生物学专业英语English for Biology

1、english for biology生物学专业英语生物学专业英语 第一章第一章 绪论绪论生物学专业英语是面向生物科学相关硕士研究生开设生物学专业英语是面向生物科学相关硕士研究生开设的必修课程。本课程教学内容主要涉及普通生物、微的必修课程。本课程教学内容主要涉及普通生物、微生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等领域的专业基础知识，生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等领域的专业基础知识，介绍介绍如何撰写科技论文如何撰写科技论文、投稿投稿等方面的知识；反映现等方面的知识；反映现代生物学的发展趋势，内容涉及面广，可提高学生学代生物学的发展趋势，内容涉及面广，可提高学生学习的兴趣，帮助他们尽快习的兴趣，帮助他们尽快掌握

2、专业英语书刊的阅读技掌握专业英语书刊的阅读技巧巧、了解、了解文献检索文献检索及及写作知识写作知识。一、一、 课程简介课程简介二、二、 教学目的教学目的 1.1. 掌握生物学专业英语的应用及其语言特点掌握生物学专业英语的应用及其语言特点。专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技文专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。其教学的重点即其教学的重点即阅读阅读与与写作写作。2.2. 了解专业英语课程的内容和学习方法。了解专业英语课程的内容和学习方法。三、三、 教学重点教学重点n生物学专业英语的特点（生物学专业英语的特点（语法特点、词

3、汇特点语法特点、词汇特点） 生物学专业英语不同于基础英语。生物学专业英语不同于基础英语。 四、四、 教学难点教学难点n生物学专业英语的生物学专业英语的语法特点语法特点和和词汇特点词汇特点五、生物学专业英语学习内容五、生物学专业英语学习内容n掌握构词法，扩大词汇量。掌握构词法，扩大词汇量。n阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌握生阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。n巩固英语基础知识，提高应用英语的能力。巩固英语基础知识，提高应用

4、英语的能力。六、六、生物学专业英语的学习方法生物学专业英语的学习方法n识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围；识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围；n巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语的语言特点；巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语的语言特点；n针对应用文体加强阅读、翻译、写作练习。针对应用文体加强阅读、翻译、写作练习。七、教学手段七、教学手段 n以教师讲授为辅、学生课堂练习为主，利用多以教师讲授为辅、学生课堂练习为主，利用多媒体进行互动教学媒体进行互动教学 n学时数：学时数：1818学时学时n生物学专业英语教程。刘彩云、赵光强、常志隆生物学专业英语教程。刘彩云、赵光强、常志隆编著，科学出版社出版。编著，科学出版社出版。n生

5、物学专业英语基础（图示教程）。生物学专业英语基础（图示教程）。wr wr pickeringpickering编著，上海外语教育出版社出版。编著，上海外语教育出版社出版。八、参考书目八、参考书目 第二章第二章 专业英语的特点专业英语的特点1.1 出现频率低出现频率低 在英语专业期刊文章中，虽然专业词汇的出在英语专业期刊文章中，虽然专业词汇的出现使广大读者在阅读、写作时感到异常费力，但现使广大读者在阅读、写作时感到异常费力，但总体而言，专业英语文章中除了少数术语外，用总体而言，专业英语文章中除了少数术语外，用得最多的还是普通词汇。因此提高专业英语阅读得最多的还是普通词汇。因此提高专业英语阅读和写

6、作能力的前提就是要有一定的英语基本功。和写作能力的前提就是要有一定的英语基本功。一、专业英语的词汇特点一、专业英语的词汇特点1.2 词义单一词义单一 专业英语中一词多义和一义多词的现象较少，阅专业英语中一词多义和一义多词的现象较少，阅读、翻译时要根据自己掌握的专业知识进行最确读、翻译时要根据自己掌握的专业知识进行最确切、最接近的理解。切、最接近的理解。1.3 缩写词和固定词组较普遍缩写词和固定词组较普遍 如如dna（deoxyribonucleic acid，脱氧核糖核，脱氧核糖核酸）、酸）、tmv（tobacco mosaic viruses，烟草花，烟草花叶病毒）、叶病毒）、pcr（pol

7、ymerase chain reaction，聚合酶链式反应）、聚合酶链式反应）、population（种群）等。（种群）等。1.4 逻辑性词汇使用广泛逻辑性词汇使用广泛 如如because, due to, but, however, therefore, yet, unless, as a result of 等表示原因、转折、等表示原因、转折、假设的词汇在英语科技文章中随处可见。假设的词汇在英语科技文章中随处可见。2.1 大量使用陈述句大量使用陈述句 专业科技文章一般以事实、原理方法等描述说明为主要对专业科技文章一般以事实、原理方法等描述说明为主要对象，因此陈述句使用较多。象，因此陈述句

8、使用较多。 photosynthesis starts with co2 and h2o as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. in the first set called light reaction, water molecules are split, o2 is released, and atp and nadph are formed. in the second set called dark reaction, co2 is reduced to carbohydrates.

9、both sets of reactions take place in chloroplast.二、专业英语的语法特点二、专业英语的语法特点2.2 被动语态使用较多被动语态使用较多 英语中，被动句比主动句更能突出需要说明论证的对象，英语中，被动句比主动句更能突出需要说明论证的对象，因而在英语科技文章中被动句使用较多。因而在英语科技文章中被动句使用较多。 the nature of viruses has been apparent only within the last half century, and the first step on this path of discovery w

10、as taken by the russian botanist dmitri lvanovsky in 1892 when he studying the tobacco mosaic disease.2.3 长句子较多长句子较多 专业英语中所述的概念和方法原理等都必须严谨、准确，专业英语中所述的概念和方法原理等都必须严谨、准确，因而词语、句子的修饰较多，往往多个从句、词组层层嵌因而词语、句子的修饰较多，往往多个从句、词组层层嵌套。套。 mulch is an organic material such as pine needles, home compost, grass clippin

11、gs, shattered leaves or straw, which protects the plant from weeds, water evaporation and changes in soil temperature and enriches and improves the texture and structure of soil. 2.4 时态运用较单一时态运用较单一 英语有英语有16种时态，但是在专业英语中一般以过去时、种时态，但是在专业英语中一般以过去时、将来时、现在时为主，偶尔会用到完成时。将来时、现在时为主，偶尔会用到完成时。 in the abo blood

12、type system, when a antigen is present (in a person of blood type a), the body produces an anti-b antibody, and similarly for a b antigen. the blood of someone of type ab, has both antigens, hence has neither antibody. thus that person can be transfused with any type of blood, since there is no anti

13、body to attack foreign blood antigens. . . 克服不良阅读习惯克服不良阅读习惯. . 根据内容的不同，问题可分为主题型、标题型根据内容的不同，问题可分为主题型、标题型和目的型。和目的型。 主题型找中心（主题型找中心（main ideamain idea）skimmingskimming ； 标题型选择标题（标题型选择标题（titletitle）全面；忠实原文，）全面；忠实原文，不随意推论；核心信息关键词特别是修饰词。不随意推论；核心信息关键词特别是修饰词。 目的型写作意图（目的型写作意图（purposepurpose）从上下文的联贯）从上下文的联贯及文中

14、有关部分的暗示去明析作者隐含的意思及文中有关部分的暗示去明析作者隐含的意思 . .第三章第三章 生物学专业英语词汇与阅读生物学专业英语词汇与阅读essay 1 cells and tissues used in biochemical studies 1 progenitor n. 祖先祖先2 burgeon v. 萌发萌发3 proposition n. 主张主张, 建议建议, 陈述陈述, 命题命题4 amenable adj. 经得起检验的经得起检验的; 可按照可按照.控制控制处处理理, 测验测验的的5 saccharomyces cerevisae n. 酵母酵母6 chlamydomo

15、nas n. 衣藻衣藻7 spinach n. 菠菜菠菜8 vertebrate n. 脊椎动物脊椎动物9 homogeneous adj. 同质的同质的10 minuscule adj. 极小的极小的11 extrapolate v. 外推，推断外推，推断12 proliferate v. 增生扩散增生扩散13 mutant n. 突变体突变体14 defective protein 缺陷蛋白缺陷蛋白15 geneticist n.遗传学家遗传学家16 biological factory 生物工厂生物工厂17 overproduce v. 超量超量生产生产18 genetic engine

16、ering 遗传工程遗传工程19 generation time 世代世代20 radioisotopically labeled 放射性同位素标记的放射性同位素标记的21 actin n. 肌动蛋白肌动蛋白22 myosin n.肌球蛋白肌球蛋白23 internal membrane内膜内膜24 bacteriophage n. 噬菌体噬菌体25 synchronous burst 同步突发同步突发because all living cells have evolved from the same progenitors, they share certain fundamental s

17、imilarities. careful biochemical study of just a few types of cells, however different in biochemical details and varied in superficial appearance, should therefore yield general principles applicable to all cells and organisms. the burgeoning of biological knowledge over the past 150 years has repe

18、atedly supported these propositions. certain cells, tissues, and organisms have proven more amenable to experimental studies than others. knowledge in biochemistry is derived primarily from a few representative tissues and organisms, such as the bacterium e. coli, the yeast saccharomyces cerevisae,

19、photosynthetic algae such as chlamydomonas, spinach leaves, rat liver, and the skeletal muscle of several vertebrates. some biochemical studies focus on the isolation, purification, and characterization of cellular components; other research investigates the metabolic and genetic pathways of living

20、cells. an experimenter ideally begins the isolation of enzymes and other cellular components with plentiful and homogeneous source of the material. the component of interest often represents only a minuscule fraction of the total material, and grams or even kilograms of starting material are needed

21、to obtain a few micrograms of the purified component. a homogeneous source of an enzyme or nucleic acid, in which all the cells are genetically and biochemical identical, leaves no doubt about which cell type yielded the purified component and makes it safer to extrapolate the results of in intro st

22、udies to the situation in vivo. a large culture of bacterial cells, all derived by division from the same parent and therefore genetically identical, meets the requirement for a plentiful and homogeneous source. individual tissues from laboratory animals (rat liver, pig brain, rabbit muscle) are ple

23、ntiful sources of similar, though not identical, cells. some animal and plant cells proliferate in cell culture, producing populations of identical (cloned) cells in quantities suitable for biochemical analysis.genetic mutants in which a defect in a single gene produces a defective protein, which ca

24、uses a specific functional defect in the cell or organism, are extremely useful in establishing that a certain protein is essential to a particular cellular function. because it is technically much simpler to produce and detect mutants in bacteria and yeast, these organisms (e. coli and s. cerevisae

25、, for example) have been favorite experimental targets for biochemical geneticists. once the gene for a protein has been isolated, it can often be inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell, which then acts as a biological factory, overproducing the protein. with genetic engineering techniques, experim

26、enters can introduce specific mutations into such genes and determine their effects on protein structure and function.an organism that is easy to culture in the laboratory, and has a short generation time, offers significant advantages to the research biochemist. an organism that requires only a few

27、 simple precursor molecules in its growth medium can be cultured in the presence of a radioisotopically labeled precursor, and the metabolic fate of that precursor can then be conveniently traced by following the incorporation of the radioactive atoms into its metabolic products. the short generatio

28、n time of microorganisms (minutes or hours) allows the investigator to follow a labeled precursor or a genetic defect through many generations in a few days. in organisms with generation times of months or years, this is virtually impossible.some highly specialized tissues of multicellular organisms

29、 are remarkably enriched in some particular component related to their specialized function. for studies on such specific components or functions, biochemists commonly choose the specialized tissue for their experimental systems. for example, vertebrate skeletal muscle is a rich source of actin and

30、myosin; pancreatic secretory cells contain high concentrations of rough endoplasmic reticulum; sperm cells are rich in dna; liver contains high concentrations of many enzymes of biosynthetic pathways; and spinach leaves contain large numbers of chloroplasts.essay 2 the polymerase chain reaction (pcr

31、)1 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) n. 聚合酶聚合酶链式反应链式反应(pcr) 2 thermocycler n. 热循环仪热循环仪3 template n.模板模板4 primer n.引物引物, 初级读本初级读本, 雷管雷管5 denature vt. 变性变性6 exponential amplification n. 指数性扩增指数性扩增7 input copy number n. 输入拷贝数输入拷贝数8 taq dna polymerase n. taq dna 聚合酶。是从一种水生栖热菌聚合酶。是从一种水生栖热菌 (thermus aquatic

32、us )yt1株中分离提取的。株中分离提取的。yt是是 一种嗜热真菌，能在一种嗜热真菌，能在7075生长。该菌是生长。该菌是1969年从美国黄石国家森林公年从美国黄石国家森林公园火山温泉中分离的园火山温泉中分离的.9 anneal n. 退火退火, 焖火焖火, 锻炼锻炼, 磨练磨练(意志意志) 19 conserved adj.保守的保守的11 fingerprinting n. 指纹作图指纹作图12 gene of interest n. 目的基因目的基因polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a technique for reproducing specif

33、ic dna sequences in vitro. this process, invented by kary mullis in 1987, has been automated for routine use in laboratories world wide. the process is carried out within a machine called thermocycler, and it can produce millions or billions of copies of a piece of dna in a few hours.the pcr involve

34、s the following steps:a: the dna to be reproduced is heated to separate the two template strands. b: two primers which are complimentary to the region to be amplified are added.c: a heat-stable dna polymerase enzyme is also added. the enzyme catalyses the extension of the primers, using the dna stra

35、nd as template.d: the cycle is repeated, with the newly synthesized double stranded dna being heat-denatured and the enzymes extending the primers attached to the liberated single dna strands. the chain reaction, once set up, results in the exponential amplification of the original dna, where the nu

36、mber of cycles (n) determines how many copies of the dna (2n) are produced. the amount of amplified target y=x (1+efficiency)n, where x is the input copy number and n the number of cycles.a pcr reaction is comprised of:(1) a double-stranded dna molecule: this is the template which contains the seque

37、nce to be amplified.(2) primer (s): this is a single-stranded dna molecule which can anneal (bind) to a dna sequence in the template dna which has the complementary sequence. (3) dntps: a mixture with equal amounts of datp, dttp, dgtp, and dctp which are the nucleotide subunits which will be put tog

38、ether to form new dna molecules in the pcr amplification procedure. (4) taq dna polymerase : the enzyme which synthesizes the new dna molecules using the dntps. how pcr can be used to distinguish between two different dna sequences. each pcr primer anneals only to a sequence in the dna template whic

39、h is complementary to its own. if primer #1 and primer #2 can anneal to genome a, then pcr can occur and a dna product will be synthesized in the pcr reaction. however, if genome b differs from genome a in the sequence to which primer #2 anneals to the dna, then pcr cannot occur successfully using g

40、enome b dna as a template, and no dna product is synthesized. thus, this pair of primers (#1 and #2) allows us to distinguish between genome a and genome b. genome a and genome b can represent genomic dna from two individuals in the same species or possibly from two different species. certain portio

41、ns of genomic dna tend to very conserved (very little variation) while other portions tend to vary greatly among individuals within a species or among different species. the trick in such pcr analysis is to: (1) find those sequences which have just enough variation to allow us to detect differences

42、among the organisms that we are studying;(2) find the right pcr primers which will allow us to detect sequence differences. the applications of pcr are extensive, some are: (1) amplification of small amounts of dna for further analysis by dna fingerprinting . (2) the analysis of ancient dna from fos

43、sils. (3) mapping the human (and other species) genome. (4) isolation of a particular gene of interest from a tissue sample. (5) detection of microorganisms present in low numbers in soil, food or water.essay 3 genes and moneypaternity test 1 boom n.繁荣繁荣, 隆隆声隆隆声2 paternity test n.亲子鉴定亲子鉴定3 o.j. 即即or

44、enthal james simpson美国超级橄榄球星美国超级橄榄球星. 1994年年6月月12日晚，日晚， o.j.辛普辛普森的前妻妮科尔和她的男朋友罗恩森的前妻妮科尔和她的男朋友罗恩戈德曼被杀，辛普森成为唯一的嫌疑犯被捕受戈德曼被杀，辛普森成为唯一的嫌疑犯被捕受 审。这一事件轰动了美国。审。这一事件轰动了美国。1995年年10月美国洛杉矶刑事陪审团裁定辛普森谋杀案不月美国洛杉矶刑事陪审团裁定辛普森谋杀案不 成立，致使辛普森在长达成立，致使辛普森在长达1年多的刑事官司中胜诉。这一事件再一次轰动了美国。年多的刑事官司中胜诉。这一事件再一次轰动了美国。 美国舆论将此称为美国舆论将此称为“世纪审

45、判世纪审判”。当时使用了。当时使用了dna检验。检验。4 monica： 即即monica samille lewinsky（莫妮卡（莫妮卡萨米勒萨米勒莱温斯基）由于莱温斯基）由于 1990年代年代 在美国白宫工作时和当时美国总统在美国白宫工作时和当时美国总统 比尔比尔克林顿克林顿 发生性行为造成绯闻，从而引起公发生性行为造成绯闻，从而引起公 众的注意。起初克林顿不承认，众的注意。起初克林顿不承认， 但莫妮卡衣物上精子的但莫妮卡衣物上精子的dna与克林顿的相同，克与克林顿的相同，克林顿不得不承认。林顿不得不承认。5 lingering adj. 拖延的拖延的, 依依不舍的依依不舍的6 prof

46、ile n.剖面剖面, 侧面侧面, 外形外形, 轮廓轮廓7 document vt.为为提供证明，提供文件提供证明，提供文件8 folks n. (口口)父母父母9 wherewithal n. (常做常做the .)必要的资金必要的资金 10 cutting-edge adj. 有高度竞争力的有高度竞争力的11 hawk vt. 捕捉捕捉, 咳出咳出, 兜售兜售, (沿街沿街) 叫卖叫卖, 散播散播12 short tandem repeat n. (生化生化) 短的串连重复短的串连重复 13 cash cow n. 财源财源 14 ad blitz n.广告闪电战广告闪电战 15 bill

47、board n.广告牌广告牌16 field vt. 圆满答复圆满答复17 bioethics n.生物伦理学生物伦理学 18 snoop vi.探听探听, 调查调查, 偷窃偷窃; n.到处窥视到处窥视, 爱管闲事的人爱管闲事的人, 私私家侦探家侦探19 nicety n.准确准确, 精密精密,细微细微 20 carry little weight 无足轻重无足轻重21 consequential adj. 重大的重大的22 cash in v. 收到收到.货款，货款， 赚钱赚钱23 profile vt. 给给画侧面图画侧面图 24 payoff n. 发工资发工资, 付清付清, 盈利盈利,

48、 回报回报(= pay back)the growing sensitivity and falling cost of dna technology creates a boom market for paternity tests. not long after her 19-year-old son was murdered two years ago, joyce mcfield of broadview, ill.（illinoise）, was contacted by a woman who said she was pregnant with his child. mcfiel

49、d was inclined to believe her, and when the baby girl was born, she became a dotting grandmother. now and then, however, she wondered if the girl was really her grand daughter. so one day she took a sample of his dead sons blood that the police had kept as evidence and hired a houston company called

50、 identigene to conduct a dna paternity test. “i just wanted there to be no question marks,” says mcfield. the tests showed that the little girl was not her sons; mcfield has since severed relations with both the woman and the child. mcfield is one of a rapidly growing number of people who, in the po

51、st-o.j. , post-monica world, are taking advantage of the rapidly falling costs of dna-testing technology to settle lingering paternity questions. and where theres a new science and a growing need, theres sure to be a company that comes along to fill it. in the dna-testing industry, identigene is it.

52、though an estimated 200,000 dna profiles are run each year by states trying to document child-support or welfare payments, folks with paternity issues rarely have the wherewithal to order up a test on their own. about five years ago, however, that started to change. it was then that caroline caskey,

53、 32, a french-literature major turned business student, thought to combine cutting-edge dna analysis with old fashioned, to hawk the product marketing. a few years earlier, a lab headed by her father thomas caskey patented some thing called the “short tandem repeat”, a shortcut method of sampling dn

54、a. caskey saw the new technique for the cash cow it could be and founded identigene, advertising her fathers technique as a simple and at $475 a test-affordable way to establish paternity, launching an ad blitz that included direct mail, tv talk shows and billboards in 30 u.s. cities, caskey made su

55、re she got her company in front of the consumers.consumers responded. identigenes business has doubled in each of the past five years. this year the company expects to field 67,000 telephone inquiries and conduct 10,000 dna tests, compared with 650 tests in 1995. it now has offices in japan, korea,

56、brazil and the czech republic.the business is not without controversy, however, most of it centered on tricky questions of privacy. short tandem technology is so sensitive that it can identify dna from little more than the saliva residue on a soda can. “a moral principle in genetic testing is that i

57、t should always be done with the consent of the individual” says arthor caplan, director of the center for bioethics at the university of pennsylvania.” “ no one wants others snooping 18 into his dna”.but such niceties carry little weight for people desperate to establish something as consequential

58、as paternity; and caskey plans to keep cashing in on that need. identigene is preparing to offer an even cheaper, $150 test that will profile new-borns dna to reassure anxious parents that theyre leaving the hospital with their own child. “its potentially a much bigger market than paternity testing,

59、” says caskey. and it is a bigger payoff too.essay 4 methods of plant gene transfer 1 gene segment n. 基因节段基因节段 2 sticky adj.粘的粘的, 粘性的粘性的3 beneficial trait n. 有益性状有益性状 4 canola n. 双低（低芥酸、低硫甙）油菜双低（低芥酸、低硫甙）油菜5 genetic engineer n. 遗传工程师遗传工程师6 particle gun n. 离子枪离子枪7 monocot n.单子叶植物单子叶植物8 pellet n.小球小球 9

60、 tungsten n.化化钨钨the dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) from different organisms is essentially the same simply a set of instructions that directs cells to make the proteins that are the basis of life. whether the dna is from a microorganism, a plant, an animal or a human, it is made from the same materials