英语专升本语法词汇复习

1、复习资料一、重点语法结构I. 典型时态和特殊用法1. 一般现在时: （1）表示习惯性的行为或动作、状态等；（2）表示最近的行为或动作、状态；（3）表示当前职业和爱好；（4）表示真理性的行为、动作、状态等 常用时间副词：often, always, usually, every day（week/month）, once a week, the other day Do 和dose 一般现在时态变化的助动词。 2. 现在进行时: (1)表示最近按计划或安排要做的事,往往有表示未来的时间状语. 能够这样用的动词有: arrive, come, leave, return, start, work,

2、 play, have等.(2) 表示意愿的将来 (3)在时间、条件从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是乱扔东西./ Dont interrupt him if he is reading.（4）表示什么事情即将，马上就要发生：be about to V原形/ be to V原形 3. 现在完成时: 1)将来完成用法: 用于时间、条件状语从句中,说明将来某时刻以前动作完成的情况。2)用在固定结构中:往往是在定语从句中。3) "must +

3、完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测。 “should (或ought to) + 完成式”表示一个应该在过去做,而没有做的动作,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪。如: 1) Ill go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / Its (will be) the first time I have been there.注:表示瞬间行为动词come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用, 只能用系动词加表语结构来代替。如: He has been back for o

4、ver a week. (不能用has come back) / I have been in the army for three years. (不能用have joined) since "自从"以来；for表示时间,从过去开始延续至今,它们都是现在完成时的典型信号词。 句子中有表示过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last week, in 1990, ago)时,不能使用现在完成时要用过去时态。4. 现在完成进行时: 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: All the mornin

5、g, for hours, since this morning / They have been watching television for two hours. / He has been writing letters since this morning. 5. 过去完成时: 1) 过去完成时,表示在过去某时刻或动作以前已经完成厂的动作.即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有by(到时候为止), before等介词短语或用unless, when, after, once, as soon as等连词引起的表示到过去某时间为止的时间状语来表示.2) 过去完成时常用在“no soonert

6、han” 和“hardlywhen (before)”等句型的主句中,从句中常用一般过去时。如: By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. / No sooner had he finished his performance than the audience began to cheer. (He had no soonerthan) (他刚表演完，观众就喝彩)6.其它要注意的时态1) be going to口语中常用,表示最近打算要做的事情; 根据某种迹象表明可能要发生的事情。如:What a

7、re you going to do this evening? / Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.2) 过去将来时,多见于主句谓语动足一般过去时的宾语从句中。如:He said that he would get married soon.3) 过去进行时主要用法之一是描述一件事发生的背景,往往在一个动作发生的过程中,突然发生第二个戏剧性的动作.第二个戏剧性动作为一般过去时,由when或while引出,意为”此时”。有二种句型: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt h

8、imself. / Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someone knocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I was opening the door, the telephone rang.4) 如果两个动作都引人注目且同时发生,并没有一个比另一个更形象,更主要时,那么两个动作都可以用过去进行时。如：My husband was reading while I was cooking. 7. 有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义。 如：T

9、he knife cuts well. / Nylon underwear washes easily. 尼龙内衣容易洗 / The novels written by the young man sell well. 那个年青人写的小说销路好 / This ball-pen writes in four colours. 这支圆珠笔可以写出四种颜色 / The note reads as follows”. 字条上写着:”8. 短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略。如：More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near futu

10、re. / The old woman has been operated on. (这位老妇人已经动过了手术) / The purse was picked up and handed to the police. 此外,固定搭配 “动词 + 名词 + 介词” 习语中,介词也不能省掉。 Time must be made good use of./ Less clever children should not be made fun of.9. 如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:His parents make him study hard. / He i

11、s made to study hard.10. 在want, need, desire, require和形容词worthworth + doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义. 如:The house wants repairing (=to be repaired)./ The point deserves mentioning (to be mentioned). / The novel is worth reading.(=The novel is worthy to be read.= The novel is worthy of being reading.= It is w

12、orthwhile to read the novel.) 11.表示将来时的还有: be about to / be to do / be on the point of等.如:I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang. / The road is to open to the public on October 1, 2004.12. 不规则动词： hanghangedhanged hunghunglielaylainlay laidlaidbindboundboundwind woundwoundgrind groundgroun

13、dcostcostcostcutcutcutcastcastcastshutshutshutII. 主语和谓语一致的重点 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。2. 事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3. 表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词。如: One and a half bananas is left on the table.4. 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。5. 主语是单数时,尽管后面跟as well as

14、, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等,谓语动词仍为单数形式。如: The child as well as parents likes the game.6.某些不定代词, 如: either, neither, each, one, other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, someone, something, everybody,

15、 everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等, 当他们作主语时, 其谓语动词通常用单数形式。7. 用and连接的并列成分前面有each, every, many a, more than one, no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词则相应用单数形式。如: Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks. / Many a student and teacher has seen the film.8. 用and, bo

16、th.and, both,(a) few, many, several等。如: Few people know it.9. 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人谓语动词用复数。如: The aged suffer from various miseries in this country. 10. 不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时谓语动词用复数。如：Three millions tons of coal were exported that year. 11. more than + 数词 + 名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。如: More than three hundred p

17、eople attended the meeting. 12. A series of / A group of + 复数可数名词 + 复数动词13. 用连词eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut(also),or与最靠近它的主语一致。如: One or two friends are coming this evening. / Either the boy or the girl knows him well. / Not only you but also he is wrong.14. 一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于

18、名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。a lot (lots of), plenty of, a heap of(heaps of), half of, two-thirds, ninety percent of, part of, rest of, some of, none of等。如: 40 percent of the students come from the south of China. / Three millions tons of were exported that year.15. 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义.。当表示整体时,谓语

19、动词用单数; 当主语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数。如:army, audience, band, board, crowd, cattle, class, club, committee, crew, family, crowd, firm, flock, gang, government, group, majority, party, police, public, staff, team, troop等。如：The committee meets twice a month. / The committee are divided in opinion.16. 定语从句中关系代词作

20、主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。 One of the students who have written to the authority about the problem of population raises his hand. / He is the only one of the students who is from Beijing.附：代词一致1. 由eitheror, neithernor, not only, but (also), or连接先行词,如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的一致的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近

21、的先行词在数、性上保持一致。 如: Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. / Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.2. 当each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.3

22、. everything, anything, something, nothing之类的不定代词作主语时,句中相应的代词,一般只按语法一致的原则,用其单数的形式。如: Everything is ready, isnt it?4. 当主语为复数形式, 后跟each作同位语时, 如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如: They each have two coats. / We are each responsible for his own family.III、非谓语动词一、不定式和动名词的区别：动名

23、词表示：笼统、泛指的意思 / 抽象或经常性的动作 / 已成为过去或经验之谈不定式表示：一时性的具体的或特定的动作 / 现在或将来的动作如：Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. (经验)To study abroad has long been my dream. (一件尚未完成的事情)二、非谓语的句型(1) It takes sb. + some time + to do =

24、sb. spend some time (in) doing 、(2) It is + adj. + for sb. + to do (3) It is + adj. + of sb. + to do (常用的形容词有：kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful, stupid, wise等.)(4) It is + no use, no good, no point, a great fun, a real pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名词 + (in) doing sth. 如: It is a great fun pla

25、ying football./ It is a waste of time trying to explain./ It is no good helping him. / There is no point in talking with you.注意：Whats the point of talking with you?(5) There is no + doing . (There is no表示”不可能”) 如：There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的. / There is no saying what may

26、 happen. 说出要发生什么是不可能的. (6) have difficulty (trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time) + (in) + doing sth.(7)go + doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动如:go + jogging(慢跑) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保龄球)/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (冲浪)(8) be busy + doing = be busy with sth. 忙着做sb. spend time (

27、money, energy) in doing sth. 三、V1 + V2 的模式1. V1 + V2 (to do)afford负担得起 hope希望 pretend假装 appear似乎intend企图 promise答应 arrange安排 like喜欢 refuse拒绝 attempt试图 learn学会 try试图 decide决定 long渴望 want想要 desire欲得到manage设法 wish希望 expect期望 mean打算fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan计划2. V1 + V2 (doing)admit承认 imagine想象 appre

28、ciate赞赏,感激mind介意 avoid避免,避开 miss错过complete完成 postpone推迟,延期 consider考虑practice实践 delay耽搁,延误 resist忍住endure忍受 risk冒风险 enjoy享之乐,喜爱suggest建议 escape逃跑 insist on坚持excuse原谅 give up放弃 object to反对cant help禁不住 put off延期等 如：He admitted having made mistake. / Would you consider going north this summer? / They h

29、ave finished their studying.3. V1 + V2 (介词 + doing)succeed in 成功地4. V1 + V2 (to do 或 doing), 但语义不同(1) forget to do忘记要去做某事(此事未做) / forget doing 忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2) stop to do停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 / stop doing停止正在或经常做的事(3) remember to do记住去做某事(未做) / remember doing记得做过某事(已做)(4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾 / r

30、egret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔(5) try to do努力、企图做某事 / try doing试验、试一试某种办法(6) mean to do打算 / mean doing意味着(7) like, love, hate, prefer + to do 表示具体行为 / like, love, hate, prefer doing 表示抽象、习惯、倾向行为(8) need, require, want, deserve + to be V-ed或V-ing, 表示要(修、清理)等意思. 试比较：Dont forget to come tomorrow. (to come动作未做)

31、/ I shall never forget seeing the Queen. / I dont regret telling her what I thought. (已讲过) / I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)5. V1 + sb. / sth. + V2 (do / doing / done) (V1为感官动词)V1 主要有：find, feel, notice, hear, observe, listen to, perceive(察觉),see, look at

32、, overhear, watch, notice 如：We felt the house shake. / I heard the clock strike twelve last night. / I saw him go out of the classroom a minute ago. / He saw his son watching TV when he left. / I find the window broken. 四、非谓语作定语1.不定式作定语 1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 He was the last one to leave school yester

33、day. 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去. I need a pen to write with./ There is nothing to worry about. 4)不定式修饰一些抽象名词, 如: ability, decision, need, plan, promise, failure, wish等. the first, second, last, only, best等.如:

34、His wish to buy a car came true./ He is always the first to come and the last to leave.2.分词作定语 (1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意. (2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事. 如：The room facing (=which faces) south is our classroom. / Is there anything planned (=that has been planned) for tomorrow?3. 不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般

35、来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:1) Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 2) Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 五、非谓语作状语1. 不定式作结果状语(1) In 1935 he left home never to return.(2) so + 形容词(或副词) + as

36、 to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble(象) a tower.(3)such + 名词短语 + as to His indifference is such as to make one despaired. (4)only to 竟然(表示与预料相反的结果) He studied hard only to fail in the exam. (5)形容词(或副词) + enough(副词) to 够,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people. 2.分词作状语 分词和分词短

37、语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件,让步、方式和伴随情况.在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成份.Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom(Whenthestudentssaw the teacher entering the room),thestudentsstoodup./ Heated.(When it is heated), ice will be changed into water. /Being excited (= As I was excited, I couldnt go

38、to sleep.), I couldnt go to sleep. / I stood there, listening to the broadcast. (= I stood there and listened to the broadcast.) (伴随). /The children went away laughing.(The children went away. They laughed as they went.) (行为方式) / Knowing all this (Although they know all this), they made me pay for t

39、he damage. (让步)3.分词作状语与主语的关系 (1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作.它们之间的关系是主动关系.如：Not knowing what to do (Because he didnt know what to do), he went to his parents for help. (2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作.它们之间的关系是被动关系.如：Given more attention (If the trees had been given more attention), the trees could have

40、grown better.4.分词作状语时前面可用连词When, while, once, if, unless, though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语.如：When (being) free, Ill fetch you. / While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her. / If falling ill, Ill see my doctor./ Once completed, this power station supplies the ne

41、arby towns and villages with electricity./ Even though given every opportunity, they would not try. / Though knowing the truth, she remained silent. / Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的. They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.(伴随) / They s

42、tood by the roadside to talk about the plan. (目的) (2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件; 动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因. 1)Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch. /Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.(时间) / Reading carefully, youll learn something new. (条件) /Her family wa

43、s too poor to support him.(结果) /The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 6.独立结构1) 结构：(with) + n./pron. + doing(done, adj., prep. phrase)例句：With you standing there, we cant work. / He fell asleep with the lamp burning. / The boys returned with their face covered with sweat. / He slept well

44、 with the door open. / He stood there with his hat in hand. / The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. / 2) 结构： S1 , S2 . (S1和S2的主语不一致)Weather permitting (If weather permits), well play basketball tomorrow. / This done (When this had been done), they packed their tools and went hom

45、e. (事情办完了,他们装起工具回家了)./ The rain having stopped (After the rain had stopped), the soldiers continued their match. 六.非谓语的时态和语态1非谓语的完成式：V1 + V2 (V2 的动作发生在V1的动作之前)The house is said to have been burnt in a fire. The whole company was praised for having provided a good service.注意： 在be, wish, intend, mean,

46、 plan, hope, expect, should (或) would like 等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为. 如: He planned to have gone abroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./ I hoped to have seen her.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./ I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./ The enemy expected to have found him.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到).2.不定式的进行式When mother came in

47、, the child pretended to be sleeping.He is said to be writing a paper on this project. (It is said that he is writing a paper on this project.)试比较：He is said to write a paper on this project. (It is said that he will write a paper on this project.) 3非谓语的语态Dick prefers to be assigned heavier work to

48、do.试比较：Dick prefers to do a light job.I dislike being interrupted when I am speaking.试比较：I dislike having to work.七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.疑问词 + 不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语. 如: When to start has not been decided./ I dont know what to do. / The difficulty was how to cross the r

49、iver./ I can tell you where to get this book. 注意：1) 有时疑问词前可用介词,如: I have no idea of (as to) how to do it. 2) why 后面不能加不定式。2.不带to的不定式 (1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.(2)使役动词make,1et,have. 如: Let him do it. / I would have you know that I am ill. 注:上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式一般须带”to”, 如:He was seen to come./ The

50、 boy was made to go to bed early. 在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to, 如: He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.3.but(except)后带不带”to”?决定but(except)是否带”to”，关键在于看句子的谓语动词是否是动词”do”1) do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中不带to如: Last night I did nothing but watch T.V. / John wi

51、ll do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。2) but(except)后必须带”to”如果谓语动词不是”do nothing, anything, everything”, 那么but (except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”。 如: The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. / There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. / I have no alternative but to go with him.注意： 不

52、得不 can not but + do / can not help but + to do 情不自禁 can not help + doing 如:Mary cannot but sing.(= She couldnt help but to sing.) / I can not help singing.4.V + to ”to”是介词的词组下列词组中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词： be accustomed to = be used to习惯于/ adapt to适应 / adjust to适应于/ agree to同意 / amount to合计；等于/ confess to承认 /

53、 attend to出席;照料/ devote to献身于 / take to 养成习惯;喜欢 / turn to着手工作 / look forward to盼望 / object to(=be opposed to = oppose) 反对 / pay attention to 关注 / contribute to 贡献 / deny (to)否认 / come to 提到等.如：I am looking forward to seeing you again./ I prefer reading books to doing housework./ Most people object t

54、o smoking.注意： 比较When it comes to doing sth.（说到） When sb. come to do sth. （逐渐地）如：When it comes to repairing the computer, he is at a loss. / After several failures, he came to know it was not easy to pick up a language.5动名词的所有格如:Tom insisted on my going with them. / He dislikes his wifes working late

55、./ I am glad of the examination being over. / I never hear a person of character doing such a thing. / I object to anyone smoking in my roomIV. 情态动词1. neednt + 不定式完成式: 表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为. 如：You neednt have come over yourself. 你不必亲自来.2. 情态动词 + have done及其它1) could + have done表示与事实相反 2) might + have don

56、e表示未实现的行为 3) neednt + have done表示做了不该做的事情 4) must + have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测 5) should + have done表示该做而未做到的事 6) should not + have done表示做了不该做的事 如：He could have helped me, but he didnt. 他能帮助我,但他没有. / You might have done the work better. 你本来可以把工作做得更好. / You neednt have come over yourself.你本来不必亲自过。/ It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. / They should have made a good job of it. 他们本来可把工作做好。/ You should not have done such things. 你不该干出这种事情来.注意：表示对过去行为的否定推测为cant have done, 而非mustnt have done.3. shall / should (ought to); will / would 1) shall在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意