.译文2：With the holida

51、y fun suddenly and utterly spoiled, were left with only a seeming leisure time, for our hearts has already been caught agitation and anxiety.译文3：With our good spirits being spoiled, happiness is no more than a pretense, because as a matter of fact, we already cant be more anxious.译文4：With the enjoym

52、ent spoiled, were left with only a seemingly leisure time, as the heart is teeming with agitation.描述类第一篇得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。翻译：1、得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在

53、家中横行霸道。译文1：Before I fell ill, I was indulged/spoiled by my parents and bullied others at our house.译文2： Before I fell ill, I had been the bully in my family owing to my doting parents.译文3：Before I was taken ill, I liked to get things my way in the family owing to my doting parents. 2、一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢

54、小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。译文1：Feeling like being confined to a cold palace, I began to taste the bitterness of depression and frustration immediately after I was segregated and confined in a small house on a hillside in our garden. 译文2：Once isolated and locked away in a small house on the slope of the

55、garden, I suddenly felt being thrown away, and became sullen and disappointed.译文3：Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself abandoned and depressed. 3、一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。译文1：On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the ga

56、rden where a profusion of flowers were in full bloom. In no time, crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.译文2：One spring evening, my parents held a party in the full blossoms in the garden. In no time, the garden became lively with the guests and filled with their laugh

57、ter.译文3：One spring evening, with flowers in full bloom, my parents held a banquet in the garden. And the arrival of the guests filled the place with delightful chats.4、我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。译文1：In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be

58、met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation.译文2：I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of  a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and cousins, each full o