英语语言学复习资料

1、英语语言学复习资料注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题. 2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics: An Overview1.1 What is language?1.2 Features of human languages(i) Creativity (or productivity)Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language._ is the first and foremost striking featu

2、re of human language.A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement(ii) Duality( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.(iii) Arbitrariness( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.(iv) Dis

3、placement( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.(v) Cultural transmission (vi) Interchangeability (vii) Reflexivity1.3 Functions of language(i) The ideational function (ii) The interpersonal

4、 function (iii) The textual functionA. Ideational function B. Interpersonal functionC Textual function. D. Logical function1.4 Types of language( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.1.5 The myth of language: language origin1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of languageLinguistics as a scienceB

5、ranches of linguistics(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisionsFeatures of modern linguisticsChapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds2.1 The study of speech soundsThe study of speech sounds is called _.A. Phonetics B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Phonology D. Acoustic Phon

6、etics2.2 The sound-producing mechanism2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech soundsUnit of representationPhonetic symbols2.4 Description of English consonants2.5 Description of English vowels( ) Not all vowels are voiced.2.6 Phonetic features and natural classesI. Write the phonetic symbol that corres

7、ponds to the articulatory description. (10%)Example: vowel front high i:1bilabial nasal2voiced labiovelar glide3literal liquid4voiced bilabial stop5front high laxII. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)Example: heat i: vowel front high

8、1write2actor3city4worry1yesChapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.3.2 Phonemes and allophones3.3 Discovering phonemesContrastive distributionSip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc,

9、are all _.A. minimal pairs B. minimal sets C. allophones D. phomesComplimentary distribution( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice

10、 between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)Free Variation( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.The discovery procedure3.4

11、 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features3.5 Phonological rules3.6 Syllable structureEvery syllable has a(n) _, which is usually a vowel.A. onset B. nucleus C. coda D. rhyme3.7 Sequence of phonemes3.8 Features above segmentsStressIntonationTone( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distingui

12、sh utterance meaning.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?B. Stress B. Intonation C. Tone D. SyllableThe functioning of stress and intonation in EnglishI. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)Column I Column IIa. a bluebird

13、 a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperII. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.2. A woman murdererChapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure4.1 Words and word structure1. _ is defined as the study of the internal

14、 structure and the formation of words.A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicon D. Morpheme4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language4.3 Classification of morphemesFree and bound morphemes( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.In th

15、e phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _ morphemes.A. one B. two C. three D. fourInflectional and derivational morphemes4.4 Formation of English wordsDerivationCompounding( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.( ) A greenbottle

16、 is a type of bottle.( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.Other types of English word formationTell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)a) flub) OPECc) Nobeld)tel

17、evisee) better (v.)_ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A. Clipping B. Blending C. Eponym D. ConversionChapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure5.1 Grammaticality5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure5.3 Different approaches to syntax5.4 Transformational-

18、generative grammarThe goal of a TG grammarSyntactic categoriesPhrase structure rulesTree diagramsDraw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)Pat found a book on Wall Street.Recursion and the infinitude of languageSubcategorization of the lexiconTransformational rules5.5 Systemic

19、-functional grammarTwo perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choiceThe three metafunctionsTransitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experienceMaterial processes Relational processesMental processes Verbal processes Behavioral processes Existential processesIdentify the type of t

20、ransitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)1. John washed the car.2. John likes the car.Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interactionTheme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of messageChapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning6.1 The study of

21、 meaning 6.2 Reference and senseReferenceSense6.3 Classification of lexical meaningsBoth pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in _ meaning.A. collocative B. social C. affective D. reflectedReferential meaning and associative meaningTypes of associative meaning6.4 Lexical sense relat

22、ionsSynonymyAntonymyHomonymyPolysemyHyponymyExplain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). (5%)6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis6.6 Words and conceptsCategorizationPrototypesHierarchies6.7 Semantic relations of sentencesTell the sem

23、antic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)a) My uncle is male.b) The spinster is married.c) Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d) Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e) He has gone to London. He has gone to England.6.8 MetaphorsFrom

24、rhetorical device to cognitive deviceThe components of metaphorsFeatures of metaphors Chapter 7 Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning7.2 Deixis and reference7.3 Speech ActsWhat are the three dimensions that a speech act consists of?7.4 Cooperation and implic

25、atureWhat are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?7.5 The politeness principle7.6 The principle of relevance7.7 Conversational structure_ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talkingC Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequencesChapter 8 Language in Social

26、 Contexts8.1 Sociolinguistic study of languageHow do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?8.2 Varieties of a language1. _ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”A. Register B. Field C. Mode D. Tenor2. British English and American English are _ varieties of the English language.A. functional B. social C. regional D. standard8.3 Grades of formality8.4 Languages in contactHow do you distinguish pidgin f