医学考博阅读课程讲义(全)汇总

1、2013 年医学考博英语阅读理解讲义主讲：金威考博阅读概况考博院校难度：第一类：北大、社科院、党校课程两大方向：1) Reading 2) Questions阅读文章选材1)医学科普类文章2)社科类文章看懂文章熟记大纲内词汇，同时对大纲规定外词汇有所了解；克服长难句能抓住文章重点和主题做题准确定位问题答案，熟悉各种题型，能对选项进行正确筛选复习计划1、词汇要有基本的六级词汇量，再增加2000 左右医学科普类词汇，包括常见疾病名称、常见器官名称、常见医疗器械名称、生物科技新进展等方面的词汇大体需要8000 多个单词，重点复习高中以上的近904000 个单词，主要是动词和形容词。2、如何背单词1

2、小时 40 个单词左右艾宾浩斯记忆曲线（如右）单词背诵保证 3-5 天内复习一次，7 天左右复习第二次，后一次复习时间间隔倍增，经过 7 次记熟单词研究历年真题做题步骤：1）先做模拟2）学习该篇文章，查询每一个不认识的单词， 同时看懂每句话，并能翻译3）分析文章结构4）题目分析5）选项分析精读、泛读能力的训练911) 医疗期刊2) 西方大网站的健康栏目和频道New York TimesThe Economist泛读训练目标1) 练速度2) 练猜测、练跳跃3) 了解文章背景，西方背景泛读资料1) 卫生类职称英语资料2) 医学英语类教材3) 英语世界等小杂志方法总结：一、 快速多次背单词二、 精读

3、历年真题三、 精读训练四、 定量定范围做泛读第二章考博阅读理解专项练习2002 年人民大学真题Passage 24 (2002 中国人民大学 )92Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV if they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don't think muc

4、h of them.The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and wha

5、t is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he has to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily clad ladies or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminal. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of word

6、s on thousands of forms abouthundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty or notof stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal; as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very seriou

7、s cases like murders andterrorist attackswhere failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the policelittle effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to93p

8、rove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who don't want to get involved in a court case. So as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses

9、and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as members of a police force they alway

10、s have to behave with absolute legality, secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets

11、tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened bythe simple mindednessas he sees it of citizens, social workers, doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that

12、 this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.9416It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law _ .Aso that he can catch criminals in the streetsBbecaus

13、e many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerousCso that he can justify his arrests in courtDbecause he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer17The everyday life of a policeman or detective is _ .Aexciting and glamorousBfull of dangerCdevoted mostly to routine mattersDwas

14、ted on unimportant matters18When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police _ .Aprefer to wait for the criminal to give himself awayBspend a lot of effort on trying to track down their manCtry to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputationDusually fail to produce results19The real d

15、etective lives in “anunpleasant moral twilightbecause”_ .Ahe is an expensive public servantBhe must always behave with absolute legalityChe is obliged to break the law in order to preserve itDhe feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world9520Detectives are rather cynical because _ .Anine

16、tenths of their work involves arresting peopleBhardly anyone tells them the truthCsociety does not punish criminals severely enoughD too many criminals escape from jail1、扫描题干，提炼关键词1) 找共性词2) 重点关注问原因的题3) 重点关注与作者有关的题2、通读全文，抓住中心通读是以抓住文章主旨和结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式。通读中要把握两点：（ 1）首段原则，即文章第一段或前 1/4 尽量逐字逐句读懂（ 2）首末句原则：抓

17、住段落主旨，一般出现在首句、末句或段中转折词后。在看懂主旨的情况下，粗略阅读细节、论据、例子、数字、引言等信息，无需重复和回读抓住中心就是要明确下述三个问题：（ 1）本文的核心话题是什么？（ 2）各段大意是什么？（ 3）作者观点和态度3、确定题型，排除干扰项七种常见错误选项陷阱：96（1）偷换概念（2）正反混淆：较难词替换，单数否定（3）时态错误（4）扩大范围（5）无中生有（无关常识，无关真理）（6）答非所问（尤其细节题）（7）虚拟语气语法：（ 1）定语从句（ 2）名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句（ 3）分词状语（ 4）独立主格（ 5）虚拟语气2000 年试题Passage

18、 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industri

19、es unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were97prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other cou

20、ntries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign comp

21、etition. By 1987 there was only one Americantelevision maker left, Zenith (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it loo

22、ked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing busin

23、ess was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How th

24、ings have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back98on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self doubt has yielded to blind pride“American industry has

25、 changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quickwitted,according” to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improvingtheir productivity,”phensaysMooreSte of the Cato Ins

26、titute, a think-tankin Washington, DC. And WilliamSahlman of the Harvard BusinessSchool believes that people will look back on this period as“ a goof business management in the United States.”1The U. Sachieved its predominance after World War because_A it had made painstaking efforts towards this go

27、alB its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitorsD the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy2The loss of U. Spredominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the

28、American _.99ATV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market Bsemiconductor industry had been taken over by foreignenterprisesCmachinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions Dauto industry had lost part of its domestic market3What can be inferred from the passage?AIt is human nature to

29、shift between self doubt and blind pr BIntense competition may contribute to economic progress. CThe revival of the economy depends on internationalcooperation.DA long history of success may pave the way for further development.4The author seems to believe the revival of the U. Seconomy in the1990s

30、can be attributed to theAturning of the business cycleBrestructuring of industryCimproved business managementDsuccess in education定位原则1、信号词定位2、自然段顺序原则3、长难句定位原则100细节题解题原则将选项逐一与原文核对，不要凭印象做题。Passage 4I had never been in the public ward of a hospital before, and it was my first experience of doctors who

31、 handle you without speaking to you or, in a human sense, taking any notice of you. They only put on six glasses in my case, but after doing so they scarified the blisters and applied the glasses again, Each glass now drew out about a dessert spoonful of dark-colored blood, I had aches and pains all

32、 over. As I lay down again, humiliated, disgusted and frightened by the thing that had been done to me, I reflected that now at least they would leave me alone. But no, not a bit of it. There was another treatment coming, the mustard poultice, seemingly a matter of routine like the hot bath. Two sla

33、tternly nurses had already got the poultice ready, and they lashed it round my chest as tight as a strait-jacket while some men who were wandering about the ward in shirt and trousers began to collect round my bed with half-sympathetic grins. I learned later that watching a patient having a mustard

34、poultice was a favorite pastime in the ward. These things are normally applied for a quarter of an hour and certainly they are funny enough if you don't happen to be the person inside. For the first five minutes the pain is severe, but you believe you can bear it. During the101second five minute

35、s this belief evaporates, but the poultice is bucked at the back and you can't get it off. This is the period the onlookers enjoy most. During the last five minutes I noted a sort of numbness supervenes. After the poultice bad been removed a waterproof pillow packed with ice was thrust beneath m

36、y head and I was left alone, I did not sleep, and to the best of knowledge this was the only night of my life-I mean theonly night spent in bedin which I have not slept at all not even a minute.59Which of the following was NOT used in the treatment of the patient?A Glasses.BPoultice.CA strait-jacket

37、DA waterproof pillow.60It can be inferred from the passage that the writer's fellow patients_.A were sympatheticBwere curious about the treatmentCtook pleasure in others' misfortuneD showed indifference to the treatment61To the author's disappointment, the pain _.Alasted a whole nightBga

38、ve place to numbnessCwas worsened by the pillowDwas unbearable62The patient didn't sleep at all that night because _ .102Athe ice-packed pillow was too coldBit was the patient's first night in the hospitalChe felt pain all over and had a high feverD he had been disturbed by the day's tre

39、atmentsPassage 2The truth may well be self-evident that all humans are created equal, but one thing our Maker did not endow us with equally is the speed at which we take in words on the printed page. This seems not so much a function of brains as of how efficiently the machinery works. Afew of us ar

40、e industrial vacuum cleaners, able to suck up“ The Deand Fall of the Roman Empire ”in a matter of hours. At the otherextreme are the lint-pickers, those who must lip-read even Danielle Steel.The rest of us are left to carpet- sweep at the rate of three or four words at a glance, and dream of the hou

41、rs that would be saved if only we were better endowed.Onto this uneven field charged Evelyn Wood back in the late 1950's. She was convinced that with a little pushing, all of as, even the lint-pickets, could be transformed into vacuum cleaners. All we had to dowas stop saying the words out loud

42、in our heads- “subvocalizing ”, she called it-and to stop pausing to reread words as our minds drifted away. The point was to start consuming print in bites instead of nibble. To do103this, Wood wanted us to drag our fingers down the middle of the page to act as pacers, to be rabbits for the greyhou

43、nds of our eyes She promised that the words wouldn't blur; the faster we went, the more we would take in.Did her method really work? Multitudes believed it did and flocked to her Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics Institutes as they spread across the land. Presidents of the United States packed member

44、s of their staffs off to her schools, the better to keep from drowning in Presidentialmemos. Her students devoured George Orwell's“ Animal Farm” at therate of 1.400 words a minute.Wood had guaranteed that her method worked on all manner of material. Not likely. So there had to be a drop of snake

45、 oil in the ointment. Still the essence of Wood's notion was sound.51From Paragraph l, we have learnt that _.Ait is not true that all humans are created equalBthe human brain functions as a machineCthe reading speed actually varies from person to personDa vacuum cleaner works a lot more efficien

46、tly than a lint-picker52In the late 1950's, Evelyn Wood _.Ainvented a special device with which to help people improve their reading ability104Bhelped people pick up their reading speedCtaught people how to read faster than their than subvocalize them while readingD instructed people to vocalize

47、 the words rather minds went53The writer's description of the work ability, of Wood's method is_.AexaggerativeBdoubtfulCimaginaryDfactual54According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?AIt goes without saying that the writer is completely in favour of Wood's view and metho

48、dBThe writer does not question the essence of Wood's ides.CIn the writer's opinion. Wood's method cannot be absolutely practicable on all kinds of materials.DThe writer wrote this passage critically.第一部分阅读基础能力训练Passage 24Passage 24讲解When I decided to quit my full time employment it never

49、 occurred to me that l might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to105abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of adisgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted

50、to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, myexperiment in what the Americans term “ downshifting has”turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from apassionate advocate of the philosophy of “ havingit all ”preached, b

51、y Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “ j

52、uggling your life ”and, making thealternative move into “ downshifting brings” with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fear

53、ful strain of officepolitics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time ”. In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, lessmaterialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting alsoknown in America as“ voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred anew area of what might be termed anti- consumerism. There are a numberof bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to106