高中英语非谓语动词详解

1、非谓语动词一 、 动 词 不 定 式一 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 主 语T o s e e o n e t i m e is better than t o h e a r a h u n d r e d t i m e s .T o p e r s e v e r e means victory!注 :在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行 it 代替主语,而把不定式后置: Its a great pleasure t o b e h e r e .It is not an easy thing t o m a s t e r a l a n g u a g e .注 :这种后置不定式的

2、结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours t o g e t t h e r e .It made us very angry t o h e a r h i m t a l k l i k e t h a t . 注 :不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定 的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由 “ for + 名词词组 ” 来表示,如:It is not hard f o r o n e to do a bit of good.It was difficult f o r m e to do the work.注 :某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时, 常在

3、不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组 ” 来说明不 定式所指的是谁的情况,如:Its kind o f y o u to think so much of us.Its very nice o f y o u to be so considerate.Its unwise o f t h e m to turn down the proposal.It was careless o f h e r to make such a mistake.二 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 表 语1.主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果 ,如:To be kind to the enemy is

4、 to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2. 主语是以 aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词 的名词词组,或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:My idea is t o c l i m b t h e m o u n t a i n f r o m t h e n o r t h .Your mistake was n o

5、t t o w r i t e t h a t l e t t e r .My suggestion is t o s t a r t w o r k a t o n c e .What I would suggest is t o s t a r t w o r k a t o n c e .注 :在某些句型中, 当主语部分有动作动词 d o 时, 作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “ t o ” , 如: All we have to do is p u s h t h e b u t t o n .The only thing I can do now is g o o n b y m y s

6、 e l f .All I could do was s e n d h i m a t e l e g r a m .三 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 动 词 宾 语1. “ 动 词 +带 t o 的 不 定 式 结 构 ” 。这类动词常见的有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start,

7、forget, mean, intend, begin, 等,例如:Ive arranged t o m e e t h i m a t t e n o c l o c k .I didnt expect t o f i n d y o u h e r e .2. “ 动 词 +疑 问 词 +带 t o 的 不 定 式 结 构 ” 。 (这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句 。这类 动词常见的有:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember,

8、see, understand, wonder 等。疑问词 (也称连接代 /副词 有:what, where, who(m, when, how, whether, which(why除外 ,如:I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注 :如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语,

9、则应使用先行 it ,把不定式后置,例如: I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 :不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语 , 只有在个别场合 , 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except 的结构中才能这样用,例如:He seldom comes except l o o k a t m y p i c t u r e s .The child d

10、i d nothing except w e e p .She can d o anything but s i n g .He will d o anything for you except l e n d y o u m o n e y .They could d o nothing but w a i t f o r t h e d o c t o r s t o a r r i v e .注 意 不 定 式 符 号 的 省 略 问 题 !四 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 定 语1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:Its time t o g o t o b e d .He

11、 is not a man t o b o w b e f o r e d i f f i c u l t i e s .Have you anything t o d e c l a r e ?She usually has a lot of meetings t o a t t e n d in the evening.I want to get something t o r e a d during the vocation.2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语,如: I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no

12、 wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词,转化成名词时,也能带不定式结构作定语,如: He was obviously anxious . His anxiety was obvious.4.不

13、定式结构与所修饰的名词,有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系,如:He has a large family to support (= that he must support.注:处于动宾关系的情况下,如果不定式是 不 及 物 动 词 ,它后面应加上必要的 介 词 ,如: She has a lot of things to attend .The nurse has five children to look .Lets first find a room to put the things .5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系,可以在不定式之前加上 for + 名词词组,如: Heres

14、 a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.五 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 状 语 不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示 目 的 、 原 因 、 结 果 、 条 件 等。1. 表 示 目 的 :They ran over t o w e l c o m e t h e d e l e g a t e s .He bought a bicycle t o g o t o t o w n m o r e q u i c k l y .He went home t o s e e h i

15、 s m o t h e r .注 :不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 (参见以上三句 ,但也有 例外的情况,例如:He stood up to be seen better.注 :为了强调表示目的的不定式结构, 特别是在不定式结 构前有否定词 not 时,通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as,如: He came here i n o r d e r to see Charlie.He shouted and waved s o a s to be noticed.He went early i n o r d e r not to mi

16、ss the train.I turned the radio down s o a s not to disturb him.注 :表示目的的不定式可以置于句首, 这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是,置于句 首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in order,但却不可以加上 so as ,如:To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(I n o r d e r t o d r a w m a p s p r o p e r l y , y o u n e e d a s p e c i a l p e n . To get the best

17、 results, use clean water.2. 表 示 结 果 :What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不 定 式 结 构 表 示 结 果 更 常 见 于 下 列 句 型 : s o a s t o Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? s u c h ( a s t o Im not such a fool as to believe that. e n o u g

18、 h t o The boy is old enough to go to school. t o o t o His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注 意 :下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义:Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home. o n l y t o o (a d v . 极 ; 非 常 ; 太 ; 很 有时

19、, 不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作, 相当于一个并列限定动词词组, 这种 不定式结构也表示结果,如:She woke early t o f i n d i t w a s r a i n i n g .He got home t o l e a r n t h a t h i s f a t h e r w a s i l l .这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点: 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组,如:He arrived late to find the others had gone home.H e a r r i v e d l a t e a n

20、 d f o u n d t h e o t h e r s h a d g o n e h o m e . 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。He left his native country (, never to return.He returned home (, to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有 “ 令人意想不到 ” 的意味,其中以 “ 使人不愉快的结果 ” 较为 常见。 (有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果 ,如:He went home t o f i n d h i s o l d f r

21、i e n d G e o r g e w a i t i n g f o r h i m . 不定式之前有时可以加上 only 或 but only,以加强语气,如:He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注:不定式结构表示结果或表示目的, 往往形式相似, 这时, 须根据词汇意义认真加以区别, 试比较:He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He

22、arrived late and found the others had gone home.He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert. He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to

23、inquire about the times of trains.3. 表 示 原 因 :(不 定 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 先 于 谓 语 动 词 的 动 作 She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.She seemed surprised to meet us.六 、 不 定 式 结 构 作 宾 语 补 足 语Dont force yourself t o w r i t e when you have nothing to say.He believe

24、d the earth t o b e a g l o b e .Did you see a young man e n t e r t h e h o u s e ?1. 只 能 用 不 定 式 结 构 作 宾 语 补 足 语 的 动 词 : 表示 “ 希望 ”“ 愿望 ” 等心理状态的动词, 如:wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。What do you desire me t o d o ?The director preferred her t o a c t t h e o l d l a d y . 含有 “

25、 让 ”“ 允许 ”“ 促使 ”“ 致使 ” 等祈使意义的动词, 如:let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。We mustnt let this h a p p e n a g a i n .His father put him t o m i n d t h e s h e e p . 带有 “ 请求 ”“ 恳求 ” 等感情色彩的动词,如:ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me n o t t o t e l l h i

26、s f a t h e r a b o u t i t .She was always worrying her father t o t a k e h e r t o P a r i s . 含有 “ 建议 ”“ 劝告 ” 等意义的动词,如:advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。He urged us t o a c c e p t t h e c o m p r o m i s e .The dentist advised me t o h a v e t h e b a d t o o t h p u l l e d o u t . 含有 “ 命令 ”“

27、强迫 ”“ 禁止 ” 等意义的动词,如:order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。He required us t o k e e p i t a s e c r e t .The doctor ordered him t o s t a y i n b e d f o r a f e w d a y s .I warn you n o t t o d o t h a t a g a i n . 其他还有:help, teach, show, assist, report,

28、 bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。He promised to teach me t o s w i m .We should train them t o m a k e u s e o f r e f e r e n c e b o o k s .We are waiting for the train t o s t o p . 2. 既 能 用 不 定 式 结 构 又 能 用 现 在 分 词 作 宾 语 补 足 语 的 动 词 : s e e , w a t c h , n o t i c e , l o o k a t , h e a r , l

29、 i s t e n t o , o b s e r v e , f e e l , h a v e ; i m a g i n e , f i n d , d i s c o v e r , l i k e , w a n t , u n d e r s t a n d , h a t e , b r i n g , g e t , l e a v e , s e tDid you see anyone e n t e r t h e h o u s e ?Dont imagine yourself t o b e a l w a y s c o r r e c t .We find him

30、 t o b e d i s h o n e s t .He set the boys t o c a r r y w a t e r .Ill leave him t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m f o r h i m s e l f .注 :有些动词用 不 定 式 与用 现 在 分 词 作宾语补足语, 所表达的意义是有差别的。 一般说来, 用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成(即全过程 ;而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行, 即:谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,现在分词所表示的动作正在进行,如:Did you see anyone enter the house?

31、He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注 :使 用 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 时 , 在 有 些 动 词 后 面 , 不 定 式 符 号 t o 应 当 省 略 。 下 列 动 词 用 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 时 , 必 须 省 去 不 定 式 符 号 t o :l e t , m a k e , h a v e , s e e , w a t c h , n o t i

32、c e , l o o k a t , o b s e r v e , h e a r , l i s t e n t oHe observed someone open the door.I watched them get into the car.Did you notice him leave the room? f e e l 一 词 在 使 用 t o d o 型 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 时 , 不 带 t o ; 在 使 用 t o b e 型 不 定 式 时 , 要 带 t o , 如:He felt them to be right.Did you feel th

33、e earth shake? h e l p 一 词 在 使 用 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 时 , 可 以 带 t o , 也 可 以 不 带 t o , 如:Do you often help your mother (to do the housework? 使 用 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 的 句 子 , 改 为 被 动 结 构 以 后 , 宾 语 补 足 语 就 成 了 主 语 补 足 语 , 这 时 , “ t o ” 不 可 以 省 略 , 如:The boss made them w o r k from morning till night.They wer

34、e made t o w o r k from morning till night.不 定 式 的 一 般 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 , 通 常 与 主 要 谓 语 所 表 示 的 动 作 (或 状 态 同 时 (或 几 乎 同 时 发 生 , 或 者 是 在 它 之 后 发 生 例如:Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,这个不定式就要用 完 成 式 ,如:Im glad to have seen your mother.(c f . I m g l

35、a d t o s e e y o u . 七 、 不 定 式 的 完 成 式 有 下 列 用 法1.构成复合谓语,如:He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.She seemed to have heard about it alread

36、y.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.2.在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如:You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.She was very glad to have done somethi

37、ng for the people.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如:He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4.有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语,如:It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.(主语So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.(定语They thought it a pity not to hav

38、e invited her.(复合宾语She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. (复合宾语如 果 主 要 谓 语 所 表 示 的 动 作 (或 情 况 发 生 时 , 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 正 在 进 行 , 这 时 , 不 定 式 就 要 用 进 行 式 。八 、 不 定 式 的 进 行 式 主 要 有 下 列 几 种 用 法1.构成复合谓语,如:They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting

39、 along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2.在某些动词后构成复合宾语,如:We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如:He pretended to be listening attentively.4.有时可以作主语或状语,如:I am glad to be working with you. (状语 Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语 九 、 如 果 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 在 谓 语 所

40、 表 示 的 时 间 之 前 一 直 在 进 行 , 就 需 要 用 完 成 进 行 式 , 如 :They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.It s a great pleasure to have been working with you.当 不 定 式 的 逻 辑 主 语 是 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 的 承 受 者 时 , 不 定 式 一 般 要 采 用 被 动 形 式 。 十 、 不 定

41、式 的 被 动 形 式 有 下 列 用 法1.作主语:It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2.作宾语:She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3.构成复合宾语:He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4.构成复合谓语:The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5.作定语:Are you goi

42、ng to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6.作状语:She was too young to be assigned such work.十 一 、 不 定 式 有 时 还 可 以 有 完 成 式 的 被 动 式 , 在 句 中 作 主 语 、 宾 语 、 定 语 , 或 者 构 成 复 合 宾 语 、 复 合 谓 语 等 , 如 :It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.(主语She preferred to have been given heavier work

43、to do. (宾语 He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. (复合宾语The book is said to have been translated into many languages. (复合谓语She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. (定语十二不定式作独立成分。To tell (you the truth, he doesnt agree with you.To begin with, Beijing is a very b

44、eautiful city.1.We were surprised to hear the news.2. We have to get up early to catch the first train.3. He is considered to be a great scientist.4. To see is to believe.5. I have a lot of words to say.6.Its impossible for him to go alone.7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.8.I find it diffic

45、ult to understand him.十 三 、 动 词 不 定 式 省 略 t o 的 情 况 归 纳*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时, 如动词是 make, let , have或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel、等,不定式不带 to.*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but(不得不 , 必然,不能不 , cant help but等*3. Why. 或 why not 表建议*4. 在介词 but , except之后,

46、 如果其前有 实义动词 do 的某种形式, 不定式不带 to, 反之须 带 to .*5 不定时作表语时,如果解释 do 的具体内容时, to 可以省去。*6 动词 help 或 help+宾语之后,可用带 to 的不定式,也可用不带 to 的不定式,但在 help+宾语 +不定式结构中,如果用不带 to 的不定式,表示主语参与了不定式所表示的动作;如果 用带 to 的不定式,表示主语没有参与不定时所表示的动作。分 词 一 、 形 式 现在分词: 过去分词只有一种形式。二 、 功 能1. 作 表 语 。 现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态, 如:The news

47、 was exciting.The situation is encouraging.She looked disappointed.He appeared satisfied with my answer.He seemed quite delighted at the idea.Dont get excited.注 :已经成为形容词的分词, 可以用 very 修饰; 没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite ,有时也可用 very much,如:Im very much pleased.Hes very much worried about his health.注 :过去分

48、词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的 区别。系 表 结 构 说明主语的状态或具有的性质、 特点; 被 动 结 构 强调谓语动作, 指主语所 承受的动作。此外还有:系 表 结 构 :a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态; b. 一般不带状语;c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被 动 结 构 :a. 有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致; b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语; c. 必须是及物动词。The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态 The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.

49、(动作 Im interested in chess.I was interested by what you told me.The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2. 作 定 语 : 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如:touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed breadBarking dogs seldom b

50、ite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注 :分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如:developing countries = countries that are developinga growing city = a city that is growingliberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在 意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如:Who is the ma

51、n standing (= that is standing by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads into the mountains.They are problems left (= which have been left over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况:a. 表示正在进行的动作 , (变为从句时要用进行时态 , 如:Tell the children p l a

52、 y i n g t h e r e (who are playing there not to make so much noise.Did you see the man t a l k i n g (who was talking t o t h e m a n a g e r ?b. 表示经常性的动作 , 或现在 (或当时 的状态 , (变为从句时 , 用一般时态 , 如:They lived in a room f a c i n g (= that faced t h e s o u t h .The house s t a n d i n g (= that stands a t

53、 t h e c o r n e r o f t h e s t r e e t was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如:Is this the book r e c o m m e n d e d b y o u r t e a c h e r ?The meeting h e l d l a s t w e e k is very important.He is a man l o v e d b y a l l .I hate to see letters w r i t t e n i n

54、 p e n c i l .注 :如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生, 或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生, 可以用 现 在 分 词 的 被 动 形 式 来表示,如:The meeting b e i n g h e l d is very important.We must keep a secret of the things b e i n g d i s c u s s e d h e r e .注 :如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个 不 定 式 的 被 动 形 式 来表示,如:The meeting t o b e h e l d n e x t w e e k is very imp

55、ortant.Please tell me the subjects t o b e d i s c u s s e d a t t h e n e x t m e e t i n g . 分词还可以作非限制性定语 (相当于一个非限制性定语从句 , 这时, 它和句子的其他部 分用逗号隔开,试比较:All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil a

56、re from my sister.All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动 作,也不可以表示将来。另外,一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错 的:应改为 who has come from Beijing应改为 who have finished应改为 who gave us 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,如:Those dont have to go. (应改为 Those

57、 who are busy dont have to go.His brother is 18 years old. (应改为 who is 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句,如:应改为 which/that died3. 作 状 语 : 现在分词作状语,表示 陪 衬 性 的 动 作 或 伴 随 情 况 ,如:The children ran out of the room, l a u g h i n g a n d t a l k i n g m e r r i l y .They stood there for an hour w a t c h i n g t h e g a m e .She sat at the desk r e a d i n g a n e w s p a p e r .注 意 :a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作; b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状 态是同时发生的; c. 分词表