考研英语翻译

1、考研英语翻译英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言，英语重形合，汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为“树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林”，脉络难析，主次难辨，而把汉语句子比喻为“枝干分明的竹林”，脉络清晰，主次易辨。翻译时，根据表达习惯，英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致，因此，翻译时，也时常需要根据表达习惯，对句序进行相应的调整。考研英语（二）翻译 大纲要求1、形式上，要求翻译150词左右的一个或几个段落，较英语（一）翻译五个划线句子，连贯性强，使得理解更容易，难度降低。2、体裁上，考查考生理解所给英语材料并将其译成汉语的能力，内容上较为生

2、活化，两年体裁均为科普类文章。3、分值上，满分为15分，根据文章相关部分的具体情况分配。4、句式上，相对于英语（一）翻译部分，句子据较短，结构不太复杂，比较容易理解。5、考查难点和侧重点，相对于英语（一）翻译部分考察要求，主要在于表达方面。英语表述逻辑和汉语有差别，在翻译过程中进行语言转换时，需要借助翻译技巧。常见的句子翻译技巧很多，包括长句化短，语序的调整，被动语态以及各类从句的翻译等。第一部分中外思维差异剖析语言、文化与翻译的关系？1. 文化与语言密不可分, 语言是文化的一组成部分，是文化的载体和写照。 2. 奈达：对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要，因为词语只有

3、在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。第二部分基础提高技巧训练热手热身热脑1. China瓷器China ink墨，墨汁儿China plate挚友China rose月季peony牡丹Chinese copy赝品Chinese lantern灯笼Chinese puzzle灯谜crossing（外国字谜）2. dragon (evil or devil)恶魔Chinese dragon / Long, The Chinese totem龙（图腾）3. Phoenix (rebirth, come back to life, revive)凤凰（rare & auspicious)4. (au

4、spicious and lucky)peacock孔雀：外国-炫耀，中国-富贵As proud as a peacock5. Puppy小狗6. kitten 小猫7. owl（death or bad luck)猫头鹰owlish = smart, wise, clever机智8. Petrel海燕(brave)seagull海鸥9. bat （fortunate, good luck) batman Spiderman蝙蝠10.Magpie 喜鹊 (happy & auspicious稀少的)12.first lady第一夫人13.golden rooster金鸡奖14.filt

5、hy（淫秽的） books色情书刊15. （liquor spirits alcohol）烈酒 （中国45度以上） wine葡萄酒，果酒Brandy 白兰地Vodka 伏特加Whisky 威士忌词组（文化颜色词）:16. *in the red*in the black*in the pink*in the blues17. *a dark horse黑马*dark eyes黑眼圈*black eyes被打青的18. *green-eyed嫉妒的眼睛*a green hand*yellow pages19. *a white lie*a white elephant* black tea红茶*

6、brown sugar红糖20. *be beaten black and blue*a black sheep害群之马goat山羊*blacksmith铁匠21. *blacklist*blue blood*bluestocking*brown bread句子1. The street of New York was brilliant with moving men.纽约的街道繁华似锦。2. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.爱一行干一行不行，你得干一行爱一行。3. He spoke so

7、well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. 形合: 意合:他说的那么好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。（词性变化）4. When the news from the countryside reached the city, it caused immediately uproar喧闹，骚动 among the gentry乡绅. 形合: 意合:乡里的消息传到城里后，乡绅们立即骚动起来。第三部分 翻译策略翻译策略一词性变由于汉英两种语言不属于同一语族，因此二者在表达方式和结构特征上相去甚远，“对号入座式的翻译”势必到处碰壁，因此翻译理论及翻译

8、技巧( Translation Theory& Skil1)的学习就显得十分重要。汉语句子的特点是动词使用较多，因此在汉语句子中，“连动式”结构(动词连用的格式)和“兼语式”结构(两个主谓结构的格式)这些“多动句”结构较为常见。例如：1. 我带这些外国游客去那座古庙看看。I will show these tourists around the ancient temple. 2晚上我请你出去吃饭。I will invite you out to dinner tonight. Get a bite猎食例1是“连动式”结构，句中有三个动词：带、去、看看。例2是“兼语式”结构，其中“你”

9、是“请”的宾语，而同时又是“出去吃饭”的主语。汉语中“兼语式”结构相当于英语中的“谓语动词+复合宾语”结构。而这两句在译成英语时，译文中仅需一个动词即可。1 .在英译汉中英语动词的转译现象十分常见。一般来说，英语中的动词、名词、形容词、介词、副词等词类的词依据情况可转译为汉语中的动词。（一）英语名词转译为汉语动词Keep this dictionary on your desk for your easy reference把字典放你桌上以便于你查阅2， People allover the world have aspirations for peace and development全世界

10、的人们都渴望和平与发展。3 The growing awareness by many smokers of the harmful effect of smoking has prompted their consideration of giving up smoking as soon as possible.很多吸烟者逐渐意识到了吸烟的害处，这促使他们考虑尽早戒烟。4 All peaceloving people in the world demand the prohibition of the development of nuclear weapons全世界爱好和平的人们都要求禁

11、止发展核武器。牛刀小试1 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 2. In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. 在中国，人们非常注重礼节。3.A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.（向往）看

12、着我们的喷气式飞机，听到它隆隆的声音，我的心中充满了向往。 He is a good singer.5. Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.6. You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest?.The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff.另外，英语中的名词也可转译为汉语中有些表示被动意义的动作。如：His dismissal （开除）was a great

13、 surprise to US al1开除他这件事使我们很惊讶。Ironically， before his trial， he had never met Davis，the counsel for his defense具有讽刺意味的是，在他宣判之前，他都没有见到他的辩护律师戴维斯。（二）、英语形容词转译为汉语动词1 I am interested in Maths2Im afraid of no difficulty.3I have to be cautious4The interim（临时的） Iraqi government has been fully aware of diffi

14、culties in the upcoming general election伊拉克临时政府充分意识到了在即将到来的大选中的种种困难。5 We must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid（有效的）” or “fair” comparison牛刀小试1.I am anxious about his health.2.Scientists are confident that all matter（物质） is indestructible（不灭的，坚不可摧的）.所有

15、的科学家们都坚信所有的物质都是不灭的。由上述各例可知，英语中“be+adj+介词短语或从句”通常可转译为结构汉语中表示知觉以及情感、欲望等心理状态的动词，因为在英语中，这种结构含有一定程度的动词意义。常见的有：与思维和知觉相关的形容词：aware，conscious，certain，mindful，ignorant，alert，与情感相关的形容词：joyful，delighted，glad，gay，crossed，annoyed，raged，与欲望相关的形容词：desirous，keen，enthusiastic，zealous，euthanasia（安乐死）特例有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理（

16、把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译）1. He was eloquent（雄辩的） and elegant（风度）but soft（coward）.他有口才，有风度，但性格软弱。2. His whole family were religious（信徒）.他们全家都是虔诚的信徒。(三)、英语介词转译成汉语动词英语中的介词在语法上划归为“虚词”，也称作“功能词”(function word)的范畴。它本身没有完整的词汇意义，不能单独充当句子成分。但在语用实践中，由于一些介词具有方向性和动态感，它们往往可以用来表示动作行为的进展状态或所及程度等情况，事实上起到了动词的作用。因此在英译汉时，有些英语中的介

17、词可以转译为汉语动词，这样可使译文紧凑、地道.1. Can you sing the song in English2.The machine is out of repair这机器年久失修了。牛刀小试1 Without friction， we couldnt move没有了摩擦，我们寸步难行。2The girl in red skirt is Mary3Red cross is commonly used for hospitals or related Agencies.翻译策略二换序译法指在翻译过程中对语序进行的转换调整。语序是指句子成分的排列次序。汉语是分析型的语言，语序比较固定；而

18、英语则是分析、综合参半的语言，语序既有固定的一面，又有灵活的一面。英语和汉语在基本语序上大同小异。相同的是主语、谓语和宾语的位置，不同的是状语和定语的位置。所以，在英译汉时，必须考虑到中文读者的思维习惯，适当地将译文的语序进行转换调整。1定语的换序汉语中定语通常放在名词之前。即使几个定语连用或很长的词组作定语，也都要放在名词之前。而在英语中，单词作定语时一般放在名词之前，特殊情况下才放在名词之后；但词组或从句作定语时则要放在名词之后。例1 He is the distinguished American scientist例 Shanghai is one of the largest ind

19、ustrial bases in our country例 Thousands of beautiful red roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in spring 翻译时，定语应尽量与中心词靠近。例 ：1）I paid a visit to Sifang District of Qingdao，which had changed a great deal since I left2)I paid a visit to Sifang District of Q

20、ingdaoThis district had changed a great deal since I left2状语的换序在汉语中，状语习惯放在主语之后、谓语之前。但有时为了强调，也可以将状语置于主语之前。英语中状语的位置则富于变化。若是一个单词构成的状语就可以根据句子的需要放在句首、动词之前、助动词与动词之间，或者放在句末。较长的状语则往往放在句首或句末，几乎不放在句中。例如：例 China is especially rich in natural resources例 The Maglev train(magnetic levitated train)moves amazingly

21、fast例 They gladly accepted the invitation(按原句顺序)例 Everything went smoothly(按原句顺序)定状，状在前例 The productive（多产的，作家多产） methods are now being most widely used in the aircraft industry(换序)Reproductive繁殖（不能形容女人）复制。这种生产的方法目前在航空制造业中广泛使用具体而言，需要进行状语调整的情形有以下5种：（）在英语中， 通常将副词译在行为动词之前，但如有系动词或情态动词，则需要调整顺序，将副词译在这些词之后

22、。而译成汉语表示频度及不确定时间概念的副词，如：常常、总是、从不、已经、很少、偶尔、有时等作状语，通常在主要动词之前。例 I usually go to work by bike例 He is always punctual（）英语中一般不在句首连续使用不同的介词词组。因而可以将其中一个放在句末 .例 china must open to the outside world, if she wants to shake off poverty and backwardness and pursue development中国要谋求发展、摆脱贫困和落后，就必须对外开放。（）某些英语的倒装句，翻译

23、成汉语恢复语序。例 Never has the weather been so fine天气从来都没有这样好过。（）英语的倒装语序可译成汉语表示事物的存在、出现或消失的无主句。例In our motherland hidden underground there is a wealth of mineral resources在祖国的地下蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源。（）状语与主语的换序。按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达法，英语可以用地点、时间作主语，这是英语中较为常见的现象。这种用法不仅强调了地点、时间的观念，而且使句子简洁、生动。通常以时间、地点等名词作主语的句子，常用see，witness，fin

24、d等动词作谓语。英译汉时，需将后面的主语还原。例As is known to a11, 2003 saw the successful launching of China's first manned space flight众所周知，中国在2003年第一次成功地发射了载人飞船。Shuttle载人飞船翻译策略三转态译法指在翻译时对主动语态和被动语态进行转换。主动语态和被动语态在汉英两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的：英语大量使用被动语态，而汉语则很少使用，即便使用，也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式：如汉语的被动不是只用一个"被"字表示。这是英汉两种语言不可忽

25、略的一大差别。英语被动语态用于：1. 强调动作的承受者；2. 不必或无从说出主动者；3. 便于连贯上下文。因此在英汉互译中，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。 1)社会生活例 The light was turned off灯灭了。例 This matter should be kept secret.这事儿必须保密。例3Smoking is forbidden in public places例4 The experiment is being carried on实验正在进行中。例5It can be safely said that the meeting will

26、be held on schedule可以有把握地说（据可靠消息），会议将如期举行。例6 He is engaged in environmental protection perseveringly·他坚持不懈地从事于环境保护工作。小试牛刀1. She is cut out for a teacher她天生适合当老师2. A new comet was discovered a couple of years ago几年前人类发现了一颗新的彗星。3.The books are written especially for children.4.Itsgenerallyconside

27、redimpolitetoaskonesage，salary，marriage etc.5. The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.，2).固定用法（作文通用）It is said/ stated that据说It is announced/claimed that据称，据报道，据宣布It is decided that已经决定It is believed that人们相信，有人相信It is hoped人们希望It is noted人们注意到It is reporte

28、d that据报道It is pointed out that人们指出It is supposed that据推测It is turned out that结果证明是It is generally agreed that普遍认为It is generally considered/regarded that人们认为It is understood that可以理解为It will be said that人们会说It will be seen from this that由此可见It was told that有人曾经说3).含“把”、“使” 或“由”的 句子The famous hotel

29、had been practically（彻底地） destroyed by the big fire.一个知名旅馆在一场大火中彻底毁灭了 4汉语无主句英语一般须有主语，是主语显著型语言，而汉语则频频出现无主句。因此，可将有些英语被动句译成汉语无主句。The problem must be immediately solved.小试牛刀1. You should look back before you take another step.三思而后行。2. You should learn as more as you live. （live and learn）活到学到老。Tips:3. B

30、eating and scolding is love, it is strange without them.4. Running and jumping is helpful for digestion.Tips:5. It is extremely important to master English in society today.6. It is your best choice to take the tonic（补品） on an empty stomach.Tips：7. There is plentiful meat in the kitchen , strong hor

31、ses in the stable, but the people look hungry, and many starve to death in the field.(多些文采)朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。8. Tips:英语特例1. Right side up.此端向上2. For external use only.严禁内服3. Hands off.3. No parking!4. Handle with care.5. no entry6Slow, school7.mind the gap8.stay close9.welcome boardTips:带有命令的祈使句或标示为无主句！翻译

32、策略四正反译法正反译法指英译汉时肯定与否定表达方式间的转换。汉语和英语中的否定都可分为完全否定、部分否定和双重否定三种。对不同的否定形式应采取不同的译法，使原文和译文意义相符、功能相似。英语中表示否定可用两种办法，一是借助词汇，即含有否定意义的副词、动词、名词及形容词等；二是借助结构和表达方式，常用比较结构、迂回说法和感叹的方式来表达。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合汉语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：(1) In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)In the United States, guns are a

33、vailable to everyone. (反译)在美国人人都能买到枪(2) He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译)他任然没有弄懂我的意思(5) She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译)无论如何，他都算不上一位聪明的学生(6) Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这

34、份文件。(正译) 请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)牛刀小试（部分否定）watch out!1. None that glitters is gold.发光的不一定都是金子。2. All these metals are not good conductors.不是所有这些金属都是良好的导体。3. All heavy smokers are not long-lived.烟鬼都活不长。/烟鬼并非都长寿4. This book is not instructive and interesting.这书颇有教育意义，但缺乏趣味性。5. He did not explain it correctly a

35、nd clearly.正确但不清楚特殊情况1. He doesnt lend his books to nobody。他的书概不外借。2. No bread, no butter, no cheese, no nothing.，一无所有第四部分提高加强训练导入示范1. a leader of the new school contends school是学派2. elegant system中， elegant是完善的3. And home appliances will become so smart that.中， smart是智能难点提醒1.：词义选择和词义引申如：1. Ill see

36、her home tonight今晚我送她回家2. India is the home of elephants.故乡3. Hes at home with the classics.他精通古典文学4. New homes are for sale.（cut throat price跳楼价）新屋待售5. Shes at home where she is.她在哪里都很随性6. Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.妇产医院7. Much is produced here for home market.国内市场8. He lo

37、oks on London as his home.故土一）一词多义在翻译时，词义的选择应从以下几个方面着手。（一）根据词性确定词义如：forecast有“预报，预测”的意思，用作动词和用作名词时意思相同；increase作动词时，表示“增加，增长，增进”的意思，用作名词时主要还是表达这些意思。如：book这个单词，在作名词时，意思是“书，书籍”；用作动词却常表示 “预订，预约”的意思。又如：while作连词时，有 “当.的时候，而，虽然” 等意思；作名词时，却指“片刻，一会儿”；作动词，又有“消磨”的意思。遇到这种情况，如果不弄清楚词性，常常就会将词义搞错，进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。

38、因此在翻译中，我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性，以便能准确的判断词义。牛刀小试1）light：1.This light is too poor to read by.（名词）光线(deem)2.Aluminum is a light metal.（形容词）轻金属3.Will you light the fire for me?（动词）2）round：1.The Earth is not completely round.（形容词）2.Let's go into the hall and have a look round.（副词）3.They are dancing in a r

39、ound（名词）4.He worked round the day.（介词）5.The boy's eyes rounded with excitement.（动词）（二）根据上下文确定词义我们以动词move为例，如果上下文不一样，move的意思显然也是不一样，必须依据上下文才能做到准确通顺的翻译。1. That car was really moving.那车跑的真快2. Share prices moved ahead today.股票价格今日走高3. The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.打动4. Work on the ne

40、w building is moving quickly.进展5. The government's opinions on this matter haven't moved.改变6. I move that we support the introduction of this new technological process.提议7. She moves in the highest circles of society.生活在8. Unless the employers move quickly, there will be strike.采取措施（三）根据汉语习惯

41、搭配确定词义如：a deep well深井；a deep voice低沉的嗓音；a deep red深红色；Deep in study专心学习；a deep mystery； a deep thinker知识渊博的思想家；deep outrage强烈的愤慨牛刀小试动词work在翻译时如果上下文不同，汉语习惯搭配也不一样，翻译时应该选择不同的词义来表达。I think your suggestion will work.The new treatment works like magic.My watch doesnt work.The sea works high.波涛起伏汹涌She work

42、ed her way to the front.挤The root of the pine tree worked down between the stones.扎The new regulation is working well运行，执行一词多义加强1.ball2.bear熊市3.bore钻孔4.bow5.content满足6.contract压缩7.desert抛弃，放弃8.even公平的9.fair市场，书摊，人才招聘会，集市，白皙的10. Fine罚金11. Firm牢固的12. Invalid体弱多病的13. Lead铅14. Live现场alive不能形容人，要形容人=surv

43、ive15. Mine地雷（landmine）tap water自来水16. Minute微小的，细小的17. Race种族18. Rear抚养19. Sound健全的20. Stable稳固的21. Tense时态，拉紧22. tip23. Well井24. Wind蜿蜒25. Yard院子，码二）词义的引申（一）通过抽象化加以引申例如：They have their smiles and tears.喜怒哀乐We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.双赢的，互利的，有来无往I have no head

44、 for mathematics.没有天赋，不是那块料（二）通过具体化加以引申例如；The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.交通灯Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses.缺点熟词僻义加强(学生说 常义)school=学校，学院 n.学派article= n. 文章，物品，冠词n. 条款world= n.世界，世人，世间n.领域pool= n.水塘，游泳池；（液体等的）一滩，一片 n. edge=常义：n.

45、 边缘，边，刀口； 僻义：n. row=常义：n.（一）排，（一）行 ；僻义：v. nurse=常义：n.保姆，护士； 僻义：vt.看护，护理composition=常义：n. 作品，写作，创作 ；僻义：n. world=常义：n.世界，世人，世间 ；僻义：n. bar=常义：n. 酒吧间；条，杆，栅栏 ；僻义：vt.闩上，阻碍 attend=常义：v.出席；专心，致力于 ；僻义：vt. file=常义：n.档案，文件夹；纵列 僻义：v. succeed=常义：vi.成功 僻义：v. change=常义：n/v. 改变，变化 僻义：n. plant=常义：n.植物 vt.栽种，放置 僻义：n.

46、工厂military plant军工厂 bridge=常义：n.桥，桥梁 僻义：n. post=常义：n.邮政，岗位，哨所，职位 僻义： vt. master=常义：n.（男）主人，能手 掌握；征服 僻义：adj. sort=常义：n.种类，类别 僻义：vt. mark=常义：n.记号 标明 僻义：n. safe=常义：adj.安全的，谨慎的 僻义：n. revolution=常义：n.革命 僻义：n. iron=常义：n.铁，烙铁 僻义：vt.讽刺 shoulder=常义：n.肩，肩膀 僻义：vt. branch=常义：n. 树枝，支流，分叉 僻义：n. plane=常义：n.飞机 僻义：

47、adj. stage=常义：n.舞台，戏剧 僻义：n.wind=常义：windn.风；气息，呼吸 僻义： waindv. sunny=常义：adj.阳光充足的 僻义：adj.难点提醒2 词组的熟悉度加强1. shut off切断，关掉2. be born with与生俱来3. head into陷入危机4. in the fashion of以什么方式5. by all means无论如何6. in a sort of sense从某种意义上说7. move forward向前发展8. give rise to sth导致9. look into 洞察，察觉peephole猫眼，peep at

48、偷窥10. believe in信仰注意：（历年常考词组总结请看附件）！难点提醒3 句法的熟练度加强Second to none.(二战后美国军舰旗语)老子天下第一None.(英国小炮艇旗语)唯我独尊The proof of gold is fire,the proof of woman, gold; the proof of man, a woman.火可以检验真金，真金可以检验女人，女人可以检验男人经典英美剧名翻译<<pretty woman>>风月俏佳人<<ordinary man>><<sand and blood>&g

49、t;碧血黄沙<<blue bloods>>警察世家<<true blood>>真爱如血<<baby daddy>>少年奶爸<<Gossip girl>>绯闻女孩<<The mentalist>>超感神探<<a gifted man>>天赋有情医<<two and a half man>>好汉两个半<< supernatural >>邪恶力量<<vampire diaries>> 吸

50、血鬼日记<<dogs in the city>>狗在都市第五部分 翻译准则和黄金定律提问1：英语句子复杂还是汉语句子复杂？提问2：英语句子什么成分最复杂？（上下文联系法：提问2其实提示了提问1）翻译句子顺序准则1：在只有主谓宾的情况下，英语和汉语顺序一致。Eg.我喝水 = I drink water(不能说：我水喝)He drives the car.This is a book and that is a dog.又有人反对：除了英语，全世界不都一样吗？NO, Japs is different!翻译句子准则2 定语和状语成分多，从最远处翻译。1Science is

51、the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts,insights,findingsand wisdom of the human race.科学是个代表着人类种族的集体努力，洞察力，发现和智慧的关于自然的知识体系。2. by comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook American in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims. 相比之下，在1988年，一场震动了美国的相似强度的地震夺走了25,000个受

52、害者的生命。翻译句子准则3 直译不行，只能意译。1. My mother said to my father:“father, our children are sitting on the river bank.”2. He is teaching his grandmother how to suck eggs.推荐写作句式：,like teaching his grandmother how to suck eggs.班门弄斧3. As luck would have it, no one was hurt when theboilers exploded.翻译句子准则4：少用被动句Th

53、is is ignored by historians.这件事情为历史学家们所忽视。宁用为不用被牛刀小试1. He was praised by his teacher.他老师表扬了他。2. Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应该及时加以解决3. The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.一辆小型公交车在干嘛了的时候撞到了一个学童定语从句的翻译加强一、 前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。1. He who has ne

54、ver tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜2. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.3.His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.二、后置法： 把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。（一）重复先行词。1.I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把

55、这故事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他弟弟。2.We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.3.You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.Although he lacks experience, he has

56、enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.（二）省略先行词。1. Its him received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.2. They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。1.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.In our factory, there are many people who are much interested inthe new invention. 牛刀小试3. We used a plane of which almost every