(完整版)英语词汇学知识点总结

1、Word-formationWord-formation or word-building is that branch of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words.Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word fo

2、rmation:Composition or CompoundingDefinition : Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounding is the most productive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis 个性危机 hit-and-run tactics 打了就跑的战术 糊里糊涂

3、muddle-headed/minded 无忧无虑 carefree 令人心碎 heart-breaking 不合时宜 ill-timed/badly-timed stand-up collar 竖领 spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输， 娇养 笨嘴笨舌 heavy-tongued 饱经风霜 weather-beaten/worn 半死不活 dead-alive/dead-and-alive批量生产 mass-produceCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example,A sch

4、oolboy is more concise than “a boy attendingschoolUp-to-the-minute information ”is more vivid than “ thelatest information“The old man would sit for hours, thinking sadly of all the might-have-beens”is more compact and expressive than "thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have happ

5、ened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion （书写标准 ） : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g.solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning ;open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion （语音标准 ） :Compound accent : a single stress on the first element; or a mai

6、n stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. 'blackboard, 'blue bottle （a large buzzing fly with blue body）Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on the second element. E.g. blue 'bottle （a bottle which is blue）

7、Semantic criterion （语义标准 ） : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a single idea. The lexical meaning of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize, e.g. backdoor, sunset, workday. However, the meaning of a compound i

8、s not always the sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot （ a policeman）, greenhouse, greenback （美钞）,green-hand（生手）,greenroom （演员 休息室），mother wit （天生的智力），Indian paper （字典纸）.More examples: home letters（家信）,home voyage（归程），home life （家庭生活），home affairs （家庭事务），home bird （不爱外出的人），home e

9、cono mics （家政学），home fro nt （大后方）， home games （在本地举行的比赛） ，home help （家务女佣），homemaker （主妇），home plate（棒球的本垒打），home sickness （思家病）.Word order :A flower pot （花盆）a pot flower （盆花）tiptoe（脚尖） deaf-mute （聋哑者）Some of them were in flue need by French : court martial（军事法庭）;preside nt elect （当选总统）: ambassador

10、designate （尚未上任的大使）Classification of compoundsCompounds can be classified according to parts of speechof the compounds .noun compounds : airplane ， flower potadjective compounds: weather-beaten ， snowwhiteverb compounds: proof-read， baby-sitproposition compounds: notwithstanding， alongside ofconjunc

11、tion compounds : whenever ，whereaspronoun compounds: another ， myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds， adjective compounds， and verb compounds.noun compounds? Noun + nounrainwater 雨水 ; springwater 泉水 ; houseplants 室内植物 ;fireball 火球 ; firecracker 鞭 炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船； spacesuits

12、 太空服； mousemat ； 鼠标垫 Dream Team； bar code 条形码； lip service 口头上说得好听的话； information highway 信息高速公路； science fiction 科幻小说； sugar cane 甘蔗； gaslight 煤气灯；? Noun + verbdaybreak 拂 晓 ； nightfall 夜 幕 降 临 ； sunset/sunrise 日 落 ， earthquake 地 震 ； landslip/landslide （ 山 体 滑 坡 ） ； headache toothache ； stomachache

13、； heartbeat drumbeat； footbeat 脚步节拍 ； wingbeat 翅翼振动 ； window-dress 布置橱窗； water-supply 自来水 ； snowfall 降雪量； toothpick 牙签； haircut ； pickpocket ； scarecrow 稻草人 （ scare the crow）? Verb + nouncry baby （爱哭的婴儿 ）； playboy （花花公子 ） ；glowworm （发光虫 ）； watch-dog （看家 狗）,swearword （骂人话），breakwater（防波提），driveway （车

14、道），jump suit （伞兵跳伞服， 连衣裤工作服）；rattle snake（响尾蛇）? Verb + adv / prepchangeover （转变进程）；setback （挫折）；breakdown （崩溃），show-off（炫耀）,slip-up （疏忽， 不幸事故） ， put-off（ 推迟，搪塞） ， follow-up （连续广告法） sit-in， dropout， breakdown， walk-on， walkout， setback， take-off? Adjective + nounclear-way（超速道路 ）,easy-chair, deadline,

15、 hard disk, soft disk， red tape（官样文章）? adverb + noununder-clothes（内衣）,after-effect （后效，副作用），upgrade （升级），overburden? V+ing + nounchewing gum（ 口香糖）, baking powder （发酵粉），reading lamp （台灯），lodging house （分 间出租供人休息用的房屋），leading article（社论）,working party （作业队）? Adverb + verboutlet（出口 ）, upset （颠覆）,downfa

16、ll （垮台，陷落）,upstart （暴发户）,onflow （滚滚向 前）adjective compoundsPre-modifier VS. Post-modifier （ describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way）Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings.noun

17、+ adjectiveskin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, career-hungry （ 急于成名的 ） , bloodthirsty duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-freewater-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibratio

18、n-proofair-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, heartsick （ 沮丧的 ）user-friendly, reader-friendlyprofit-conscious,time-conscious,class-conscious,environment-conscious,security-consciousslap-happy（被打 得晕头 转向的）boxer, trigger-happy （嗜杀成性 的）gangster,travel-happy（对旅游入迷的）accident-prone, crisis-prone （ 危机四伏的 ）

19、， error-prone, air-tight（ 不透气的 ）， water-tight, light-tight（ 不透光的 ）, rain-tightwork-shy（不愿工作的），camera-shy（怕上镜头的），publicity-shy （ 不愿出头露面的 ）color-blind, night-blindblood-weary （ 厌战的 ）， travel-weary（ 旅途劳累的 ）stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white,ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright,feather-light, f

20、ire-hot,crystal-clear, waist-high,shoulder-high, life-long,grass-green,dog-tired, threadbare （穿旧的）college-bound/preparatory （准备考大学的），labor-short （缺乏劳动力的），top-heavy（头重脚轻的），penny-wise（小事聪明的），oven-fresh （刚出炉的）line-dry（ 一晾就干的），world-famous? adjective + adjectivewet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, white-hot, bi

21、tter-sweet, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel（穷酸的）， dead-alive（半死不活的 ），dark-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green ， social-political? V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot （滚烫的，热气腾腾的 ）， soaking-wet/wringing-wet（ 湿淋淋的， 湿得可拧出水来的 ）， biting-cold/freezi

22、ng-cold （ 冷得刺骨的，冰冷的 ）? Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious （ 战无不胜的 ）， over-cautious, all-round （ 全面的 ）， far-reaching （深远的， 广泛的 ）， evergreen （tree）, wide-awake （ 机警的 ）， over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe （ 不成 熟的 ）， too-rapid? noun +V+ingpeace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-cons

23、uming, summer-flowering（ 夏季开花 的 ）, ocean-going （ 远 洋 的 ） ， fault-finding, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting （ 令人捧腹的 ）， thirst-quenching （ 解渴的 ）， man-eating? noun + V+edheart-felt（衷心的）,air-born （空降的，空运的）,home-made, travel-worn （旅行得疲乏的）, hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-str

24、icken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned? adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen（ 速 冻 的 ）, easy-going（ 随 和 的 ）, familiar-sounding （ 听 起 来 熟 悉 的 ） ， hard-working, ever-lasting （ 永恒的 ）? adjective/adverb + V+ednewly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched （ 牵强附会的 ）， half-baked（ 烤得半生不熟的， 肤浅的 ）, hard

25、-won （来之不易的 ）， quick-frozen （ 速冻的 ）, new-laid （eggs）, so-called, fresh-caught, newly-built, well-informed, well-organized? noun + Noun+edhot-tempered（急性子的），chicken-hearted （胆怯的，软弱的），honey-mouthed, paper-backed （平装本的），eagle-eyed（目光尖锐地）? adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-sighted, tender-hearted, sweet-hea

26、rted（性情温和的）,green-fingered（擅长园艺的）， open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kind-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, double-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed, muddle-minded/headed （糊里糊涂 ） , commercially-minded, heavy-tongued （笨嘴笨舌的

27、 ）， middle-aged, cold-blooded, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted（ 吝啬 的 ） ， bare-footed, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed （ 易屈服的 ）， long-legged, close/tight-lipped （嘴 紧的 ）, ill-mannered, thick/thin-skinned （脸 皮厚 /薄 ）， high-spirited, iron-willed, quic

28、k/short/slow/bad-tempered, glib-tongued （油嘴滑舌的），loose-tongued（嘴不严 的）? adjective + Nounlong-distance, full-length （ 未删节的） ，white-collar, red-letter（ 喜庆的 ）, ， full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-level, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time（ 实时的 ）， long-range, deep-sea （fish）? Verb + Nounbreak-neck （

29、危险的 ）， telltale（ 搬弄是非的 ），cut-rate （减价的，次等的 ）? Phrases or sentencesat-risk （处境危险的），in-your-face （明目张胆的），devil-may-care（不顾一切的）,dog-eat-dog （ 狗 咬 狗 的 ） , round-the-clock, on-the-spot, cards-on-the-table, matter-of-fact, never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff （ 临时想起的意见 ）opinion, back-u

30、p （ 备用 ） a stand-up collar （ 竖领 ）, a walk-in closet （ 走入式大壁橱 ）， a see-through shirt （透明的衬衫） take-home pay， cross-border raid，a keep-fit class （保健班）verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is

31、created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixesHousekeepinghousekeep, test-drive（试车）, machine-gun, nickname, spotlight,honeymoon, outline, speed-read, soft-land, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, sight-see, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon

32、-feed, hen-peck, snowball, middle-road(走中 间道路),chain-react, face-harden(使 表 面硬化), wire-pull (幕 后操纵),daydream, skyrocket, sleepwalk, highlight, safeguard, whitewash, sweet-talk, job-hopA compo und verb can also be formed by means of an alogy1. cha in-dri nk: from cha in-smoke2. bottle-feed: feed from

33、 a bottle. from breast-feed:? feed from a mother's breast A compo und verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold( 扣留),cross-question(盘I、可),upbuild (建立),uplift, uproot, fast-talk( 花言 巧语地企图说服),off-load(卸货)，outeat(吃得比 多)，outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, un der

34、go, un derl ine, un derm ine, un dertake,Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the additi on of a word eleme nt, such as a prefix, suffix, or combining form, to an already existing word.A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek

35、, such as auto-( from GK autos self).据统计下列14个词根和20个词缀出现在词典里10，000多个英语单词中词前缀词根Preceptpre- (before)capere (take, seize)detainde- (away, from)tenere (hold, have)in termitte ntin ter- (betwee n)mittre (se nd)offerob- (aga in st)ferre (bear, carry)In sistin - (in to)stare (sta nd)mono graphmono- (al one,

36、 one)graph (write)epilogueepi (up on)ege in (say, study)词前缀词根aspectad- (to, toward)spicere (see)un complicatedun- (no t); com- (together)plicare (fold)non exte ndednon- (no t); ex- (out of)ten dere (stretch)reproducti onre- (back, agai n); pro - (forward)ducere (lead)in disposedin- (no t); dis- (apa

37、rt from)ponere (put, place)oversufficie ntover- (above); sub- (un der)facere (make, do)mistra nscribemis- (wron g); trans- (across)scribere (write)Number-related prefixes from Lat inprefixmeaningexamplesuni-oneuniformduo-:woduet （二重唱/奏）tri-threetrio （三人组）quad-, quart-:ourquadruplets (四胞胎)qui nt-:ive

38、quin tupletssextsixsexet （六人组）septsevenseptember (7th mon th, Roma n cale ndar)oct-eightoctobernonaninenon age naria n (90-99 岁的人)Number-related prefixes from Lat indeca-tendecadecent-hun dredcen tigrade （一百度的）multi-manymultiplyprim-, prin-firstprimarysecundsecondsec on daryambiboth (双)ambivale nt （

39、两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的）equi-equalequidista nt (等距离的)omni-allomn ipote nee (全能)semi-, semhalfsemester (half a year 学期)demi-halfdemitasse (half a cup for serving coffee ( 一小杯清咖啡)Number-related prefixes from GreekprefixmeaningexamplesMono-onemono logueduo-, di-twodialoguetri-threetria ngletetra-fourtetrameter （

40、四音步诗）pen ta-fivepentameter, pentagonhexa-sixhexagonhepta-seve nheptago ndeka-, dec-tendecathl onhemi-halfhemispherepan-allpan demic （大流行病）I.Prefixati onThe defi niti on of prefixati onPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not gen erally cha nge the word-c

41、lass of the stem but on lymodify its meaning. However, there is anin sig ni fica nt nu mber of class-cha nging prefixesNon-class-cha nging prefixes: n atural-unn atural, like-dislike, fair-un fairClass-cha nging prefixes: force-e nforce, dan ger-e ndan ger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar,

42、 college-i ntercollegeThe classificati on of prefixesIn some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified accord ing to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning in

43、to the following ten categories:The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are n egativea-, dis-, i n-, non-, un-Prefixes which are reversative or privativede-, dis-, un-Prefixes which are pejorativemal-, mis-, pseudo-Prefixes which are of degree or sizearch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, mini-, out-, ov

44、ersub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under-Prefixes which are of attitudean ti-, co-, con tra- coun ter-, pro-Prefixes which are locativeextra-, fore-, i nter-, i ntra-, super-, tele-, tran s-,Prefixes which are of time and orderex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re-Prefixes which are of nu mbersemi-, un i-, mono-, b

45、i-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly-Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous categoryAuto-, n eo- pan-, proto-, vice-.Negative prefixa-/an-amoral, asexual, atheism, an acid, an archy,dis-dish on est, disc ontent, disobey, disagreen-In complete, incon siste nt, in correct, invuln erable, impolite, immoral, imba

46、la nee, irrati on al, irregularillogical, illegal,non-non viole nt,non-cooperati on,non automatic,non alcoholicnon adjustable,un-unin formative, un expected, un ease, un rest2.Reversative or privative prefix 含 消除”意思de-defrost, deregulation, degeneration, denationalize , dehydrate depollute, devalue,

47、 dece ntralizeun-un do, un pack, un tie, un wrap, un maskdis-disc onnect, dishearte n, dis in terested(公正的，无私的),disambigulate3.Pejorative prefixmis-misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice,mal-maladjustme nt,maldigesti on,maldevelopme nt,maltreat, malodorous, malnu triti onmalfu nction,pseud

48、o-pseudo nym,pseudoscie nee,pseudoclassic,pseudodemocratic,pseudo-frie nd,4) Prefixes of degree or sizehyper-hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautiousultra-ultramoder n, ultrasecret, ultraclea n, ultras onic, ultrac on servativemini-mi nibus, mini camera, mi niskirtout-outdo, outgro

49、w n, outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overab undanceoverburde nun der-un derdeveloped, un derpopulatio n, un dergraduatesuper-supermarket, superpower, superstarsub-subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom5) Prefixes of orientation and attitudeco-Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, coopera

50、ti oncounter-Coun terexample, coun terclaim, coun teractive, coun terattack, coun terculture, coun terpartanti-an ti-abort ion,an ti-art,an tiwar,an tibacterial,an tisocial,anticancer, antibodypro-pro-America n, pro-America n 亲美的,pro-Com muni st, pro-stude nt, proslavery6) Locative prefixesfore-forearm, foreheadin ter-ntern ati on al, i ntergover nmen tal, i nterdiscipli nary, in tercollegetran s-tran satla ntic, tra