初中英语语法(思维导图)-英语语法总结思维导图

1、初中英语语法思维导图名 词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、名词的分类名词类 另I意义例词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、 地名、机构、团体等的专有名 称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普 通 名 词可 数 名 词个体 名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总 称people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不 可 数 名 词物质 名词表示无

2、法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象 名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加 冠词。2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“ the, ”但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer-a beer 杯啤酒， work- a work 工厂，著作 ,glass-a glass 个玻璃杯，room空间-a

3、room 一个房间、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“域an”；复数形式是在名词后加-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：当名词为：词尾变化读音例词一般情况加s在清辅首后 读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅首或 兀首后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾 的单词力口 s或es/z/

4、zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y 结尾的单词去y变i 加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,以f或fe结尾 的单词去f或fe 变v力口es/vz/leaves, wives, halves以th结尾的词加s/ez/; /0 z/mouths, paths; months, deaths第1页共61页2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man-men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, goose geese, mouse

5、-mice单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词 , 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctormen doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注意 : 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, et丽些名词从形式上看是复数,实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs,

6、politics, news3.不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。 eg. food 食物 - foods 各种食物，time 时间 - times 时代， green 绿色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艰苦(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of 来表示eg. a cup of tea, s

7、even pieces of bread, several bags of rice,三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系 ,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s ；另一种是用 of, 表示“的”。1. (1) 一般词的所有格 , 直接在词尾+s 。 eg. Mr. Mott s robot, children s clothes(2) 以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+ eg. teachers books(3)两人共有的物体，则在第二个名词后+' s如果分别是两人所有，则在每个名词后面+ ' s eg. Lucy and Lily ' s room.

8、f%共住一个房间 ) Mrs Green ' s and Mrs Brown'指颇n备自的儿子 )(4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctor s (officeM) r. White s2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用 of 短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom ， a picture of the bedroom ，(2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用 of 短语表示。eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man(4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend o

9、f his, the big nose of Tom s(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加 s 来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, today s newspaper例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. They got much from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析 : much 是用来修饰不可数名词的 , A B D 三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C 项为不可数名词, 因此选 C.2. I have two and three bottles of

10、 here.A. orange, orangeB. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orangeD. orange, oranges解析 : orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词 , 第二空填不可数名词 , 因此选 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a to his home .A. 25 minutes walkB. 25 minute s walkC. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walk解析：句中的minute应该用其复数的所有格形式，只+&

11、#39;而不能+s,因此选A。4. An old wants to see you.A. people B. person C. the people D. the person解析 : person 与 people 都有 ”人” 的意思 , 但用法不同 . 一个人“ ”用“a person ”,“两个人 ” 用 “ twopersons ” p;eople 泛指 “人们 ”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民 ” ,a people 指“一个民族 ” .应选B 。5. Help yourself to .A. chickens and applesB. chickens

12、 and appleC. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples解析 : chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple 为可数名词故应 +s, 因此选 D 。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two .A. room s number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析 : room number 房间号码 . room 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有my phsics teacher, twobus drive

13、rs 等 . 应选 C。7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second .A. familyB. house C. home D. room解析 : family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员 ; house 指的是房子（住所 ）; room 指的是房间;而 home 指的是家 , 因此选 C.8. mothers couldnA. Mary and Peter st go to the meeting, because they have gone to Sh. anghai8. Mary and Pe

14、ter9. Mary s and PeterD. Mary s and Peter s解析：此句中“mothers是复数，表示两个人各自的母亲，因此应选D。9. Li Lei has been to many times this month.A. her uncle B. her uncle s C. her unclesD. aunt s解析 : 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次” .表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词因此选 B 。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn t in teaching.A. many experience

15、sB. much experienceC. an experienceD. a lot experience解析 : experience 作 “经验 ” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历 ”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验 ”, 因此是不可数名词 ,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句 , 不用于否定句 , 因此选 B。11. A classmate of was here ten minutes ago.A. youB. yourC. your sisterD. your sister s解析 : 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应

16、选D。12. A group of are talking with two .A. Frenchmen, GermansB. Germans ,FrenchmansC. Frenchmans , GermenD. Germen , Frenchmen解析 : Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选 A.13 .The team having a meeting .A. isB. areC. amD. be解析 : team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义（指整个小组） , 也可指小组中的成员（表示复数）, 此题意为后

17、者, 因此选 B 。14 .“ Would you like ?“ ”, please. ”A. drink, Three coffeesB. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee 解析 : drink 和 coffee 是不可数名词D. a drink, Three cups of coffees可以用 of来表示数量 ,eg, three cups of coffee,当前面加 a 时, 则表示 “一杯 ” 因此选C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by , but also the flesh a

18、nd blood of men.A.earth and stone, millions ofC. the earth and stone, million of解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除因此选A 。B. earths and stones, millionsD. the earths and stones, millionsB D, 数以百万的应为millions of .练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！选择最佳答案：1 Last night, there was a food accident. The were ill, but no were lost.A. child,

19、 lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life2. -This is a photo of when they were young.-OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and motherB. my mother and father'sC. my mother's and father'sD.my father's and my mother3. The new student is in , Grade Two.A. Class Th

20、ird B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September 10th. It's Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's5. The market isn't far from here. It's only bicycle ride.A.half an hours' B. hal

21、f an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you like to drink, girls?- , please.A.Two cup of coffeeB. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for .A. funB. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. S

22、ome are flying kites near the river.A. childB. boy C. boysD. childs9. After the exam, we'll haveholiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's10. They are those bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitorsC. visitor'sD. visitors'11. - How many workers are

23、 there in your factory?- There are two .A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of第 7 页 共 61 页12. -What do you think of the the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?- It sounds really wonderful.A. subject B. music C. book D. animal13. There is not enough in the corner for the fridge.A. placeB. roo

24、m C. fieldD. ground14. comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool B. Pork C. MuttonD. Milk15. If you don't take more , you'll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty walk from here.A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes's D. minutes17.

25、Mum, I have to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news18. Which is the to the post office?A. streetB. wayC. road D. address19. I stayed at last Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles' C. my uncle's D. my uncle's family20. Maths not easy to learn.A. areB.

26、isC. amD. were1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB冠词冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an )和定冠词(the)知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、 不定冠词的用法1) 用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：She is a girl.Pass mean apple , please.2) 、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：A boy is waiting for youWe work six days a week.3) . 表示 “一 ”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈 .例如 :We are

27、going to have an English lesson tomorrow.I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears.4) . 用于某些固定的词组中 .例如 :a few, a little, a lot of注 : 用 a 还是 an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头二、定冠词的用法1) 特指某 (些)人或某(些)物 .例如: the photo of the boy2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如:-Where are the new books, Jim?- They are on the small table.3)

28、指上文提过的人或物.例如:Today he is making a machine.He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane.4) . 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The sun is bigger than the moon.5) . 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如:The first truck is carrying a few baskets.The third one is carrying the fewest of all.6) . 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如 :the Gr

29、eat Wallthe North Street Hospital7) . 用在一些习惯用语中 .例如 :in the morning (afternoon, evening),on the left(right)at the end of三、不用冠词的情况1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk2)名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如：The letter is in her pocket.I think the shop is closed at this tim

30、e of day.3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如：My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes.4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.)Today is Mid-Autumn Day.It is cold in winter.5)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Uncle Wang likes making things.What colour are Mrs Green s shoes?6)在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如：He went to school afte

31、r breakfast.Can you play basketball?注： 在某些固定词组中，如： at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. milk is food. milk in this cup has gone bad.2. -Do you like playing football?-Yes. But I have only basketball.3. Do you know girl on another side of lake?4. There s “ u” and “ s” in work “ u

32、se ”.5. She says animals cant s live without air, either.6. His father, who is honest man, is teaching in university.7. Which is heavier, elephant or horse?8. cold wind was blowing from the north.9. He is always ready to help old and young.10. Greens are traveling in South China.11. Although most of

33、 us like to drink beer, those who drink most are leasthealthy.12. Xiaomei saw interesting film last night. film was about kind doctor.13. You can have second try if you fail first time.14. Tom went to school as usual, but he didn t know his father went to school for a parentmeeting.15. knowledge beg

34、ins with practice.解析：1. /, the （milk是物质名词，一般不用冠词，但后面加上一个定语in the cup后，使其成为特指，所以需要用定冠词 the.）2. / , the （球类运动前不用the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词 a ）3. the,/, the （特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语 another;）4. a, an, the （发音以辅音开头所以用a; “s发音以元音开头所以用an;特指这个单词用the）5. /,/ （泛指动物所以不用任何冠词 ; air 不可数名词，其前一般不用冠词）6. an, the （ honest 发音以元音开头，故用

35、 an, 在大学里为 in the university）7. an, a或the ,the （不定冠词a , an和 定冠词the与名词单数连用表示种类）8. a （物质名词 coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind 等， 在表示 “一种 ”或 “一场 ”的意义时， 前面要加不定 冠词。9. the, the （ 形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人 ）10. The ,/ （ 姓氏的复数前加定冠词 the 表示一家人；在华南是in South China）11. /, the, the （ most当大多数讲时前面不用the;后两空均为形容词的最高级，前面要

36、加the）12. a, the, a （ 第一空和第三空都指一个事物，第二空是特指前面提到的电影 ）13. a, the （a second try 指的是第二次）14. /, the （go to school 去上学， go to the school 去那所学校）15. /,/ （具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前，一般不用冠词）练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！一、在空白处填入 a / an 或 the 。1. -Mum, what shall we have for dinner?-Dumplings.-Oh, what wonderful dinner! I enjoy it ve

37、ry much.2. PLA was founded on August 1 st,19273. Kings came to us at noon.bed and you4. The scientists from United States live in Ninth Street.5. The doctor to him,“ Take medicine twice day. Stay in ” soon. ”6. September 10th is Teachers Day.7. Mr Black arrived here on Tuesday morning.8. There are f

38、our seasons in year. first season is spring. It is best one of four.9. Some people have been to moon, in spaceship.10. China is old country with long history答案1./, a 2. the, / 3.the，/ 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6./7. /8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10./,an,/ a二、选择填空：A. / B. aC. anD. the1. They are livi

39、ng happy life now.2. bag on desk is mine.3. There is empty box on the table.4. Do you like music of the film“Titanic " ?5. On Saturday, I stay in bed till 12:00.6. Browns have been to China twice.7. Don' t make any noise in class.8. This is such interesting story that you must listen to it.

40、9. Next week they will go to Australia by air.10. Which is bigger,sun or moon?Key: 1 一5 BDCDA6-10 DACAD三、在空白处填入a / an或the。1. This morning I bought newspaper and magazine. newspaper is in my bag but I don' tknow where I put magazine.2. I saw accident this morning.car crashed into tree.driver of _

41、 car wasn 'hurt but car was badly damaged.3. There are two cars parked outside:blue one and grey one.blue one is my neighbourI don ' t know who owner of grey one is.4. My friends live in old house in small village. There is beautiful garden behind house. I would like to have garden like that

42、.1. a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a, the, a知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点!、代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、 不定代词和相互代词。我"你“他我汨"你们”他“、代词的用法、数 、格人称 单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格1.人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示 们”。请看下表：A人称wemeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshe

43、heritit(1)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.(2)宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don ' t want me go there alone.Don' t worry. I can look after her.(3)宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：-Who' s that? - It ' s me.注意：人称代词 we, you, they可以用来表示一般人。例如：You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语，

44、一般都在正中的谈话中，表示强调。例如：It was he who took away the necklace.是他拿走了那条项链。人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如：The ship is leaving. She ' s on her first trip toBostont航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。We love our country, we hope she' ll be strongerged strong爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越It作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：It is about 10 kilometres

45、 from here.离这儿大约有 10 公里。It还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：It is not easy to learn English well.It is good for you taking a walk after supper.I found it difficult to sleep.英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同，I在最后，you在最前；但是，当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I在最前，you在最后。例如：You, he and I are all

46、the winners.I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.2.物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。“词义 类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他/她/它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(1)形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语，后面跟名词。例如:To our surprise, he has passed the e

47、xam.(2)名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：May I use your bike? Mine is at school.(作主语)Whose glasses are these? They are hers.( 作表语)My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours?(作宾语)(3)名词性物主代词可以与of连用，作定语。例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.3 .反身带词：用来表示 某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示：词义我（们）自己你（们）自己他/她/它自己/他们自己单数mysel

48、fyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves（1）反身代词在句中常用宾语，主语或宾语的同位语。例如：Her sister is too young to dress herself.（作宾语）He himself is always making such mistakes.（主语同位语 ）You' d better ask your wife herself.宾语同位语）（2）反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配，例如：make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by on

49、eself, help oneself to，etc4 .指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表这，这个那，那个这些那些thisthatthesethose指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：Those are my parents.（ 作主语）Throw it like that.（作表语）The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket.（ 作表语）These pictures are drawn by an old blind man.（ 作定语）注意：（1）前面刚刚提到过的东西，常用that, those

50、表示。 例如：I ' m sorry to hear that.（2 ）下文将要提到的事情，可用these, this表示，起启下的作用。 例如：Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.5 .疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有： who, what, which, whose, whom ,在句 中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。作主语：What make you so happy?作宾语：Who / Whom is

51、your manager talking with?在口语中，作宾语时 who和whom可以通用，但在介词后面只能用whom.例如：About whom they are talking just now?作定语：Which subject do you like best?作表语：What' s your mother.6 .相互代词：用于表示相互关系的代词。常用的有：each other, one another.相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如：We should help each other.The villagers have looked after one another

52、 these year.相互代词后可以加表示所有关系。例如：We put the presents in each other' s stocking.7 .连接代词：用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、 主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有： what, which, who,whom whose, that 例如：I know what he said at the meeting.The problem is who will mend it.Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?8 .不定代词：不定代词没有确定的对象，

53、常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, 第9页共61页many ， much, other, another, some any, no 以及由 some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语， 而none及含有some, an every的合成代词不能做定语， no 和 every 只能做定语。代词many, few, a few 修饰可数名词， much, little, a little 修饰不可数名词。 both, either, nei

54、ther, each 用于指两 者， all, any, none, every, another 用于指三者或三者以上。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. This isn t pencil case. I left at home.A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself解析：此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题，就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应选 A 。2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are new words in it.A. a

55、 littleB. littleC. a few D. few解析： 历年来中考始终将little, a little, few, a few 作为一个重要考点， 要做好这类题， 必须明确几点： （ 1 ）little, a little 修饰或代替不可数名词； few, a few 修饰或代替可数名词复数。 （ 2） few, little 一般表示否定意义； a few, a little 表示肯定意义。应选D 。3. Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? OK. I m free today and tomorrow.A. EitherB. Neither C. Both D. None解析：此类题主要是针对each, every, both, all, either, neither, none 等不定代词的考查。 Both 指两个人或物； all 表示三者或三者以上“都”，它们都表示肯定意义，均与of 连用，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，作定语修饰复数名词。 all 也可代替不