2007年考研英语翻译完形新题型讲义-唐启明

1、2007考研英语译高分要略译根底水平培养、,. 刖 百考研英语译普遍得分率低下,要想取得高分,必须在目前这个阶段打好根底.本 根底课程强调译根本技巧的培养,提供的往年真题及译文主要供同学们体会、模仿和 修改.课上不会花大量时间讲解真题.后者将在强化班上重点练习.本课程分为五局部：第一局部大纲要求.第二局部解题步骤.第三局部技巧详解第四局部根本技能综合练习.两篇文章,根本涉及到所有常见常考的译技能.第五局部少量真题体验,不做重点,提供参考译文,自己回去模仿、修改译文.第六局部长难句课程中的练习局部参考译有局部句子为往年译真题第一局部大纲要求译在考研英语的阅读板块,属于 C节.大纲明确指出：主要考

2、查考生准确理解概 念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的水平.要求考生阅t一篇约 400词的文章,并将其中5个划线局部约150词译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺.考生在做题卡2上作答.每句2分,共10分.文章的题材近几年偏重人文社科类.一、考研英语译的标准概括来说,传统译标准的“信、达、雅 ,考研英语只要具备前两者即可.“信就是“忠实,“达就是“通顺.忠实：译者首先要忠实于原文的内容,不可歪曲、遗漏英语原文所表达的内容.通顺：这里指译汉语后,译文要流畅、易懂.语言必须符合汉语的习惯和标准： 用词要准确,文字不晦涩、不生硬、没有很重的译腔；结构必须合理,不能混乱.总的来说,考研英语译要忠于原文,但一定

3、要为汉语效劳,译出来的句子不能 有假洋鬼子的味道.我们做译时,译文处理必须上升到语言上的爱国主义这个高度.阅卷时的卷面分也很重要,在后面的分步练习中,我们必须学会打草稿,保证不出 现非智力性因素失分.第二局部译解题步骤与思路-四步走考研译,我推荐大家分四步来走.平时练习大家要严格,切勿偷工减料.否那么就 会造成译的“豆腐渣工程.第一步通读理解原文英译汉的第一步是准确、完整、透彻地理解英语原文.要译的文章是一个有机整 体,都围绕着主旨展开.因此必须先通读全文,了解文章的整体内容,准确把握作者所 要表达的主题思想.注意通读不等于全读,根据我提的三段论和总分法两个核心来通读 所有段落首句,加读长段6

4、行以上尾句和文章最后一句.在此根底上,还需要认真分析划线局部与上下文之间的各种关系逻辑关系、语法 关系、意义关系及指代关系等.否那么很容易造成理解上的断章取义.第二步理解分拆原旬此局部认真参考本人长难句讲义里的分拆意群局部详细讲解.此处不再详述.找出主句和从句中的意群,快速切分.使用斜线在原句里做出标记.当分解完意群 时,主干意群用下划线划出主谓宾或主系表.同时要注意句子是否有省略的地方,以及各个意群如简单句子,各类短语：介词 短语、不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语各种语法逻辑功能原因,目的还是结果？等等.这样才算作对原文理解了.也就是到达了我所说的“意会的程度.第三步直译切分意群切分完意群后

5、,带着对全文主旨和上下文的综合了解,需要对意群进行快速直译. 这一步我称为“言传.这个步骤承上启下,关系到译的句子的成败.有两个要求：一、直译.看到什么意群就直接译,尽量选用时,脑子里第一时间反响出的汉语 的词汇和短语.我们必须成认我们目前还没到达同传的水平.因此这一步不要试图直接 译出成品.否那么只会在大脑里抹浆糊,造成.不要如： The importance of an internationally accepted language in cross-cultural communication can never be overestimated.我们迅速直译 为“国际上可以接受的语

6、言在跨文化交际中的重要性永远无法高估.然后进行到下一步,看着这一句直译的句子,根据我们对原文的理解,进行汉语复述.这样难度就降低了很 多,很容易理顺句子结构和准确推敲汉语选词.直译是我们在看到英语句子时的第一反响.考研英语的句子难度大,不可能像看到Idon't know 一样直接反响出正确译文,而是需要仔细分析原句,直译之后再进行二次精 心加工,最后成文.我们必须对自己的水平做出正确判断,不能盲目乐观.译水平的 提升必须经历这一段直译意译的过渡期.第四步 润色、调序、成文这一步要求大家对直译出的汉语意群进行再加工.选用的汉语词汇要准确,句子结 构要符合我们的表达习惯.：在准确理解划线局

7、部英语句子的含义后,如何用通顺的汉语 将其表达出来是关键.表达是理解的结果,是把已经理解了的原作内容选择适当的译文 重新表达出来.由于两种语言存在着语言、语法及表达方式上的差异,所以在译的时 候必须作相应的调整和改变,使中文读者阅读译文时感到自然、流畅.如前所述,译 出的句子要爱国.审校润色那么是使译文更完美的最后一个环节.通过审校,我们可以发现译文的一些 漏洞和缺乏之处,如人名、地名、日期、数字、时间等细节是否有遗漏和错译的地方, 指代关系是否明确一致,是否存在错别字,标点符号是否准确等.第三局部 译技巧详解和练习一、增补法英汉两种语言由于词法和句法经常存在一定差异,译时为了使译文为汉语效劳

8、, 必要时,从词法语法方面需要考虑,在汉语译文里适当增补一些润滑的词语.单纯词汇 的增补往往是由于汉语英语单词的不对称性.也就是说汉语词汇和英语直接并非一一对 应.句子成分的补充是由于英语里的某些省略不能在汉语里省略.例 1: The local government has not come up with effective remedies for the serious unemployment地方政府未能拿出有效方案来解决严重的失业 问题例 2: Neither of the parties in the peace talk has ever touched upon substa

9、nce.和谈双方都未涉及到实质问题.例 3: All these policies are based upon the expectations of the foreign capital, rather than upon the funds available .所有政策都是建立在预期的外资根底上,而不是目前的资金根底上.例 4： They thought their studies were leading in this field .他们原以为自己的研究在这个领域内处于领先地位.【如果译文漏掉“原字,时态将变成现在时,违反了原文】例 5: He was, he is and he

10、 will remain what he was in the future, be it harsh or blessing.他过去,现在,未来都会保持他原先的本色,不管是逆境还是顺境.例 6: Under no circumstances will they give up; they never have and never will .他们任何情况下都不会放弃,他们从未放弃过,将来也决不会.二、删减法由于英汉语言多方面的差异,英语中不可缺少的成分信息如果直译到汉语中去,会 影响译文的简洁和通顺.为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯,更具可读性,需要省略一 些多余的词语.但必须不能改变英语原句

11、的含义.很多介词在短语中也经常省略.比方, 定冠词The如果不译成汉语的指示代词,在很多情况下可以省略.例： The density of population determines, to some extent, the speed at which the underground water is exploited .人口密度在某种程度上决定地下水的开采速度.三、反译法有些句子英语是从正面说的,汉语需要从反面来表达才更符合我们的习惯.1、否认译成肯定.注意双重否认如果译成汉语的双重否认不通顺,就需要译成肯定句.例 1 ： He never visited us but he broug

12、ht us some gifts .他每次来拜访我们都会带些礼物.例 2： There is no rule that has no exception .只要有规那么,就有例外.这个双重否认就不能译成汉语双重否认“没有规那么没有例 外的.2、 before连接两个意群时,译法需特别注意.但汉语表达时,如果把 before 一律翻成“在一之前,有时会很生硬.这时我们根据实际情况,可以译为“然后,加上它连接的内容.He spent 5 years pursuing his Ph . D. degree in the Harvard, before starting his career in h

13、is motherland .他在美国攻读博士学位用了5年,然后回国开创自己的事业.四、被动语态译技巧该局部按下面几种情况讨论.1、被动仍翻成被动例 1 Those who support the“ nature“ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors .在这场争论中,赞成“天性说 一方的人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式主要由 生物因素决定.2、英语被动变汉语主动.如 ：例 1 This city

14、 was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none .这座城市是许多年以前建成的,而现在无人居住.例 2 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence 总的来说,得出这样的结论是有一定的把握的例 3 (In general, the tests work most effectively ) when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined

15、.(总之,)当需要测定的素质能够最精确地界定出来3、借助译成“是的、"由的等汉语的表语结构.The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导 的.五、几种常考的比拟和否认句式的译技巧1、no more than译成汉语和一样不".逻辑上是双否认.例 1 ： The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, fo

16、r they are both controlled by the brain.心脏和胃一样不能思维,都受大脑支配.例 2： There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink .他们没有理由限定你吃多少维生素,就如同他们不能 限定你喝多少水一样.2、not so muchas译成“与其说,不如说.It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack

17、of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.与其说他输了比赛是屡次被击中,不如说是自己缺乏斗志.3、less与more比照,不出现 than.Interests in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历

18、史研究的方法论,更多原因是史学界内部意见不一,其次是由于 外界并不认为历史是一门学问.真题示范4、nothing better than形式上的比拟级,常翻成实际的最高级.Sun Chief Scott McNealy would love nothing bet ter than to break Microsoft ' s hold on the software market.Sun的总裁斯科特麦克尼利最喜欢的事就是打破微软对软件市场的统治.5、can never/not be too +形容词,翻成越越,或无论怎么 都不为过.One can never be too caref

19、ul when encountered with such a complicated situation .6、The last,表示全否认.翻成最不This is the last thing a true scientist would do to prove his academic capacity .这是真正的科学家最不愿意做的事情.7、其它需要注意的短语译anything but,全否认,译为根本不.Nothing but译为只不过/只有.其余测试较少的请参考译根底 PowerPoint 课件www . tangqiming . com.六、汉语语序调整技巧简言之,一切译文要为汉

20、语效劳,不能出现很别扭的译文.这其中的意群句子的顺 序非常重要.英汉语里的语序不同主要表达在：英语的 定语定语从句和状语状语从句 既 有前置的也有后置的,而汉语的定语和多数状语状语从句只能前置.例 1 ：The report suggested the government take the issue of decreasing funds for education seriously.报告建议政府严肃对待教育经费减少的问题.例 2： That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, charac

21、teristicsand behavior is central to this theory .这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的 话,也是微缺乏道的.英语的谓语局部在译文中变成汉语的主语.七、专有名词译技巧大纲后面的常见专有名词需要记住.不常见的人名、地名可以照抄原文,不要费心 思乱译,浪费时间.英文名字切勿意译！只能音译！Bill Gates; President Bush.八、生词译技巧万一有不熟悉的词,最好忽略不译,切忌胡乱译,由于一个错译远比一个漏译更 能引起阅卷老师的注意.但切勿在译文里留出空白.第四局部译根本技能综合练习选取了测试中经常涉及

22、到的专题,如人文学科的一些文章,来增强同学们的相关背 景知识,强化相应的译要求,尤其是准确表达的最根本的水平练习.词汇的专业性并不强,但必须要求我们有最根本的相关知识.只有通过根底练习我 们才能完成向最高水平的第一跳.必须从循序渐进.这两篇文章将练习考研英语中涉及到的根本译技能：增补、删减；被动、主动切 换；逻辑比拟译法；语序调整等等.Passage 1The Euro Disney Corporation, acknowledging that its elaborate theme park had not performed as stronalv bs expected, announ

23、ced Thursday that it would sustain a net financial 10ss of unpredictable scale in its first financial year .At the time of the April opening of the park, which stands on a 4,800-acre site 30 kilometers (20 miles) east of Paris, Euro Disney officials said they expected to make a small profit for the

24、financial year ending September 30 . But since then the park has been hitj by a number of problems . It addedEuro Disney said that although attendance levels had been high, "the company anticipates that it will sustain a net loss for the financial year ending September 30, 1992"that "

25、the amount of the 10ss will depend on attendance and hotel use rates achieved during the remaining portion of the critical European summer vacationperiod" .(4)The announcementamounted to I an extraordinary reversal for Euro Disney, which opened amid immense celebration and widespread prediction

26、s of immediate success .At the time of the opening, on April 12, the company's shares were trading at 140. 90francs ($28, 07), and had been as high as 170 francs earlier in the year. They dropped 2. 75 percent Thursday to close at 97. 25 francs. Mr. Forsgren, the chief financial officer, said he

27、 thought the Market &ad "reacted a bit emotionally to preliminary informationadding that “by all objective standards the park is very successful and t2 rest Js just details ."The company said that 3.6 million people had visited the park from April 12 to July 22, a performance superior

28、to that of comparable start-up periods at other Disney theme parks, but it warned that, given the likely strong seasonal variation in attendance, it was not possible to predict future attendance or promts .The main problem confronting Euro Disney appears to be managing its costs and finding an appro

29、priate price level for its over 5,000 hotel rooms . 0Clearly, costs have been geared to a revenue level that has not been achieved, and the company is beginning to drop hotel prices that have been widely describedlas excessive I.C8Mr. Forsgren said the number of staff, now at 17,000, would “come dow

30、n significantly in the next two months, mainly through the 10ss of employees, who worked on a temporary basis..5.7.8.Passage 2The model is KarlC1 It is a popular myth that great geniuses- the Einsteins, Picassos and Mozarts of this world spring up out of nowhere as if touched by the finger of

31、 GodFriedrich Gauss, supposedly born into a family of manual workers, who grew up to become the father of modern mathematics .A professor who studies early learning hasattacked this myth, saying that when he looked into the childhood of these geniuses, he discovered there was a pattern of very early

32、 stimulation by a parent or teacher Ifiaure!. Fo门nstance, Einstein's father was an electricalengineer who fascinated his son with practical displays of physics . Picasso's father was an art teacher who had young Pablo painting bowls of fruit at the age of eight .But what sort of parental sti

33、mulation should it be? There is plenty of evidence that, too often, pressure from parents results in children suffering fatigue rather than becoming geniuses. One study has identified two kinds of parent style - the supportive and the stimulating . Supportive parents were those who would go out of t

34、heir way to help their children follow their favorite interests, praised whatever level of achievement resulted and generally created a pleasant homegoverned by clear rules.C6 Stimulating parents were more activelyinvolved in what their children did, steering them towards certain fields and pushing

35、them to work_hard,_often acting as a tutor -.The study followed four groups of children: one with supportive parents, one with stimulating parents, one whose parents combined both qualities and a final group who offered neither.The result was that the children whose parents were simply supportive we

36、rehappier than average but were not particularly intense in their concentration when studying or working on something. The children who did best were those whose parents were both supportive and stimulating . Children whose parents were stimulating without beingsupportive were candidates for fatigue

37、 . IAnother crucial factor is the need for parents to have proper conversations with their children . Through the talk with adults, children pick up language skills and adult habits and styles of thought .C9One reason why prodigies such as Picasso and Einstein had a head start I in life was that the

38、y had parents who demonstrated how to think about subjects like art or physics at a very early age .(10 It is the time spent in the conversation as well as the way in which a parents talks that count. A parent who only gives a brief reply to a child's questions or gives dull answers will be pass

39、ing on a narrow-minded style of thinking . On the other hand parents happy to take a child step by step through an argument, encouraging him or her to explore ideas, will cultivate an open and creative thinking style .(11 One researchers attempting to show this experimentally with a study in which g

40、roups of parents are taught how to have beneficial conversations with their small children . He says these children have an advantage over their peer group in language ability, intellectual ability, and even social leadership skills . While the study is not yet complete, the children appear to have

41、been given a long-term advantage.There is general agreement that genuine biological differences exist between individuals; geniuses need to be lucky in both their genes and their parents. The most significant implication would seem to be that while most people are in a good position to fulfill their

42、 biological potential barring serious illnesses or a poor diet during childhood it is far from certain that they will grow up in an environment where that capacity will be developed ...2.第五局部体验真题,练技巧在这里选取了几篇往年真题,综合演练一下解题的步骤,理顺解题思路.文章虽然 较早,但考查的难度并不低于近几年.近几年的试题可以留到强化复习阶段(如秋季) 使用

43、.所选取的译文不是唯一正确的答案.只要符合前边所说的“信达标准的译都 是高分译文.请注意,我们练的是方法和思路.只有掌握正确的方法,才能提升时间利用率,早 日脱离题海.否那么做10,000道题也只能是简单且错误地重复！1. 1990年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities , and behaviors are formed . It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not , or why one

44、is cooperative and another is competitive .Social scientists are, of course , extremely interested in these types of questions . ( 61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the

45、 matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs nurture(62) Those who support the“nature " side of the conflict believe that our personalities andbehavior patterns are largely det

46、ermined by biological factors . (63) That our environment has little : if anything : to do with our abilities : characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely g

47、overned by our instincts .Those who support the a nurture theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act . A behaviorist, B . F. Skinner, sees humans as be

48、ings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines , humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic , intelligence , offered by the

49、two theories . (65) Supporters of the “ nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity fo门earning that is biologically determined . Needless to say, they don ' t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic . On th

50、e other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences . (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriateresponses will experience greate门ntellectual devel

51、opment .The social and political implications of these two theories are profound . (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests . This leads some “nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites . (68) Behaviorists 、 in c

52、ontrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy .Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior .2. 1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisi

53、s , which has suddenly been officially announced , has been with us for a long time now , and will be with us for an even longer time . Whether Arab oil flows freely or not , it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be s

54、hut off unexpectedly at any time 、 and in any case the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use .(72) New sources of energy must be found , and this will take time , but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plen

55、tiful energy we have had in the times past . For an indefinite period from here on , mankind is going to advance cautiously , and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all .To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world ' s population is in sight. Altho

56、ugh the birthrate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty first century opens .(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this , which means that we are headin

57、g into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food .Taking all this into account , what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with , the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States.

58、 By2001 , the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million , and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths . (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields .It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exportin