高考英语语法精讲与精练 ：第八章 句子成分和基本句型

1、高考英语语法精讲与精练 ：第八章 句子成分和基本句型第八章英语句子成分和简单句的基本句型一、句子成分和基本句型讲前练：指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。1.Theyhave workedfor months and even years.成分：主语 谓语 时间状语句型结构总结：主语谓语（不及物动词）2.The filmyou see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work成分：主语 定语 谓语 表语句型结构总结：主语系动词表语 3. I didnt understand all of the

2、 traditional customsat first.成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 句型结构总结： 主语谓语（及物动词）宾语 4.Traditional festivalsteachusa lot about our nations history成分： 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 句型结构总结： 主语谓语（及物动词）双宾语（间接宾语直接宾语） 5.Traditional festivalsenableusto learn fine Chinese values成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 句型结构总结： 主语谓语复合宾语（宾语补语） 小结：从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分

3、包括：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语二、句子成分和基本句型精讲（一）、句子成分：1、主语: 说明句子所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语通常由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。EG:Lucy likes her new car very much. 露西喜欢她的新车。【名词作主语】Hegoes to and from schoolby bike every day.他每天都起得很早。(代词作主语)To learn English wellis a challenge.学好英语是一项挑战性工作。【不定式短语作主语】2、谓语: 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中

4、谓语只能用动词充当。例如：We workhard.我们努力工作。The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。He islike his father. 他像他父亲。注意：介词不能作谓语，必须与be动词连用，构成系表结构，一起作谓语。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。EG:Music isthe utmost pleasure in life.音乐是人生最大的快乐。As I take each bite, the sweet and mild flavour of the red bean filling slowly fills my mouth.3、宾语: 宾语是动

5、作的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当，说明主语做 “什么”。EG:Tom bought a story-book.汤姆买了一本故事书。【名词作宾语】I saw him yesterday. 昨天我看到他了。【代词宾语】He decidedto run away from home. 他决定离家出走。【不定式短语作宾语】注意：宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语：有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语；合称双宾语。EG：I boughtmy sona box of Mark pens last night. 他给了我一些墨水。间接宾语 直接宾语Ou

6、r teacher told usaninteresting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。间接宾语 直接宾语4、表语：说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”；与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当；用在系动词后面。EG：I have been an English teacher since I graduated from university.我的姐姐是一名护士。【名词作表语】Terry seems in low spirits today.特瑞今天好像情绪低落。【介词短语】Toms dream has become true alread

7、y. 汤姆的梦想已经实现。【形容词作表语】5、定语：修饰名词或代词的成分，除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语都可以作定语。EG：After years of hard work,his career began to take.多年的努力工作之后，他的事业开始腾飞。【形容词作定语】Are these students your classmates? 这些学生是你班的吗？【形容词性物主代词作定语】Winter is the coldest season of the year.冬天是一年中最冷的季节。【介词短语作定语】The building to be bui

8、lt next year will be our new teaching building.明年将要修建的建筑物将是我们的新教学楼。【不定式作定语】The people here are very friendly.这里的人们非常友好。【副词作定语】注意：单个形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。6、状语: 修饰动词、形容词、副词，或修饰全句的成分叫状语。作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。EG：Jack runs very fast. 杰克跑得很快。【副词作状语】All these clothes are mad

9、e by hand.shua。所有的这些衣服都是手工制作的。【介词短语作状语】She will arrive in Shanghaion Friday. 她将于星期五到达上海。【介词短语作状语】To pass the weekly test, he is studying very hard. 为了通过周考，他正在努力学习。【不定式短语状语】7、宾语补足语: 有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个成分来说明宾语的情况，意思才能够完整，这个成分叫宾语补足语。宾语和补足语构成复合宾语。EG:They always call meLao Yang.宾语 宾语补足语 【名词做宾补】You must kee

10、p the roomclean and tidy.宾语 宾语补足语【形容词作宾补】Mr. Yanginvitedmeto visit his new house in Huaihua.宾语 宾语补足语【不定式作宾补】I hadmy old housepaintedlast week.宾语 宾语补足语We foundthe girls in our classplaying gameson the playground ten minutes ago.宾语 宾语补足语【现在分词作宾补】句子成分巧记歌诀主谓宾表定状补， 七种成分记清楚。句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。定语修饰主宾表， 宾语之

11、后常有补。主谓人称数一致， 状语位置最灵活。考点对练1：指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 宾语 2.Betty plantedmany trees and flowerson her farm 谓语 3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表语 4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week? 状语 5.Yangjingwasmybestfriend in my childhood.

12、定语 6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 状语 7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 宾语补足语 8.I boughtmy girlfrienda gold ringon her birthday. 双宾语 9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语（系动词） 10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构 三、简单句的基本句型： 简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓

13、语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子。简单句分为5种基本句型：1主语谓语（主语 不及物动词）例1：My little sistercan swim very well. 我妹妹游泳游得很好。主语 谓语（不及物动词）例2：The planehas already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。主语 谓语2主语谓语宾语（主语及物动词宾语）例3：The poor passengerson the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg.主语 谓语 宾语泰坦尼克号上可怜的乘客们看到了冰山的顶部。例4：The companymakesfilms . 这家公司制作电影。主

14、语. 谓语 宾语例5：Stanleyboughta flat last year. Stanley去年买了套公寓。主语谓语 宾语3主语系动词表语（主语连系动词表语）例6：My motherisa scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。主语 谓语 表语例7：Shelooksyoung. 她看上去很年轻。主语 谓语 表语例8：The caketastes very yummy. 这蛋糕尝起来很美味。主语 谓语 表语4主语谓语双宾语（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语）例9：My motherboughtmea dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。主语 谓语 间接宾语

15、直接宾语例10：Canyougivemethe math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语例11：Willyoutellussomething about your school life?谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？5主语谓语复合宾语（主语及物动词宾语补语）例12：Wemust keepour classroomclean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语例13：My motherasksmeto speak English as much as possible.主语

16、谓语 宾语 宾语补足语我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。例14：Iheardhersinging happily in the room just now.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。考点对练2：指出下列句子的基本类型1主语谓语2主语谓语宾语3主语系动词表语4主语谓语双宾语(间宾 +直宾 )5主语谓语复合宾语(宾 + 宾补)1.Plants need water and sun. 主+ 谓+宾 2.The flowersare so fresh and beautiful. 主 + 系 + 表 3.The sun rises in the east. 主 + 谓

17、4.He gave me some flowers. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓 7.Her mother looks very young. 主 + 系 + 表 8.She teaches us English. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 9.The children are jumping and laughing happily. 主 + 谓 10.Our teacher asked us to

18、 talk about thequestions in pairs. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 11. He often tells me some interesting stories. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 五、考点应考技巧：1、在语法填空题中，要注意分析句子成分，方能判断空格中应该填什么词性。2、在阅读英语文章遇到长句难句时，要不断培养分析句子成分，抓住句子的主干部分（主谓宾），方能理解好句子含义。六、句子成分和基本句型考点精练（一）、划出下列高考真题中的句

19、子的主()谓()宾/表语()（有从句时，只划出主句的主谓宾/表）。1.The hostels in Rome offera bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night.【来自2021年新高考I卷】2.Unfortunately, ittookthe explorers and the settlerswho followedonly a few decades形式主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语to decimate a large part of these resources.【来自2021年新高考I卷】真正的主语3.Under this Act, a

20、ll waterfowl（水禽）hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carrya Federal Duck Stamp.【来自2021年新高考I卷】翻译：根据该法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭邮票。4.Researchhas shownthat emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.【来自2021年新高考I卷】 从句作宾语（宾语从句）翻译：研究表明，情感技能可能有助于提高这些品质。5.The ability

21、toaccuratelyunderstand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients. 【来自2021年新高考I卷】翻译：准确理解他人的感受的能力可能会被医生用来找到如何最好地帮助她的病人。解析：要理解好这句话还要理解好句式“be used to do sth ”的含义，句式表示“被用来做某事”。6.Take a viewis a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of th

22、e UK and beyond. 【来自2021年全国甲卷】 【此句是主系表结构】翻译：采取一个观点对于所有来者的英国和其他地区的摄影师是一个让人渴慕的年度竞争。解析：此句是省略句：beyond 后面省略了 all corners of the UK.7.Officials at Port Lympne weredelighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are主语 谓语（系动词）表语 介词宾语known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养). 【来自2021年全国

23、甲卷】翻译：林普恩港的官员们对新到来的到来感到高兴，尤其是因为黑犀牛以圈养繁殖（圈养）而闻名。解析：这里as 引导原因状语从句。8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place.【来自2021年全国甲卷】 主语 谓语 介词短语作表语翻译：没有我心爱的海滩和无尽的蓝天，我感到不知所措和不自在。解析：without.一部分是介词短语作状语9.Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of Bri

24、tish skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.【来自2021年全国甲卷】翻译：南岸位于泰晤士河东部的一个拐弯处，是英国滑板运动的中心，滑板运动的不断碰撞让你会摇头。解析：此句主干是主系表结构。Where引导的是非限制性定语从句补充说明the center. 而at an eastern bend in the Thames部分是作主语补足语，补充说明Southbank的地理位置。10.Ihave traveled back several times since,

25、most recently this past spring.【来自2021年全国甲卷】翻译：从那以后我去过几次，最近是去年春天。解析：此句是主谓结构，没有宾语，因为travel是不及物动词。（二）、语法填空 （注意分析空格处所充当的句子成分）【来自2021年新高考I卷】Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles song“The Long and Winding Road”.56is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes

26、. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will58(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperat

27、ure gets, the 59 (hot) the spring! Strange, isnt it? But thats how nature is always leaving us 60(astonish).What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it _61_ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on yo

28、ur way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitors memory. It sure does in 64(I).While youre in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!【答案与解析】56. What 句意：这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。此处是主语从句，从句缺乏主语，应用what引导，指代“经历的事情”。故填What。 57. humans 句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。58. undoubtedly 句意：它无疑会帮助你恢复精神！修饰动词help，应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”，作状语